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1.
B. N. Floyd Dr. 《GeoJournal》1982,6(5):433-442
The world's tropical rain forests are being cleared at an ever-increasing and alarming rate. If their destruction continues, such forests will virtually disappear over the next half century, with grave consequences to mankind.The major exploirers of the humid tropical forests are timber companies, also crop and livestock farmers. Arguably, the greatest threat come from the many millions of small-scale farmers. If sizeable islands of original rain forest are to be preserved for scientific study and balanced ecological utilization, the rising demands for timber, subsistencee crop and grazing land will need to be satisfied in ways other those currently practised.An overall goal is the integrated development of resources within areas of secondary tropical forest and savanna woodland. If small farmers are to be encouragedto remainin such areas, successful techniques need to be devised to ensure virtually continuous cropping. The strategy of utilizing fast-growing suitable trees as nutrient pumps and for branch mulching is described. The use of appropriate minitaturized equipment and zero tillage is also advocated.It is not intended that these and other measures should provide a permanent blueprint for more intensive small-scale farming in the humid tropics. The penetration of more sophisticated systems subsumed under the Green Revolution should continue. It may be Discovered ultimately that an amalgam of traditional and new practices will best achieve the objective of raising the rural poor of the Third World above the meageress and meanness of their present predicament. 相似文献
2.
Political ecologists working in many other parts of the world are now heading north, or simply going global, posing a series of important questions related to theory, methodology, politics, and policy along the way. This special issue, contains papers originally delivered at a conference held at Rutgers University in 2003 that addressed this phenomenon. The papers collected offer case studies that reveal the First World as subject to a host of processes that can be insightfully understood via a political ecology perspective. First, globalized production and consumption regimes have created new linkages that demand synoptic analyses of often far-flung research sites. Second, the painful coincidence of deindustrialization and a radical restructuring of agricultural credit and price support systems have devastated North American and European heartlands, effectively producing “Third World” conditions in many depressed rural areas. Third, migration streams originating in Latin America, Africa and many parts of Asia have brought sizable Third World populations into the spatial heart of capitalism. Fourth, the belated recognition of some indigenous claims to resources, especially in Canada, and fierce opposition to others, have reopened questions of (internal) colonial domination. Finally, we see the burgeoning First World political ecology literature as the culmination of what Louise Fortmann has called “the long intellectual journey home” for many scholars who originally carried out research on/in the Third World. All of these factors have combined to help political ecologists discover suitable analytical terrain in the First World. 相似文献
3.
Technical assistance (TA) has a long and varied history as a development practice. It initially emerged as a set of ‘hard’ programs, tools, and technologies delivered to developing countries by imported First World experts, typically in the agricultural and resource sectors. Later, in response to critical and antidevelopment theories, TA morphed into its ‘soft’ version, attempting to empower marginalized people in the Global South by delivering the know-how - often collaboratively generated - sufficient to produce forms of development ‘from below’. In spite of this shift in the politics and practices of TA, it remains susceptible to neoliberal styles of development that have proceeded apace with withdrawal of state institutions in the funding and operation of social and economic development programs, and with the concomitant rise of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).In this paper, we follow the operation of one TA program operated by an intermediary NGO in Oaxaca, Mexico. We find that the program intersects with neoliberalization in two prominent ways, relying on a form of governmentality that codifies and prescribes: (a) the social spaces of action and need, and (b) learning subjects deficient in entrepreneurial initiative and know-how. We conclude by commenting on the political economic conditions that continue to underwrite TA as a development practice in spite of a decade or more of criticism directed at it and we consider the possibilities for its subversion. 相似文献
4.
Zaragoza city is located in the central Ebro Basin, in the Iberian Peninsula. The fluvial terraces formed by the Ebro River
present a valuable resource of sand and gravel deposits. However, taking advantage of these available resources implies conflicts
with other land use interests like urban and industrial development as well as agricultural use, which has also traditionally
occupied the alluvial terraces. These deposits represent a substantial groundwater resource that should be preserved for future
generations. The development of spatial decision support systems (SDSS) has greatly assisted efforts for solving land-use
conflicts. These systems combine the benefits of geographic information systems (GIS) and decision support methodologies and
are therefore suitable to manage sustainable development of urban areas. In this contribution, an extraction suitability map
taking into consideration a variety of environmental criteria is created with the help of a SDSS. The method used is the analytical
hierarchy process which is integrated in ArcGIS. Areas most suitable to sand and gravel extraction are located in the high
terraces, and in those terraces covered by pediments where the thickness of resource is relatively high. These areas are far
from valuable natural areas, outside areas most vulnerable to groundwater contamination, and beneath soils with poor irrigation
characteristics. 相似文献
5.
Transfrontier conservation has taken Southern Africa by storm, where the modus operandi remains simple and intuitive: by dissolving boundaries, local benefits grow as conservation and development spread regionally. However, in the case of South Africa’s section of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, political and economic change redirects benefits to support ‘modern’ economies at the expense of rural livelihoods through community-based natural resources management (CBNRM). Neo-liberal agendas promoted by government and the transfrontier park derail efforts at decentralizing CBNRM initiatives beyond markets and state control. This paper argues that ‘hybrid neoliberal’ CBNRM has arisen in private and public sector delivery of devolved conservation and poverty relief projects as ‘tertiary production’ for regional development. As a result, ‘CBNRM’ projects related to and independent of transfrontier conservation support private sector interests rather than the resource base of rural livelihoods. Concluding sections assert that CBNRM can counter this neoliberal trend by supporting the land-based economy of local users living near the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. 相似文献
6.
Hydrocarbons, popular protest and national imaginaries: Ecuador and Bolivia in comparative context 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
This paper examines contemporary struggles over hydrocarbon governance in Ecuador and Bolivia. Our comparative analysis illustrates the ways that petro-capitalism, nationalist ideologies, popular movements and place conjoin in the governance of oil and natural gas. In the case of Ecuador, state employees drew on their labor relations and political training to oppose the government’s efforts to privatize the state oil company. In Bolivia, urban popular movements opposed the privatization of the hydrocarbons industry and its domination by foreign firms. In both cases, hydrocarbons struggles involved the production of imaginative geographies of the nation and it hydrocarbon resources, which in turn drew on historical memories of nationhood. Whereas neoliberal political and economic restructuring sought to re-organize national hydrocarbons companies, redraw concessions, and draft new resource extraction laws, hydrocarbon movements aimed to counter these processes by re-centering hydrocarbon governance within a populist vision of the nation-state. In contrast to analyses of resource conflict in the environmental security and resource curse literatures, the cases of Ecuador and Bolivia demonstrate that such struggles cannot be reduced to models of opportunity structure, war profiteering, or resource scarcity (or abundance). Rather, these cases show that political economy and cultural politics are inseparable in the context of resource conflicts, which involve struggles over the meanings of development, citizenship and the nation itself. 相似文献
7.
There is growing recognition among political ecologists of the need to examine shifting natural resource regimes and their
effects on livelihoods in “First World” places. This emerging literature has variously examined the “Third World within,”
the persistence of “subsistence activities” in the “First World,” and the “reterritorialization” of land tenure and access.
However, much of this work has tended to focus on traditional extractive industries in the American West, indigenous claims
to lands and resources in the U.S. and Canada, and non-timber resources on public lands. In contrast, we use a case study
of African-American sweetgrass basket-makers, associated with the Gullah culture, in South Carolina’s lowcountry to examine
the ways in which ongoing amenity-driven residential development is fundamentally reshaping resource access on private lands.
Historically, basket-makers harvested the materials (primarily sweetgrass or Mulenbergia filipes) needed for their culturally
important art form from accessible, rural, and privately held tracts of land in close proximity to their communities, but
development pressures and changes in resident interpretation of property rights has decreased access to basket-making resources.
The case is particularly illuminating, as it examines the emergence of ‘conservation subdivisions’ in the region and raises
important questions about what “rural uses” and users are being conserved through responses to exurban, suburban, and urban
development in formerly rural areas. 相似文献
8.
In our editorial introduction to this themed issue on labour geography, we outline some important on-going debates in the relatively young field of labour geography and suggest future directions for research. First, there is the key question of labour as an active agent in the production of economic landscapes. The agency of labour will likely remain a defining feature of labour geography, but perhaps it is not as important to construct theoretical analytical boundaries as it is to define labour geography as a political project. Second, debates continue surrounding the production of scale and the multiscalarity of organized labour. Third, labour geographers have yet to engage in any sustained fashion with unpacking the complex identities of workers and the way in which those identities simultaneously are shaped by and shape the economic and cultural landscape. Fourth, there is some debate on the costs and benefits of a ‘normative’ labour geography which emphasizes what workers and their organizations ‘could’ or even ‘should’ do. Lastly, we challenge the assumption that labour geographers have not yet asserted themselves as activists in their own right. We conclude the editorial by introducing the articles included in the issue. While these articles may not address every gap in the literature, they do contribute in significant ways to move the labour geography project forward. 相似文献
9.
Chen Yi-fong 《GeoJournal》2012,77(6):805-815
This paper explores the socio-cultural influence of the newly established ecotourism, which integrates cultural revitalization, ecological conservation and social development, in both Taroko National Park area and San-Chan aboriginal community. Many cases in different parts of the world indicate that the Indigenous peoples have developed patterns of resource use and management practices that reflect detailed knowledge of local geography and ecosystem, and contribute to the natural conservation through their living practices. The guidelines of Indigenous knowledge and culture lay the base for the development of ecotourism. A critical evaluation of the conceptualization of Indigenous knowledge is therefore, essential to the success of an alternative strategy to development for aboriginal communities. Participatory observation in the field of ecotourism activities and brief interviews are the major study methods, with several workshops conducted to supplement data collection for the two case studies. The Taroko area came into contact with tourists in a relative early era due to its famous natural features and national park. Its growing ecotourism is the result of cooperation among local residents, environmentalists, and academics, each with very different concepts of ecotourism operation. The national park and public sectors have also played significant role in shaping the content of ecotourism. In San-Chan community, due to the negative impacts generated by the unregulated mass tourism expansion, the local Indigenous people decide to close the public access to the attractive creek for 3?years, while at the same time promote ecotourism for poverty alleviation. These two cases embrace the ??Nature?? as an important element in their construction of new place identity and community development. However, their spatial location in- or outside the national park produces significant differences and sociopolitical implications on the operations of ecotourism. 相似文献
10.
Participation in payments for ecosystem services: Case studies from the Lacandon rainforest, Mexico 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Understanding people’s willingness to participate in projects and programmes of payments for ecosystem services (PES) has not been a key analytical concern of the scholarly literature around this new field of environmental policy and practice. This paper analyses participation in four communities benefiting from payments for biodiversity and carbon fixation in Mexico, and contrasts the results for each case with neighbouring communities that do not receive payments. We take a holistic approach that accounts for procedural rules, actors’ interactions, institutions and values, and individuals’ characteristics. We show that the nature of PES rules and the effectiveness of communication with government officers and NGOs influence resource managers’ ability and willingness to participate. We highlight community size, resource managers’ ability to diversify livelihood activities and local perspectives on the conservation of common forests, particularly sacred values and intergenerational concerns on forest conservation, as critical participation drivers. This analysis provides insights on why and how these new institutions may be attractive for some resource managers and permits to draw some recommendations for the future design of PES projects and programmes. 相似文献
11.
Al James 《Geoforum》2007,38(2):393-413
In recent years, economic geographers have drawn extensively upon notions of ‘cultural embeddedness’ to explore how spatially variable sets of cultural conventions, norms, values and beliefs shape firms’ innovative performance in dynamic regional economies. However, our understanding of these causal links remains partial, reinforced by an ‘over-territorialised’ conception of cultural embeddedness which sidelines the role of institutional actors operating outside and across the boundaries of ‘the local’. So motivated, this paper offers a theoretically-informed - and theoretically informing - empirical analysis of the high tech regional economy in Salt Lake City, Utah to explore the everyday causal mechanisms, practices and processes - both local and extra-local - through which firms’ cultural embedding within the region is manifested, performed and (un)intentionally (re)produced. In so doing, this paper aims to further our understanding of the constitutive entanglement and complex interweaving of cultural/economic practices, and to contribute to the development of an in-depth empirical corpus of work which compliments the exciting conceptual developments that have largely dominated cultural economic geography over the last decade. 相似文献
12.
Nick Kontogeorgopoulos 《GeoJournal》2004,61(1):1-11
The desire to spend leisure time in natural settings represents a key factor behind the recent and rapid growth of ecotourism. A search by ecotourists for remote landscapes and locations has shaped the way in which geographers have defined ecotourism, but few scholars have explored, in detail, the mechanics of the spatial relationship between ecotourism and mass tourism, two forms of travel usually considered mutually exclusive in spatial terms. Using the island of Phuket — southern Thailands premier resort destination — as a case study, this paper investigates the spatial overlaps and connections between ecotourism and mass tourism and tests the assumption that ecotourism and mass tourism must exist spatially apart in order for the former to succeed. Despite Phukets association with mass tourism, and the small physical distances between built-up mass tourist areas and natural ecotourism settings, the communicative staging of natural authenticity allows ecotourism companies to convey geographical remoteness to tourists. Although ecotourism in Phuket must struggle constantly to overcome the perceptual impact of spatial proximity to resort locations, the tourist markets and business networks of the existing mass tourism industry remain crucial to the survival of ecotourism in this region. Thus, contrary to conventional notions that ecotourism and mass tourism must exist as separate entities, this paper argues that an interconnected, symbiotic, and spatially-contiguous relationship between the two is necessary in the case of Phuket. 相似文献
13.
Nick Kontogeorgopoulos 《GeoJournal》2005,61(1):1-11
The desire to spend leisure time in natural settings represents a key factor behind the recent and rapid growth of ecotourism. A search by ecotourists for remote landscapes and locations has shaped the way in which geographers have defined ecotourism, but few scholars have explored, in detail, the mechanics of the spatial relationship between ecotourism and mass tourism, two forms of travel usually considered mutually exclusive in spatial terms. Using the island of Phuket — southern Thailands premier resort destination — as a case study, this paper investigates the spatial overlaps and connections between ecotourism and mass tourism and tests the assumption that ecotourism and mass tourism must exist spatially apart in order for the former to succeed. Despite Phukets association with mass tourism, and the small physical distances between built-up mass tourist areas and natural ecotourism settings, the communicative staging of natural authenticity allows ecotourism companies to convey geographical remoteness to tourists. Although ecotourism in Phuket must struggle constantly to overcome the perceptual impact of spatial proximity to resort locations, the tourist markets and business networks of the existing mass tourism industry remain crucial to the survival of ecotourism in this region. Thus, contrary to conventional notions that ecotourism and mass tourism must exist as separate entities, this paper argues that an interconnected, symbiotic, and spatially-contiguous relationship between the two is necessary in the case of Phuket. 相似文献
14.
The Chesapeake Bay is not only North America's largest estuary, but it is also home to one of most comprehensive computational modeling efforts that seeks to study and integrate a very large range of the complex socio-ecological dynamics within its watershed. Known as the Chesapeake Bay Modeling System (CBMS), this suite of models are invaluable to scientists, environmental policymakers, resource managers, and local government and community leaders, all of whom are engaged in efforts to reduce the negative impacts of population growth and development in the watershed on the ecosystems and living resources of the Chesapeake Bay. Until recently, the results of the CBMS were used to guide voluntary efforts to reduce nutrient and sediment runoff into the Chesapeake Bay. However, the results are now being used to guide and evaluate the implementation of Watershed Implementation Plans at the state and county levels, which in turn are based on CBMS estimates of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for these sub-watershed regions. The use of the CBMS for these regulatory efforts has also increased the number of public stakeholders who are now able to directly inquire about the how the CBMS works and raise questions about its ability to accurately represent their land use decisions and practices. This "going public" of the CBMS has raised many societal and cultural issues, including the articulation of local expert and scientific knowledge, and modelers, scientists, policymakers, and resource managers are now realizing the need to understand more of the human dimensions arising from the translation and implementation of the CBMS. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to understand these rapidly emerging societal and cultural dimensions of the expanded use of the CBMS. In this paper, we draw upon our collective experience as social and natural scientists, with modeling experience, to describe a range of social, economic, political, and cultural issues that have emerged as a result of the CBMS being used to support mandatory nutrient reduction regulations (TMDL). 相似文献
15.
广东岩溶丘陵的分布及土地利用模式探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
广东省岩溶丘陵总面积1827km2,岩溶丘陵对于广东山区农林业发展和全省生态环境保护意义重大。本文基于实地调查和已有数据对广东省溶蚀低丘陵、溶蚀-侵蚀低丘陵、溶蚀高丘陵和溶蚀-侵蚀高丘陵四种不同类型岩溶丘陵的分布区域、面积、特点和土地利用现状及问题进行了分析。结果表明,岩溶丘陵在广东分布广而散,以粤北居多,面积达到1389.44km2,占总岩溶丘陵面积的76%,而粤西、粤东为351.92km2和86.36km2,分别占总岩溶丘陵面积的19%和5%。岩溶丘陵具备相对好的农业开发潜力,但目前大多处于无序和不合理的利用状态,盲目毁林致使生态退化加剧的潜在危险不断增加。针对土地利用现状问题及岩溶丘陵的生态特征,提出了岩溶盆地区以生态林+经济林+经济作物、岩溶高原区以生态林+薪炭林+经济植物、溶蚀-侵蚀丘陵区以速生用材林栽植、英德和连山风景区以生态旅游、粤东及粤北已有矿区以生态林+矿产开发的五种开发模式。 相似文献
16.
Akin L. Mabogunje 《Geoforum》1984,15(3):295-306
Third World countries have been involved in the last three decades in a style of development which has not only given rise to serious economic difficulties and high foreign indebtedness but has also resulted in significant deterioration in environmental quality. This deterioration has been due to three main causes: the rapid growth of population and their concentration in large metropolitan centres; the technologies applied to agricultural and industrial production; and social inequalities, especially as these relate to consumption patterns. The various components involved in ensuring improvement in environmental quality are discussed, including an assessment of the relevance of the concept of ‘additionality’. The paper concludes on the note that real development in Third World Countries is bound to be one that is also concerned with upgrading environmental quality. 相似文献
17.
Reiner Buergin 《Geoforum》2003,34(3):375-393
Focusing on the case of the World Heritage Site and Wildlife Sanctuary Thung Yai Naresuan, the paper sketches the interdependences of international and national forest and conservation policies in Thailand since the middle of the 19th century. In the context of Thailand’s globalization and modernization, these policies resulted in a coercing conservationism which focuses increasingly on the so-called ‘hill tribe’ ethnic minority groups. The shifting cultural and political framings of the area that became a national wildlife sanctuary and a ‘global heritage’ reflect external economic, political, and ideological interests. The people of the Karen ethnic minority group who live in the sanctuary are conceived of as a disruptive factor and never have had a chance to participate in these framings. After the designation of the area as a World Heritage Site, the remaining villages face increasing pressure from the Royal Forest Department which is trying to remove them with the help of the Military. Drawing on the different vested interests and the relativity of cultural conceptualizations, the paper questions the external framing, pointing to three major problems that are raised with regard to Thung Yai, but are symptomatic of modern conservationism at large: inconsistencies between normative claims and political practice; distortions of scale between conceptions designed at different levels of social space from the local to the global, and; the problem to reconcile conflicting cultural patterns and conceptualizations. The paper argues for a reframing of the conflict to conceive the Karen in Thung Yai as an integral part of the ‘global heritage’. 相似文献
18.
Data from Mesoamerican studies shows that the proportion of women registered as ‘farm operators’ in fairtrade-organic coffee producer unions has increased significantly. However, this increase is uneven across Mesoamerican communities and the prospects for improved gender equity rest on several questions that we explore in this study. First, what explains the large discrepancies in participation across groups? Second, what effect does the ‘farm operator’ status have on women’s ability to participate in producer unions and in fairtrade-organic coffee networks? Third, how will fairtrade-organic organizational and procedural norms affect women’s insertion into the coffee ‘value-chain’? Making use of ethnographic, archival, and survey data we find that fairtrade organizational norms combine with organic procedural norms to bring significant impacts in three areas: women’s organizations have greater access to network benefits, women gain greater control over farm practices, and women enjoy increased access to cash. However, we also find that the burden of complying with norms together with stagnant real prices excludes some women who might otherwise benefit from expanded participation. 相似文献
19.
The decline of a model community-based conservation project: Governance, capacity, and devolution in Mahenye, Zimbabwe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper reports the results of our research, conducted from June to August 2004, on the community-based conservation project in Mahenye, Zimbabwe. Previous studies have described this project as a model example of Zimbabwe’s CAMPFIRE program. We explore the project’s recent performance within the context of the country’s post-2000 political and economic crisis and address the implications of our findings for arguments supporting devolution of authority for natural resource management to the community level. These issues are related in that calls for devolution are at least partly contingent on the demonstrated capacity of local institutions to manage projects in the community interest despite difficult circumstances. In our research, we found that outcomes in Mahenye have deteriorated sharply from conditions described in earlier studies. We found further that local failures of leadership combined with the withdrawal of outside agencies responsible for oversight and assistance may be more to blame for this decline than the ongoing national turmoil. Our results suggest that even in apparently successful conservation and development projects, local participatory decision-making institutions are fragile and require continuing external support. Consequently, we argue for caution in promoting full devolution of authority to the community level without safeguards to maintain good governance and adequate capacity. 相似文献
20.
On China’s growing geo-economic influence and the evolution of variegated capitalism 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Kean Fan Lim 《Geoforum》2010,41(5):677-688
China’s growing geo-economic clout globally has attracted significant research attention over the past few years. Rather than strictly adopt a national-specific and path-dependent perspective, this paper offers a nuanced perspective on the rationale of Chinese economic expansions overseas. I propose we view China’s growing geo-economic influence as a relational development, inextricably connected to broader changes in global capitalism, especially the failure of the US government to maintain confidence in the dollar. The paper probes critically the underlying logics of two recent developments: (1) the role of the China Investment Corporation (a new sovereign wealth fund) and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in accessing new markets worldwide; and (2) the policies to extend the global reach of the Chinese yuan. I argue that these phenomena are concatenated to China’s broader aim to secure domestic economic security, given its vast holdings of dollar reserves and its macroeconomic constraints through the maintenance of a fixed foreign exchange regime. These developments in turn contour and sustain the evolution of the variegated global system of capitalism. 相似文献