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Studies of magnetic properties enable reconstruction of environmental conditions that affected magnetic minerals incorporated in sediments from Upper Klamath Lake. Analyses of stream sediment samples from throughout the catchment of Upper Klamath Lake show that alteration of Fe-oxide minerals during subaerial chemical weathering of basic volcanic rocks has significantly changed magnetic properties of surficial deposits. Titanomagnetite, which is abundant both as phenocrysts and as microcrystals in fresh volcanic rocks, is progressively destroyed during weathering. Because fine-grained magnetite is readily altered due to large surface-to-volume ratios, weathering causes an increase in average magnetic grain size as well as reduction in the quantity of titanomagnetite both absolutely and relative to hematite. Hydrodynamic mineralogical sorting also produces differences in magnetic properties among rock and mineral grains of differing sizes. Importantly, removal of coarse silicate and Fe-oxide grains by sorting concentrated extremely fine-grained magnetite in the resulting sediment. The effects of weathering and sorting of minerals cannot be completely separated. These processes combine to produce the magnetic properties of a non-glacial lithic component of Upper Klamath Lake sediments, which is characterized by relatively low magnetite content and coarse magnetic grain size. Hydrodynamic sorting alone causes significant differences between the magnetic properties of glacial flour in lake sediments and of fresh volcanic rocks in the catchment. In comparison to source volcanic rocks, glacial flour in the lake sediment is highly enriched in extremely fine-grained magnetite. 相似文献
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Environmental magnetic record of Antarctic palaeoclimate from Eocene/Oligocene glaciomarine sediments, Victoria Land Basin 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Leonardo Sagnotti Fabio Florindo Kenneth L. Verosub Gary S. Wilson & Andrew P. Roberts 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,134(3):653-662
The onset of continent-wide glaciation in Antarctica is still poorly understood, despite being one of the most important palaeoclimatic events in the Cenozoic. The Eocene/Oligocene boundary interval has recently been recognized as a critical time for Antarctic climatic evolution, and it may mark the preglacial–glacial transition. Magnetic susceptibility, intensity of natural and artificial remanences, hysteresis parameters and magnetic anisotropy of the lower half (late Eocene/early Oligocene) of the CIROS-1 core (from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica) reveal alternating intervals of high and low magnetic mineral concentrations that do not correspond to lithostratigraphic units in the core. Pseudo-single-domain magnetite is the main magnetic mineral throughout the sequence, and sharp changes in magnetite concentration match changes in clay mineralogy beneath and at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. The detrital magnetite originated from weathering of the Ferrar Group (which comprises basic extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks). Weathering processes and input of magnetite to the Victoria Land Basin were intense during periods when the Antarctic climate was warmer than today, but during intervals when the climate was relatively cool, chemical weathering of the Ferrar Group was suppressed and input of detrital magnetite to the Victoria Land Basin decreased. Our results also indicate that a cold and dry climate was not established in Antarctica until the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, with major ice sheet growth occurring at the early/late Oligocene boundary. Some earlier cold intervals are identified, which indicate that climate had begun to deteriorate by the middle/late Eocene boundary. 相似文献
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福建长乐屏山风化坑与河流壶穴的成因及其证据 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
风化坑和壶穴是一种常见的岩石坑穴地形,其形成原因和形态完全不同,但容易被误解和混淆.结合对福建长乐三溪河地区这两种坑穴地形的实地考察,本文从地貌学,沉积学,岩石化学和矿物学等各个方面对两者的形成过程、影响因素进行了论证和对比.研究表明：风化坑形成于岩石面积水的风化作用,壶穴则是由河流的旋转水流对河床产生的侵蚀作用形成;山顶风化坑的发育与河流流水作用没有关系,河流壶穴的形成与河谷的发育过程有关,河谷中的风化坑只能在河流深切后,流水不再作用到的河床部位发育;只要条件合适,风化坑或壶穴随时可以生成;风化坑与河流壶穴的形态,坑内沉积物的磨圆度、粒度特征等反映出各自不同的形成过程.风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石的化学蚀变指数CIA 值的差异反映了风化坑的化学风化成因;风化坑内碎屑与周边岩石石英长石比例的差异说明风化坑是矿物差异风化的结果;用CIA 值和英长比均无法区分河流壶穴和风化坑中的碎屑颗粒,但两者化学元素迁移特征的差别反映了风化坑的风化作用和河流壶穴的流水搬运作用的成因差别;风化坑的风化程度达不到当地风化壳的风化程度,但不同气候带风化坑碎屑的CIA 值能反映不同气候带风化作用的强度差异. 相似文献
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青海湖盆地因其独特的地理位置和气候环境,对气候变化响应敏感,是研究环境变化重要的场所。本研究在青海湖湖东沙地获取两个剖面,采用AMS14C测年,结合岩性、粒径组分和常量元素氧化物及其比值等多指标分析方法,重建了湖东沙地8.4 ka BP以来的环境演变过程。结果表明：除少量沉积物处于中等化学风化阶段外,大部分沉积物处于物理风化和初级化学风化阶段,说明自8.4 ka BP以来研究区气候环境总体上相对寒冷干燥。在千年尺度上,研究区不同时间段的气候环境存在较大的差异。8.4—4.2 ka BP气候相对温暖湿润;其中,8.4—6.2 ka BP河湖相和风成相沉积互层,表明存在明显的百年尺度气候波动;6.2—4.2 ka BP化学风化和淋溶作用较强,表明季风降水较多,径流较强,发育了较为稳定的湖泊沉积环境。4.2 ka BP以来湖泊消失,化学风化和淋溶作用减弱,沉积物从砾石转变为砂质黄土,显示气候较为冷干且波动较大。对比分析表明,中晚全新世以来青海湖湖东沙地的气候变化特征与东亚季风边缘区其他区域基本一致,并主导了区域沉积环境的演变过程。 相似文献
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Sub-bottom profiling was conducted at eight sub-basins within the lower French River area, Ontario, to investigate deposits
preserved within the ancient North Bay outlet. Ten cores were collected that targeted the four depositional acoustic facies
identified in the sub-bottom profiling records. The rhythmically laminated/bedded glaciolacustrine deposits of facies I are
interpreted to have aggraded within glacial Lake Algonquin and its associated recessional lakes that persisted between 13,000
and 11,300 cal BP (~11,100 and 9,900 BP). The majority of the facies II, III and IV lacustrine deposits accumulated between
about 9,500 cal BP (~8,500 BP) and the mid-Holocene, based on radiocarbon-dated organic materials. These deposits represent
sedimentation within a ‘large’ lake during the late portion of the Mattawa-Stanley phase, and the Nipissing transgression,
Nipissing Great Lakes and post-Nipissing recession phases of lake levels. Two sets of organic-rich sand beds are preserved
within facies II deposits and reveal that the large lake lacustrine depositional environment was interrupted during the late
Mattawa-Stanley phase between 9,500–9,300 and 9,000–8,400 cal BP (~8,500–8,300 and ~8,000–7,600 BP), when the water surface
of Lake Hough fell below the outlet threshold and the lake basin became hydrologically closed. Pre-9,500 cal BP (~8,500 BP),
the early and middle portions of the Mattawa-Stanley phase were dominated by erosion, as reflected by an unconformity at the
base of facies II that occurs widely in the sub-basins and the general lack of preserved deposits for these intervals in the
cores. This erosion is attributed to wave action and fluvial scouring within the outlet mouth during the early and mid-Stanley-Hough
low stages and relates specifically to the period when the flowing portion of the North Bay outlet was situated over the lower
French River area. This study reveals that the majority of the post-glacial deposits accumulated after the outlet threshold
had shifted permanently eastwards and the lower French River area was inundated under the multiple phases of the large lake
occupying the Nipissing Lowlands and Georgian-Huron basins, extending well into the mid-Holocene. The occurrence of deposits
marking two closed-basin intervals during the late Stanley-Hough stage are well preserved locally within the lacustrine depositional
sequence, but identifying earlier closed-basin intervals from the French River stratigraphy is hindered by the lack of preserved
pre-9,500 cal BP (~8,500 BP) post-glacial deposits. 相似文献
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Microweathering of ice-smoothed bedrock surfaces was investigated in the Røldal area of Hardanger Plateau (60°), southern Norway. Postglacial rates of weathering were determined from surface lowering using quartz veins as reference surfaces. Weathering processes are inferred from assessment of weathering rind formation, surface hardness, and the preservation of small-scale glacial erosional features.Surface lowering rates for a range of metamorphic rocks vary from 0.05 to 2.20 mm ka− 1 and are broadly comparable with those obtained from crystalline rocks in other periglacial environments. The mean rate of surface lowering at 0.55 mm ka− 1 is low and demonstrates the relatively small impact of microweathering on postglacial landscape evolution. Variations in bedrock microweathering can be explained by lithological variation. Amphibolite and mica-rich bedrock surfaces experience greater denudation and weakening, least weathering rind formation, and abundant preservation of glacial striae, despite greater surface lowering. Conversely, quartz-rich bedrock surfaces are most resistant to denudation and weakening, but have greater weathering rind formation and fewer preserved striae. Postglacial microweathering is achieved primarily through granular disintegration involving detachment and removal of mineral grains and weakening from increased porosity. Granular decomposition is manifest in the formation of weathering rinds. Analysis of interactions between weathering indices indicates that rind accumulation is limited by microerosion.A conceptual model is proposed that illustrates the temporal interrelationships between in situ and erosional facets of microweathering in two contrasting mineral assemblages. The model proposes that cyclic processes of in situ disintegration, decomposition, and erosion are at work. The relative balance between these processes varies with lithology so that in more resistant quartz-rich rocks the net effect is minimal surface lowering and accumulation of weathering rind. In weaker, amphibolitic and micaceous rocks, the net effect is greater surface lowering and minimal accumulation of weathering rind. The results of the research demonstrate the important influence of rock properties, notably mineral composition, in postglacial microweathering of crystalline bedrock in a periglacial environment. 相似文献
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Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens
on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of
epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns,
mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore,
it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic
weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out
in Antarctica. 相似文献
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Sedimentary cores BDP 96 and 98 and VER 96-2 St. 3 from Academician Ridge in Lake Baikal were investigated to investigate the effect of climatic fluctuations on rock weathering and clay formation in the Baikal drainage basin. Illite, smectite, vermiculite, and kaolinite were identified as the major clay minerals in the sediments by X-ray diffraction analysis. Biotite in gravels in alluvial soils of the Baikal drainage area weathers through illite to vermiculite, smectite, and finally to kaolinite. To investigate the relationship between weathering and climate, we measured the clay content and the concentration of biogenic silica in the sediments. High surface productivity (increased biogenic silica) and high chemical weathering (decreased clay content) occurred simultaneously, showing that crustal weathering and soil formation were enhanced under warm climatic conditions.Clay formation was enhanced in the watershed from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pliocene, and mechanical weathering of rocks increased during glacial intervals after the climate began to cool in Late Pliocene time. This change in the weathering mode in the watershed reduced the nutrient flux and aquatic productivity of Lake Baikal. 相似文献
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Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica. 相似文献
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F. Manalt C. Beck J.-R. Disnar J.-F. Deconinck P. Recourt 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,25(2):179-192
The basin fill of Lake Annecy was investigated from a 44 m core which reached down to glacial sediments of the last glaciation (called Würm in the alpine areas). We analyzed three main parameters: sediment texture (optical microscopy and laser microgranulometry), clay mineral assemblages (CMA by XRD), and organic matter (OM by Rock-Eval pyrolysis). Settling of suspended load, under variable hydrodynamic conditions is the main depositional process. Both CMA and OM provenances can be recognized for the different sedimentary and igneous-metamorphic formations (Carboniferous to Quaternary, and older crystalline basement) and corresponding areas, in the surrounding region of Lake Annecy. Oligocene-Miocene molasses, Early Cretaceous marls, and Early-Middle Jurassic marls and shales are the main sedimentary sources. Two distinct processes were operating: destruction of glacial sediments (till sensu largo) and reworking, or direct erosion and run-off from ice-free catchment areas. Clay minerals related to pedogenesis, and non-reworked terrestrial and lacustrine OM, were progessively added to these primary sources during the Late Würmian/Holocene transition to warmer climatic conditions. Rapid modifications of CMA and OM sources during the earlier phase of sedimentary infilling (Unit 2) suggest that valley glaciers connected to the lake basin almost completely disappeared within a few centuries. 相似文献
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Kevin Kiernan 《The Australian geographer》1990,21(1):1-17
Comparison of the degree of post‐depositional erosion and weathering to which different landforms and sediments have been subject over time provides a valuable aid to age differentiation of Quaternary deposits. A variety of parameters, including erosional modification both of depositional and older erosional landforms, the weathering of surface clasts and the weathering of subsurface clasts and matrix, has proven useful to Quaternary workers. However, time is only one of a number of factors that control the amount of weathering and erosion that occurs at a site. Examples from the glacial deposits of Tasmania show that if results useful for dating are to be obtained, it is essential to minimise the influence of other factors which may obscure a time‐dependent sequence. 相似文献
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他念他翁山中段位于横断山脉西部,保留着良好的第四纪冰川遗迹,论文以该地区第四纪冰川沉积物为主要研究对象,通过光释光(Object-source lighting, OSL)测年、粒度、磁化率、矿物及化学元素分析等方法,探讨研究区第四纪冰川沉积物在不同时期的沉积学、矿物学、环境磁学以及元素地球化学特征,结合相关环境指标分析该区的环境特点。研究表明：① 冰川沉积物总体沉积特征是大小混杂、无层理、无分选、风化程度由倒数第二次冰期到新冰期依次减弱。② 研究区冰川沉积物细粒部分在粒度频率曲线上主要呈现双峰或多峰,反映出沉积物的物质来源复杂、形成动力多样。冰碛物的平均粒径在空间上表现出距冰川作用源头越远粒径越小的规律,主要是受冰川作用强度和风化时间长短的影响。③ 冰川沉积物的磁化率值为8.72×10-8~298.00×10-8 m3·kg-1,其中冰水沉积物磁化率的平均值(178.51×10-8 m3·kg-1)和波动幅度(17.43×10-8~298.00×10-8 m3·kg-1)要大于冰碛物(平均值19.82×10-8 m3·kg-1,波动幅度8.72×10-8~42.95×10-8 m3·kg-1),反映出磁铁矿集中分布的粒级与冰水沉积物组成的粒级相似。④ 地球化学和矿物学指标反映青古隆地区古气候的总体特征为寒冷干燥,其中在末次冰盛期时气候最为干旱,末次冰期中冰阶时气候较为干旱、降水量相对于末次冰盛期有所增加,倒数第二次冰期降水量相对于末次冰盛期和末次冰期中冰阶较多,但气温较低。 相似文献
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《Polar Science》2014,8(3):264-282
The glacial diamicts deposited in the Jutulsessen area of Gjelsvikfjella, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica show the effects of localized meltwater channels and wind processes, as well as of the dominant glacial processes. These glacial sediments are characterized by poor sorting and a variable mean particle size, and the localized meltwater channels have removed silt- and clay-sized sediments, resulting in the relative enrichment of coarser sediments. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of clay minerals in samples collected across the study area show very similar characteristics. Biotite is the dominant mica mineral in the clay together with chlorite and K-feldspar. The presence of illite, and small amounts of smectite, demonstrates the limited extent of chemical weathering due to the cold and arid conditions. The samples from the glacial fan area contain mixed-layer clays, suggesting the effects of localized meltwater and limited chemical activity which has altered the crystal structure of biotite at lower topographic level. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of surface microtextures from representative quartz grains suggest the dominance of glacial and glaciofluvial processes. The low rates of biogenic activity in this area are indicated by the low total organic carbon (TOC) content of the sediments. 相似文献
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Nicole K. Davis William W. Locke III Kenneth L. Pierce Robert C. Finkel 《Geomorphology》2006,75(3-4):330
Cosmogenic surface exposure ages of glacial boulders deposited in ice-marginal Lake Musselshell suggest that the lake existed between 20 and 11.5 ka during the Late Wisconsin glacial stage (MIS 2), rather than during the Late Illinoian stage (MIS 6) as traditionally thought. The altitude of the highest ice-rafted boulders and the lowest passes on the modern divide indicate that glacial lake water in the Musselshell River basin reached at least 920–930 m above sea level and generally remained below 940 m. Exposures of rhythmically bedded silt and fine sand indicate that Lake Musselshell is best described as a slackwater system, in which the ice-dammed Missouri and Musselshell Rivers rose and fell progressively throughout the existence of the lake rather than establishing a lake surface with a stable elevation. The absence of varves, deltas and shorelines also implies an unstable lake. The changing volume of the lake implies that the Laurentide ice sheet was not stable at its southernmost position in central Montana. A continuous sequence of alternating slackwater lake sediment and lacustrine sheetflood deposits indicates that at least three advances of the Laurentide ice sheet occurred in central Montana between 20 and 11.5 ka. Between each advance, it appears that Lake Musselshell drained to the north and formed two outlet channels that are now occupied by extremely underfit streams. A third outlet formed when the water in Lake Musselshell fully breached the Larb Hills, resulting in the final drainage of the lake. The channel through the Larb Hills is now occupied by the Missouri River, implying that the present Missouri River channel east of the Musselshell River confluence was not created until the Late Wisconsin, possibly as late as 11.5 ka. 相似文献