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南极冰盖和热带干旱－半干旱沙漠地区均有利于陨石样品的保存。到目前为止,已在南极约２５００ｋｍ２的蓝色冰区内回收了约１５０００块陨石。在非洲撒哈拉沙漠、西澳大利亚及美国新墨西哥州沙漠地区回收了约２０００块陨石。但由于两者的气候条件和保存陨石的环境不同,它们之间存在明显差异,南极陨石居地年龄大,风化程度低,地球污染小;沙漠陨石居地年龄小,风化程度高,地球污染大。南极和沙漠陨石的主要陨石类型的频率与已知降落的陨石相似,未观察到陨石类型通量随时间的明显变化,但在南极陨石中稀少和独特陨石类型的丰度较高,按其陨石来源将其划分为小行星陨石和行星陨石。新的和独特陨石类型的研究以及月球和火星陨石的研究有利于探索和了解早期太阳星云的连续化学分馏作用及月壳和火星表面的平均化学组成及其横向变化。 相似文献
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南析乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤矿物化学风化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文在考察菲尔德斯半岛土环境、土壤理化性状的基础上部分析了本区性土壤的粘土矿物组成粘粒和全土中土壤大量元素的含量，认为亚南极海洋性气候区土壤次生粘土矿物主要是蒙中石、伊利石和绿泥石；土壤矿物风化过程包括脱盐基，周期性滞水氧化－还原脱铁锰和微弱的脱硅过程。 相似文献
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海洋动物粪土是南极陆地生态系统养分的重要来源,粪土层细菌群落对南极苔原碳、氮循环过程起重要作用,但目前对南极海洋动物粪土层中细菌群落的变化特征却鲜有报道。本文采集了东南极四个企鹅、海豹粪土剖面样品,通过酶活性、微生物量碳、微生物熵、土壤呼吸和DNA浓度测定以及16 S r DNA-DGGE分析,探讨了粪土层中细菌群落变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。土壤转化酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性、微生物量碳、土壤呼吸和微生物熵随深度增加而递减,而代谢熵增加,表明随深度增加,微生物生存环境恶劣,造成细菌丰度和酶分泌量减小,需更多有机碳进行能量代谢。土壤DNA浓度与pH、含水率、TOC、TN、微生物量碳、土壤呼吸以及酶活性呈高度正相关,表明这些因子对粪土层中细菌种群的丰度有重要影响。DGGE图谱分析证实：东南极海洋动物粪土中含丰富的细菌群落结构,随深度增加泳道带型数量和亮度递减,表明细菌多样性和丰度递减。聚类分析表明：四个剖面随深度泳道带型差异明显,细菌遗传相似性为46%,企鹅、海豹粪土细菌群落差异性尤为明显;发现四个粪土剖面中,细菌丰度与企鹅、海豹粪的相对含量呈协调一致性变化,且表层5cm粪土层细菌丰度最高,表明东南极企鹅和海豹排泄物对土壤中细菌群落多样性变化起重要作用。 相似文献
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雅鲁藏布江江当宽谷地区沙源物质与现代沙漠化过程 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
对雅鲁藏布江江当宽谷附近地表堆积物的粒度和矿物分析结果表明，沙丘沙的平均粒径，分选性，主粒组构成以及矿物成分与附近原物质具有一性和继承性。河流冲积物是最主要的沙源，其次是积物和基岩风化物。 相似文献
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根据2016/2017年度南设得兰群岛海域夏季航次的浮游动物数据以及环境因子数据,初步分析了浮游动物的群落组成、丰度、多样性以及与环境因子的关系。结果显示,调查海域共检测出24种浮游动物物种(类群),浮游动物群落总丰度为1095.51 ind·m-3,主要由尖角似哲水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤、南极大磷虾以及南极纽鳃樽等组成。表层温度是对浮游动物分布影响较强的环境因子之一,与上述的浮游动物优势物种的丰度均呈正相关。浮游动物的群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数与表层温度呈负相关关系。南大洋西南极海域近些年的显著升温可能会促进夏季南设得兰群岛海域优势浮游动物的增长,进而导致群落的多样性及均匀度的下降。本研究将有利于深入探析南极磷虾重要渔区浮游动物的群落组成和优势物种分布,并从基底生态学参数的角度为探究磷虾渔场的形成提供数据。 相似文献
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利用南极中山站地区的冰退速率和奈拉湖湖相沉积物中的硫浓度分布特征推算了奈拉湖的沉积速度。以硫元素浓度作为湖相沉积物中生物活动强度的指标，对比了西南极长城站地区西湖沉积物和东南极中山站奈拉湖沉积物中生物活动强度的变化趋势，并与Ｄ１０冰芯中反映海洋生物活动强度的指标ＣＨ３ＳＯ－３的浓度变化趋势作对比。结果表明，４０００ａＢ．Ｐ．以来三者的历史变化趋势是明显一致的，１８５０～１１５０ａＢ．Ｐ．是生物活动的最宜期，这是全球环境变化在不同地点、不同类型沉积物中的表现。 相似文献
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通过孢子花粉、石英砂颗粒和土壤微形态学分析,研究北亚热带江淮地区白浆化土壤的发生学特性。白浆化土壤下部土体经历了暖温带森林草原景观和亚热带草原景观,为高能化学环境。在母质沉积后,经历了褐土化过程或其他物质堆积,经过一定时期的沉积间断后,堆积新物质,随着气候的变化,成土环境演变为现代气候类型,属亚热带森林草原环境。淀积层也源于黄土状物质,风化程度更强,白浆层则为后期堆积物,不具备高能化学环境。淀积层在高能环境下,存在次生粘化和淀积粘化作用。 相似文献
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福建永安鳞隐石林成因的沉积学研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过福建省永安市大湖乡鳞陷石林地区两个剖面中埋藏石芽周围红色堆积物的沉积学研究，对鳞稳石林成因加以探讨。堆积物的粒度、矿物 、化学成分分析，以及石英砂表面的微结构，都证实了这些红色堆积物是没有经过搬运的石灰岩岩体的风化残积物，鳞隐石林是石灰岩在一个相当长时间的稳定环境里。 相似文献
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在对南极长城站地区西湖水化学组成影响因素分析的基础上，利用化学风化反应平衡方程，对西湖水化学组成的影响因子进行了定量化分析评价。研究表明，影响西湖水化学组成的主要因素是大气降水、化学风化过程和海洋物质的叠加效应。西湖水中Ｃａ和Ｍｇ元素主要来源于陆地原生矿物的化学风化，尤其是碳酸盐风化；Ｎａ和Ｋ元素则主要来源于海洋物质的叠加效应。硅（铝）酸盐风化产生的元素量对湖水的贡献率较小，反映出在南极低温条件下化学风化尚停留在硅（铝）酸盐脱盐基阶段。 相似文献
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Characteristics of the mineral phase constituents of lacustrine deposits from the Fildes Peninsula of King George Island, Antarctica and their environmental implication 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 ＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｔｈｅｍｉｎｅｒａｌｐｈａｓｅｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｔｓｏｆｌａｃｕｓｔｒｉｎｅｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＦｉｌｄｅｓＰｅｎｉｎｓｕｌａｏｆＫｉｎｇＧｅｏｒｇｅＩｓｌａｎｄ,Ａｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｅｎ... 相似文献
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作者根据庐山羊角岭红色泥砾的岩性特征,从地形和堆积物的宏观和微观特征进行分析研究,得出庐山有第四纪冰川。 相似文献
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Sedimentary cores BDP 96 and 98 and VER 96-2 St. 3 from Academician Ridge in Lake Baikal were investigated to investigate the effect of climatic fluctuations on rock weathering and clay formation in the Baikal drainage basin. Illite, smectite, vermiculite, and kaolinite were identified as the major clay minerals in the sediments by X-ray diffraction analysis. Biotite in gravels in alluvial soils of the Baikal drainage area weathers through illite to vermiculite, smectite, and finally to kaolinite. To investigate the relationship between weathering and climate, we measured the clay content and the concentration of biogenic silica in the sediments. High surface productivity (increased biogenic silica) and high chemical weathering (decreased clay content) occurred simultaneously, showing that crustal weathering and soil formation were enhanced under warm climatic conditions.Clay formation was enhanced in the watershed from the Late Miocene to the Middle Pliocene, and mechanical weathering of rocks increased during glacial intervals after the climate began to cool in Late Pliocene time. This change in the weathering mode in the watershed reduced the nutrient flux and aquatic productivity of Lake Baikal. 相似文献
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滇中红层含盐层水文地质特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
红层沉积环境多样,易溶盐会在一些区段富集形成含盐层。含盐层岩石矿物成分复杂,可溶岩和可溶性矿物含量较高,更易形成溶隙、溶孔,地下水类型以溶蚀裂隙孔隙水为主,水质复杂,水化学成分、含量与易溶矿物成分、含量关系密切。云南红层地下水勘查示范成果表明,滇中红层含盐层浅部全－强风化带含盐层容易淋滤沉着形成自封闭带,富水性较差,地下水位以下的中等－微风化带岩层透水性好,富水性强;含盐层区亦有可饮用淡水分布,补给、排泄条件好的裸露型含盐层中水质较好,循环条件差的埋藏型、覆盖型含盐层中水质较差;浅层地下水水质随深度的变化不明显。 相似文献
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Studies of magnetic properties enable reconstruction of environmental conditions that affected magnetic minerals incorporated in sediments from Upper Klamath Lake. Analyses of stream sediment samples from throughout the catchment of Upper Klamath Lake show that alteration of Fe-oxide minerals during subaerial chemical weathering of basic volcanic rocks has significantly changed magnetic properties of surficial deposits. Titanomagnetite, which is abundant both as phenocrysts and as microcrystals in fresh volcanic rocks, is progressively destroyed during weathering. Because fine-grained magnetite is readily altered due to large surface-to-volume ratios, weathering causes an increase in average magnetic grain size as well as reduction in the quantity of titanomagnetite both absolutely and relative to hematite. Hydrodynamic mineralogical sorting also produces differences in magnetic properties among rock and mineral grains of differing sizes. Importantly, removal of coarse silicate and Fe-oxide grains by sorting concentrated extremely fine-grained magnetite in the resulting sediment. The effects of weathering and sorting of minerals cannot be completely separated. These processes combine to produce the magnetic properties of a non-glacial lithic component of Upper Klamath Lake sediments, which is characterized by relatively low magnetite content and coarse magnetic grain size. Hydrodynamic sorting alone causes significant differences between the magnetic properties of glacial flour in lake sediments and of fresh volcanic rocks in the catchment. In comparison to source volcanic rocks, glacial flour in the lake sediment is highly enriched in extremely fine-grained magnetite. 相似文献
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阿尔泰山古风化壳研究结果表明，晚新生以来，至少存在两个风化期，形成了不同类型的风化壳，本文阐述这两个风化期的特征及相应形成的风化壳的类型及特点。 相似文献
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Pascale Huyghe Romain Guilbaud Matthias Bernet Albert Galy Ananta Prasad Gajurel 《Basin Research》2011,23(3):332-345
Clay mineral assemblages of the Neogene Himalayan foreland basin are studied to decipher their significance with respect to tectonic and climate processes. Fluvial deposits of the Siwalik Group (west‐central Nepal), and sediment of the Ganga River drainage system were analysed for clay mineralogy. The observed clay mineral assemblages are mainly composed of illite (dominant), chlorite, smectite and kaolinite. Illite and chlorite are chiefly of detrital origin, derived from Himalayan sources. Kaolinite and smectite are authigenic, and mainly developed within pore space and as coating of detrital particles. With increasing burial, diagenetic processes affected the original clay mineral signature. Illitisation of smectite and kaolinite occurred below 2500 and 3500 m depth, respectively. Therefore, illite in the lower parts of the Siwalik Group consists of a mixture of inherited illite and illitised smectite and kaolinite, as suggested by illite crystallinity. Detrital grains that make up the framework of the Siwalik Group sandstones mainly consist of quartz, feldspar and lithic fragments, which are principally of sedimentary and metamorphic origin. Lithoclast content increases over time at the expense of quartz and K‐feldspar in response to uplift and erosion of the Lesser Himalaya Series since about 11–10 Ma. Despite mainly felsic source rocks, dominantly physical erosion processes in the Himalayan belt, and high‐energy fluvial depositional systems, smectite is abundant in the <7 Ma Siwalik Group deposits. Analyses of the Siwalik deposits and comparison with the clay mineralogy of the modern drainage system suggest that smectite preferentially formed in floodplains and intermontane valleys during early diagenesis because of downward percolating fluids rich in cations from weathering and soil development. In general, increasing seasonality and aridity linked to variability of the Asian monsoon from about 8 Ma enhanced clay mineral formation and development of authigenic smectite in paleo‐plains on the southern side of the Himalaya. 相似文献
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以X射线衍射分析,研究了长江上游山地土壤的粘土矿物组成。根据土壤粘土矿物组成分类,划分了粘土矿物地带。采用土壤结构恢复试验,比较了不同粘土矿物组成土壤的结构形成特征。 相似文献