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1.
The sorption of Eu species onto nano-size silica-water interfaces is investigated at pH range of 1―8.5 and the initial Eu concentrations (CEu) of 2×10−5, 2×10−4 and 2×10−3 M using fluorescence spectroscopy. The sorption rate of Eu is initially low, but significantly increases at pH > 4. For the initial CEu of 2×10−5, 2×10−4 and 2×10−3 M, the dissolved Eu species are completely sorbed onto silica-water interfaces at pH = 4.75, −5.8 and 6.6, respectively, with the respective sorption densities of −1.58×10−8, 1.58×10−7 and 1.58×10−6 mol/m2. The sorbed Eu species at pH < 6 is aquo Eu3+, which is sorbed onto silica-water interfaces as an outer-sphere complex at pH < 5, but may be sorbed as an inner-sphere bidentate complex at 5 < pH < 6, due to the decrease of the NH2O to −6 at pH = 6. At pH = 6 – 8, Eu(OH)2+, Eu(CO3)+and Eu(CO3)2 − form in the solutions, and Eu(CO3)+is dominant at pH = −7.5. These ions may be sorbed onto silica-water interfaces as inner-sphere bidentate complexes or multi-nuclear pre-cipitates.  相似文献   

2.
Source spectra for moderate and small earthquakes are obtained after removing the path effect, site effect, and instrument response, etc. in the observed S-wave spectra. Based on the Brune source model...  相似文献   

3.
Sorption of dissolved Fe2+ on bentonite was studied using a batch technique. The distribution coefficient, Kd , was evaluated for a bentonite-iron system as a function of contact time, pH, sorbent and sorbate concentrations, and temperature. Sorption results were interpreted in terms of Freundlich's and Langmuir's equations. Thermodynamic parameters for the sorption system were determined at three temperatures: 298°, 308°, and 318°K. The values of ΔH°(-4.0 kjmol−1) and ΔG°(-2.46 Kjmol−1) at 298°K (25°C) suggest that sorption of iron on bentonite is an exothermic and a spontaneous process. The ΔG° value became less negative at higher temperatures and, therefore, less iron was sorbed at higher temperatures. The desorption studies with 0.01 M CaCl2 and deionized water at iron loading on bentonite showed that more than 90 wt% of the iron is irreversibly sorbed, probably due to the fixation of the iron by isomorphous replacement in the crystal lattice of the sorbent.  相似文献   

4.
为研究汤东断裂带土壤气体地球化学特征及其所反映的构造地球化学背景, 采用野外监测的方法分析了张河村与邢李庄村两条测线的土壤H2、 Rn分布特征。 结果表明, 张河村H2浓度、 Rn活度浓度的分布范围分别为0.24×10-6～174.7×10-6、 13.3～69.8 kBq·m-3, 背景值分别为14.26×10-6, 24.8 kBq·m-3。 邢李庄测线H2浓度、 Rn活度浓度的分布范围11.8×10-6～67.06×10-6、 43.6～72.6 kBq·m-3, 背景值分别为37.13×10-6、 72.6 kBq·m-3。 张河村测线在90～105 m处, H2、 Rn出现强烈高值异常, 而120～150 m处出现高值异常。 异常值位于断裂带附近, H2、 Rn气体测值对断裂位置具有良好的指示作用。 气体异常主要受汤东活动断裂构造控制, 汤东断裂下方的深大断裂和汤阴地堑中下地壳的低速体对深部气体释放有重要作用。  相似文献   

5.
本文利用改进的能量守恒法开展了GRACE星载加速度计与K波段星间测速仪及GPS接收机精度指标之间的匹配模拟论证. 结果表明：（1）采用GRACE公布的其他载荷精度指标,当加速度计分辨率指标设计为ACCX=(1～10)×10-9m/s2, ACCY,Z=(1～10)×10-10m/s2时,在120阶处恢复累计大地水准面的精度为19～80 cm,恢复1.5°×1.5°累计重力异常的精度为0.3～1.3 mGal;(2)建议我国将来卫星重力测量计划中星载加速度计三轴分辨率指标设计为ACCX=(1～5)×1010-9m/s2,ACCY,Z=(1～5)×10-10m/s2较合适,与GRACE其他载荷精度指标基本匹配.  相似文献   

6.
To compare the acute toxicity of CO(2)- and HCl-acidified seawater, eggs and larvae of a marine fish, Pagrus major, were exposed to seawater equilibrated with CO(2)-enriched gas mixtures (CO(2)=5% or 10%, O(2)=20.95% balanced with N(2)) or seawater acidified with 1 N HCl at two pH levels (pH 6.2 (=5% CO(2)) and 5.9 (=10% CO(2))) for 6 h (eggs) or 24 h (larvae). Mortalities of eggs were 85.8% (CO(2)) and 3.6% (HCl) at pH 6.2, and 97.4% (CO(2)) and 0.9% (HCl) at pH 5.9, while those of larvae were 61.2% (CO(2)) and 1.6% (HCl) at pH 6.2, and 100% (CO(2)) and 5.0% (HCl) at pH 5.9. Thus, previous research on the effects of acidified seawater on marine organisms, as a substitute for CO(2), has largely underestimated the toxic effects of CO(2).  相似文献   

7.
大地测量约束下的阿尔泰山岩石圈流变结构   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文
谭凯  李杰  王琪 《地球物理学报》2007,50(6):1713-1718
本文根据大地测量数据得到过去50年左右阿尔泰山富蕴区域形变场，破裂带中段的相对位移最大，平均速率达6mm/a，总体上表现为沿断裂的走滑运动特征．该形变场可以用1931年富蕴8级地震的震后黏弹性松弛模型进行模拟，反演得到下地壳黏滞系数为1.6×1019～7.9×1019Pa·s，上地幔黏滞系数为16×1018～63×1019Pa·s，与华北、Nevada等地区利用震后变形资料推算的黏度基本一致．根据该地区最佳黏弹性分层模型，最近五十年由于岩石圈下部应力松弛引起的地震破裂带两侧最大水平速率约为4mm/a． 我们的研究表明：大陆7～8级大震在几十年后仍可能有可观的地表变形，GPS监测得到的现今变形场可能包含震后变形成分．  相似文献   

8.
A method, utilising overlaid graphs for nutrients vs salinity, was developed in order to determine which nutrient is limiting for plant growth in estuarine waters-at any salinity. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN=NO(3)(-)+NO(2)(-)+NH(4)(+)) and o-phosphate (PO(4)(-)) are the main forms of N and P that are readily bio-available for plant growth in waters and these have a Redfield atomic ratio of N:P=16:1 (i.e. aquatic plants absorb N and P in the average ratio of 16 atoms of N to 1 atom of P). Graphs are prepared for (i) DIN vs salinity and (ii) o-phosphate vs salinity with the vertical scales for DIN and o-phosphate set at a ratio of N:P=16:1; when these graphs are overlaid on each other then the lowermost trendline denotes the limiting nutrient for plant/algal growth-at any salinity. The graphs also indicate the extent by which one or other of the nutrients is limiting--at any salinity. Furthermore, if there is a transition from P to N limitation somewhere along the salinity gradient, then this occurs at the salinity where the trendlines intersect. The concept was applied to three estuaries in the southeast of Ireland and the results show that, in all of these circumstances, P is the limiting nutrient throughout--except for the higher salinities (i.e. salinities 30 per thousand), where either (i) N and P may become equally limiting at salinity approximately 35 per thousand or (ii) N may become limiting at salinity 30 per thousand. Overlaid nutrients vs salinity graphs were also used to demonstrate that, in the estuaries in southeast Ireland, carbon (as dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC=CO(2)+H(2)CO(3)+HCO(3)(-)+CO(3)(2-)) is not the limiting nutrient--at any salinity.  相似文献   

9.
皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩沿祁门-歙县-三阳深断裂呈串珠状出露。本文在对其岩石学、地球化学细致分析的基础上,探讨了岩体的岩石成因和产出环境。皖南新元古代花岗闪长岩主要由石英、钾长石和斜长石组成,普遍含富铝矿物黑云母和堇青石,副矿物包括锆石、磷灰石、钛铁矿、独居石、磷钇矿、极少的磁铁矿等。地球化学分析数据显示,岩石总体具高硅、高钾、高铝和低钠、低镁、低钙的特征;岩石富碱（ALK=6．63％）,高K2O／Na2O比值（1．33）。里特曼指数δ为0．8～2．91,碱度率AR为1．56～3．14,属高钾钙碱性系列。岩石铝饱和指数（A／CNK-1．31）大于1．1,具强过铝质S型花岗岩的特征。岩石稀土元素呈轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特征,∑LREE／∑HREE比值为5．36～8．36,具较强的负铕异常（δEu=0．39～0．7）,配分模式为右倾“V”字形态;微量元素明显富集Rb、Th而亏损Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr等,为低Sr高Yb型花岗岩。地球化学特征显示其岩浆源于围岩-中元古代牛屋组浅变质千枚岩的部分熔融,反映陆-陆碰撞挤压造山环境,为晋宁运动晚期华夏板块向北俯冲与扬子板块碰撞造山的火山弧产物。  相似文献   

10.
中国l地壳运动观测网络首期观测数据处理   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
介绍了中国地壳运动观测网络的布设、基准站和基本站首期观测情况。利用GAMIT和GLOBK软件对首期观测数据进行了处理，计算结果归算到ITRF97框架上。单天整体解结果表明：基线重复性NS向分量为2.28+0.87×10-9×S，EW向分量为3.67+0.82×10-9×S，高程分量为6.84+1.29×10-9×S(S为GPS站间距离，以mm为单位)。对基准网和基本网的整体平差结果表明：点位精度水平分量为2～3 mm，高程分量为3～5 mm，基准网和基本网首期观测达到了设计要求。  相似文献   

11.
本文对2017年以来中国地震局在南北地震带采集到的5期相对重力测网数据进行了平差计算, 简要分析了甘东南研究区内测点平差精度, 进而分析了2019年10月28日甘肃夏河MS5.7地震前的区域重力场变化。 结果表明: ① 研究区内90%测点平差后重力值精度小于10×10-8 m·s-2, 与绝对重力观测结果符合性也较好, 表明观测质量较高, 数据可靠; ② 2017年 4月至2018年4月, 临潭—宕昌断裂南西侧重力正变化、 北东侧重力负变化, 与2017年8月8日九寨沟MS7.0地震前重力变化反向, 断裂西段夏河、 合作附近出现显著的重力差异变化; ③ 2018年4月至2019年4月, 临潭—宕昌断裂南西侧重力变化-10×10-8～-30×10-8 m·s-2、 北东侧重力变化+20×10-8～+30×10-8 m·s-2, 夏河MS5.7震中附近重力变化不明显, 呈现出围绕夏河县、 泽库县和碌曲县等三县交界地区准四象限分布的特征; ④ 强震易发生在重力变化四象限分布中心地带或正、 负异常区过渡的高梯度带上, 九寨沟MS7.0地震后, 我们曾基于流动重力异常变化在夏河MS5.7地震前做过一定程度的中期预测, 尤其是地点预测。  相似文献   

12.
Kyanite is an important and slow-dissolving mineral. Earlier work has measured its dissolution rate at high temperature and acidic pH, but experimental measurements at low temperature and near neutral p H were lacking. The rate equation by Palandri and Kharaka(A compilation of rate parameters of water–mineral interaction kinetics for application to geochemical modeling. US Geological Survey, Open File Report 2004-1068, 2004) indicates that the rate of kyanite dissolution at room temperature and near neutral pH is on the order of 10^-17 mol m^-2 s^-1, orders of magnitudes slower than most common silicate minerals such as albite and quartz. This study used an externallystirred mixed-flow reactor, which allows high solid:solution ratios, to measure the dissolution rate of kyanite at 0–22 ℃ and pH of 3.5–7.5. The measured dissolution rate of kyanite is 4.6–7.6 9 10-13 mol m^-2 s^-1 at 22℃, and the apparent activation energy is 73.5 kJ mol^-1. This dissolution rate is close to the rate of quartz dissolution and four orders of magnitude faster than the prediction by rate equation of Palandri and Kharaka(2004).Based on our new experimental data, we recommend the following rate equation for modeling the dissolution of kyanite at ambient temperatures.r=ke(-Ea)/R(1/T-1/(298.15))where k = 5.08 9 10-13 mol m^-2 s^-1, and Ea= 73.5 kJ mol^-1. Review of literature data(Carroll in The dissolution behavior of corundum, kaolinite, and andalusite: a surface complex reaction model for the dissolution of aluminosilicate minerals in diagenetic and weathering environs. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1989) led to a recommended rate equation for andalusite as for T = 25℃ and pH = 2–10:r=k1aH+^n1+k2+k3aH^+^n3where k1= 4.04 9 10^-10 mol m^-2 s^-1, k2= 7.95×10^-10 mol m^-2 s^-1, k3= 1.01×10^-17 mol m^-2 s^-1, n1= 1.2 and n3=-0.6.  相似文献   

13.
With the discovery and further studies of high- pressure (HP) to ultra-high-pressure (UHP) eclogites and UHP garnet lherzolite in the Altun Mountains[19], it becomes interesting if the country rocks of these HP-UHP metamorphic rocks also underwent HP-UHP metamorphism, which will be crucial for understand-ing the relationship of HP-UHP metamorphic rocks and their country rocks, the mechanism of their forma-tion and uplifting and the existence of continental deep subduction in the are…  相似文献   

14.
广东南山花岗岩体位于陂头复式岩体西端,锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为158.1±1.8Ma,是燕山早期岩浆活动的产物。岩石化学特征显示岩体以高硅、富碱、贫Ca和Mg以及高TFeO/MgO、低CaO/Na2O为特征。其K2O/Na2O〉1,A/NK=7.8~11.92,A/CNK=1.33~1.68,属过铝质碱性岩石。在稀土和微量元素组成上,岩石富含稀土元素（除明显的负Eu异常,δEu=0.09~0.16）以及Zr、Y、Th、U、Nb等高场强元素,贫Ba、Sr、Ti等,高10000x Ga/Al（比值大于2.6）。在Zr、Nb、Ce、Y对10000×Ga/Al以及TFeO/MgO-SiO2等A型花岗岩多种判别图上,投影点主要落在A型花岗岩区,而与高分异的I、S型花岗岩明显不同。这些特征均指示,南山岩体具有铝质A型花岗岩的特点。通过Y-Nb-3Ga和Y-Nb-Ce构造环境判别图解将其进一步划分为A2型花岗岩,代表其形成于拉张的构造背景之下。本文在此研究基础上,认为南山花岗质岩浆可能形成于相对挤压的中侏罗世。而在晚侏罗世早期相对拉张的作用下,岩石圈减薄,软流圈地幔上涌,地壳的泥质岩和少量砂质岩受到幔源流体富集后发生部分熔融后上侵形成铝质A型花岗岩,且有较强的结晶分异作用。  相似文献   

15.
The coupled spatial investigation of the geometrical and geochemical properties of a chalk karstic aquifer provides information on the degree to which geologic structure controls aquifer functioning and groundwater quality. Major ion concentrations in the chalk aquifer of the Haute-Normandie region (France) were measured at a high spatial resolution (more than 100 sampling sites over a 6000 km2 area) and mapped. The first observation is a continuity of the geochemical properties, in spite of the karstic properties of the aquifer principal components analysis of geochemical maps revealed two types of spatial distributions: ions with an autochthonous origin (Ca2+, HCO3), and ions with a principally allochthonous origin (Cl−, Na+, , ). Mg2+ was categorised as both autochthonous (chalk dissolution) and allochthonous (brought in by infiltration of Tertiary deposits). To better understand the spatial distribution of the geochemistry, the aquifer geochemistry was compared to the physical properties of the aquifer, in particular aquifer thickness (representing aquifer geometry) and piezometric level (representing aquifer flow). Use of spatial correlation between the geochemical and the geometrical properties provided insight regarding the directional structure of the data and give evidence of directional relations between geochemical and geometrical properties. The degree of mineralisation (principally composed of Ca2+ and ions) increased along the direction of flow, corresponding to an increase in chalk dissolution rate along the flowpath. The steepest mineralisation gradients were related to an increase in the Mg/Ca ratio, evidence of longer residence times and corresponding to zones where aquifer flow capacity is limited because of a decrease of the thickness of the flow section (anticlines or faults). These results highlight the dominant role played by the geometry and the structural context in controlling aquifer geochemistry.  相似文献   

16.
Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is a noninvasive geophysical method that allows estimating the free water content and transmissivity of aquifers. In this article, the ability of MRS to improve the reliability of a numerical groundwater model is assessed. Thirty-five sites were investigated by MRS over a ～5000 km(2) domain of the sedimentary Continental Terminal aquifer in SW Niger. Time domain electromagnetic soundings were jointly carried out to estimate the aquifer thickness. A groundwater model was previously built for this section of the aquifer and forced by the outputs from a distributed surface hydrology model, to simulate the observed long-term (1992 to 2003) rise in the water table. Uncertainty analysis had shown that independent estimates of the free water content and transmissivity values of the aquifer would facilitate cross-evaluation of the surface-water and groundwater models. MRS results indicate ranges for permeability (K = 1 × 10(-5) to 3 × 10(-4) m/s) and for free water content (w = 5% to 23% m(3) /m(3) ) narrowed by two orders of magnitude (K) and by ～50% (w), respectively, compared to the ranges of permeability and specific yield values previously considered. These shorter parameter ranges result in a reduction in the model's equifinality (whereby multiple combinations of model's parameters are able to represent the same observed piezometric levels), allowing a better constrained estimate to be derived for net aquifer recharge (～22 mm/year).  相似文献   

17.
计算了2008年3月21日新疆于田Ms7.3地震导致周围断层的库仑破裂应力变化. 结果表明,库仑应力在贡嘎错断裂的西南段和东北段、康西瓦断裂东段和西段、普鲁断裂西段、龙木错-邦达错西段、阿尔金断裂和西昆仑山前逆冲断裂增加分别达6.9×104 Pa、4.4×103 Pa、8.0×105 Pa、2.8×103 Pa、2.3×104 Pa、5.7×103 Pa、1.6×103 Pa和1.1×103 Pa,而使得贡嘎错断裂中段、康西瓦断裂中段、龙木错-邦达错东段、普鲁断裂中段和喀喇昆仑北段断层上的库伦破裂应力减小分别达3.9×105 Pa、5.8×105 Pa、1.5×104 Pa、1.5×104 Pa和1.1×103 Pa. 根据康西瓦的断层滑动速率估计该地震使得中段特征地震延迟1~127年,使得东段特征地震提前2~138年. 计算还得到2005年10月8日巴基斯坦Mw7.6地震在于田地震破裂面和滑动方向上产生的库仑破裂应力增加为10~20 Pa,虽然有利于于田地震的发生,但数值太小,难以看到明显的触发作用. 分析了该地震及其周围已发生地震出现正断层机制的原因. 认为在印度板块向欧亚板块北北东向推挤作用下,相对塔里木块体,青藏高原北缘的柴达木块体沿阿尔金断裂东向运动,而兴都库什块体沿喀喇昆仑断裂整体北西向运动. 地震发生区位于此两块体之间,在双边动力相互作用下导致了东西向拉张的形变模式.  相似文献   

18.
Pyrite is a common sulfide mineral, particularly abundant in mining waste. It is a focus of mine envi-ronmental concern because the oxidation of exposed pyrite may lead to acid drainage and poisonous mate-rials (like As and heavy metals) release. In the United States, approximately $1000000 per day is spent in alleviating acid mine drainage[1], while the Canadian mining community has environmental liabilities that exceed $2 billion for disposal, management, and rec-lamation of mine waste[2]. …  相似文献   

19.
Study of Sorptional Properties of the Cation Exchanger KB-2M with Macroreticular Structure for Recovery of Zinc Ions from Sewage and Rinsing Water Although a number of ion-exchange methods have been employed for the recovery of some transition metals from industrial effluents, knowledge about ion-exchange resins with macroreticular structure is poor. The present paper describes the mechanism of sorption on such exchangers and their application for recovery of zinc from sewage rinsing water. Ion exchanger of macroreticular structure are polymers with long-chained cross-linking agents. We have synthesized carboxylic ion-exchange resins by hydrolysis of copolymerisates of methyl acrylate with different cross-linking agents: divinylbenzene, divinyl sulfide, divinyl ester of ethylene glycol and divinyl ester of di- or triethylene glycol. The sorption process on modifications of the carboxylic resins KB-2 of various structure was studied with different methods: potentiometric titration, infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray structural analysis. The initial zinc concentration in rinsing water was 0.05 mol/L at pH from 3 to 6. For the sorption, 0.2…1.0 g of resin were equilibrated with 100 mL of zinc solution. After equilibrium (12 h), the resin was separated from solution. The zinc ions were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after stripping with 100 mL of 10% sulfuric acid. The distribution ratio D was calculated (D: mmole of Zn sorbed per gram of resin divided by mmole of Zn per millilitre of solution). By means of infrared spectroscopy, the mechanism of sorption of zinc ions from rinsing water was determined. There may be a possibility of the formation of complexes in the cation-exchange resin phase. It was found out in this paper that the cation-exchanger KB-2M of macroreticular structure is the most effective for the sorption of the Zn2+-ions from sewage and rinsing water.  相似文献   

20.
盐碱水体斜生栅藻培养及其生物净化作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
斜生栅藻（Ｓｃｅｎｅｄｅｓｍｕｓ ｏｂｌｉｑｕｕｓ）引种至山东禹城辛店洼碳到盐型水中后,在补加必需营养盐、充气的条件下培养,可以高速增长;试验结果表明,经过３轮栅藻培养、收获,可使盐碱水得到一定程度的淡化,经过３６ｈ的培养,水中主要八大离子的清除率分别达４８．５％,５．９％,７７．５％,２８．２％,４６．７％,１００％和５３．１％。  相似文献   

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