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1.
The distributional patterns were analyzed for 43 species and 33 genera of echinoderms in the Laptev and East Siberian seas
and for 59 species and 35 genera of the asteroid species in the Arctic Ocean. The probable colonization route through the
Arctic was suggested for each species based on (1) the distributional patterns of the Arctic species, (2) the distributional
patterns of the closely related species, and (3) the location of the center of the diversity of the species belonging to a
certain genus. The species of the Pacific origin prevailed in the asteroid fauna of the Arctic seas. The asteroid species
diversity and the ratio of the species of Pacific origin decreased from the Barents towards the Laptev Sea and increased,
respectively, in the East Siberian and the Chukchee seas. The species range limits were found for 19 species in the East Siberian
Sea compared to only 3 species in the Laptev Sea. The East Siberian Sea was a limiting area for the dispersal of four species
groups: (1) invaders from the North Pacific dispersing along the Asian coast of the Arctic (shallow-water stenobathic species),
(2) invaders from the North Pacific dispersing along the American coast of the Arctic and further on back into the Arctic
along the Eurasian coast (secondarily Atlantic species); (3) originally invaders from the Northern Atlantic; (4) representatives
of the Arctic autochthonous fauna. A great width of the biotic boundaries (i.e., the zones of the species range boundaries
crowding) was typical for the Arctic Basin, which was a sign of their young geological age. 相似文献
2.
The continental shelf in the Arctic north of Russia consists of a series of epicontinental seas, which are the offshore continuation of potentially oil and gas basins on land. The geology of all these epicontinental seas is poorly known, due to the remoteness, the extreme climatic conditions and the extensive costs associated with seismic exploration. Radar altimeter sensors thus provide an invaluable tool for studying the geological structures off the coast. The unique ERS-1 contribution comes from its high latitude coverage (81.5 deg south to north), and the space and time density of its measurements (168-day repeat-orbit).The gravity anomaly field is derived from the geoid height measurements by computing the deflections of the vertical in the north-south and east-west directions and transforming these deflections into gravity anomalies. The gravimetry reveals interesting features of the basement of the Barents and Kara Seas which have not been chartered in recent, previous compilation maps of sedimentary thickness in the Arctic Ocean (Jackson and Oakey, 1988; Gramberg and Puscharovski, 1989). We obtain no indication of the SE-NW offshore Baikalian trend described by Fichler et al (1997) using ERS-1 gravimetry. Instead, the data indicate the presence of a north-south trending gravity high associated with the maximum sediment thickness within the South Barents Sea and the North Barents Sea Basins. Further geological studies are needed to interpret the gravimetric data, which directly addresses the problem of understanding the gravity signature of deep, old, sedimentary basins. 相似文献
3.
Arctic sea-ice motion and its relation to pressure field 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Daily Arctic sea-ice motion maps during the winter seasons (December–March) from December 1988 to March 2003 derived from
NSCAT, QuikSCAT, SSM/I, and AMSRE data by a wavelet analysis method have been merged with those derived from buoy data. These
merged sea-ice motion data have been used to study the circulation regimes and winter-to-winter variability of Arctic sea-ice
motion. The relation between sea-ice motion and the pressure field in the Arctic Ocean was also studied by applying Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) to the monthly merged sea-ice motion data and the monthly pressure field data from IABP. The mean
Arctic sea-ice motion map of the 15 winter seasons has two distinct features: the Beaufort Gyre and a cyclonic circulation
system in the Eurasian Basin, which moves ice from the Laptev Sea to Fram Strait. The strengths and sizes of the two features
change from one winter season to another. Seasons with a strong or normal Beaufort Gyre alternate with seasons with a weak
or no Beaufort Gyre every one to three seasons. The principal components of the first two modes of PCA of the monthly sea-ice
motion are closely correlated with their counterparts of the monthly pressure field in the Arctic Ocean. The mode-one components
of these two anomalies alternate between anticyclonic and cyclonic circulation systems. The correlation between Arctic Oscillation
indexes and the principal components of the first mode of PCA of the monthly Arctic sea-ice motion is low but statistically
significant. 相似文献
4.
Randall ReevesCheryl Rosa J.Craig GeorgeGay Sheffield Michael Moore 《Marine Policy》2012,36(2):454-462
The objective of this paper was to investigate and illustrate how insights gained from experience managing human activities in order to protect North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) along the heavily industrialized east coast of North America might be applied in the Arctic, where bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) face some of the same risks as right whales. The reduced extent and thickness of sea ice and the resultant longer open-water season have major, complex implications for the Arctic marine ecosystem. Increased maritime ship traffic and commercial fishing in the Arctic are bound to affect bowheads and Native (indigenous) hunting communities who depend on whales for subsistence and cultural identity. Bowheads and right whales were greatly depleted by commercial whaling in the 19th and early 20th centuries. While the Western Arctic bowhead population has been recovering steadily in recent decades, North Atlantic right whales remain highly endangered because of persistent lethal and sublethal vessel strikes and frequent entanglement in commercial fishing gear. Entanglement can be transitory or persistent, with debilitation lasting for months before the animal finally succumbs. Vessel strike and fishing gear trauma has been documented in bowheads, but at a much lower rate than in right whales. Initiatives intended to mitigate the impacts of ship traffic on North Atlantic right whales have included speed limits and routing changes. Those meant to reduce the incidence and severity of entanglements include the modification of gear design and gear deployment practices. Management measures need to be considered in advance in the Arctic in order to minimize the risks to bowhead whales as shipping and industrial fishing expand in the Arctic with ice retreat. 相似文献
5.
V. K. Gusiakov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2014,50(5):435-444
We consider the problems of assessing tsunami danger for sea coasts taking into account the risk of the strongest tsunamis of seismic origin. We identify a class of particularly dangerous transoceanic events characterized by extremely high runups (up to 40–50 m) at extended coastal areas (up to 500–1000 km). In most cases these transoceanic tsunamis are caused by underwater mega-earthquakes with a magnitude of 9.0 or more occurring with a period between 200–300 and 1000–1200 years in some areas of subduction zones. The possibility of these earthquakes in subduction zones directly threatening a given coast should be taken into account in creating maps of tsunami zoning of any scale. 相似文献
6.
In the past decade, the geophysical database in the northern North Atlantic and central Arctic Ocean constantly grew. Though far from being complete, the information from new aeromagnetic and seismic data north of the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone and in the Arctic Ocean, in combination with existing compiled geological and geophysical data, is used to produce paleo-bathymetric maps for several Cenozoic time intervals. This paleo-bathymetric model provides evidence for an initial deep-water exchange through the Fram Strait starting around 17 Ma. Furthermore, the model suggests that crustal rifting prior to initial seafloor spreading might have facilitated an earlier deep-water connection. This confirms that the paleo-topography of the Yermak Plateau played an important role in allowing at least the exchange of shallow water between the northern North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean before the opening of the deep-water Fram Strait gateway. In the south of the research area the paleo-bathymetric model indicates that the first possibility for a deep-water overflow from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea to the North Atlantic could have been between 15 and 20 Ma. 相似文献
7.
For ocean and climate research, it is essential to get long-term altimetric sea level data that is as accurate as possible. However, the accuracy of the altimetric data is frequently degraded in the interior of the Arctic Ocean due to the presence of seasonal or permanent sea ice. We have reprocessed ERS-1/2/Envisat satellite altimetry to develop an improved 20-year sea level dataset for the Arctic Ocean. We have developed both an along-track dataset and three-day gridded sea level anomaly (SLA) maps from September 1992 to April 2012. A major improvement in data coverage was gained by tailoring the standard altimetric editing criteria to Arctic conditions. The new reprocessed data has significant increased data coverage with between 4 and 10 times the amount of data in regions such as the Beaufort Gyre region compared with AVISO and RADS datasets. This allows for a more accurate estimation of sea level changes from satellite altimetry in the Arctic Ocean. The reprocessed dataset exhibit a mean sea level trend of 2.1 ± 1.3 mm/year (without Glacial Isostatic Adjustment correction) covering the Arctic Ocean between 66°N and 82°N with significant higher spatial coherency in the ice-covered regions than the RADS and DUACS datasets. 相似文献
8.
Interaction of an anticyclonic eddy with sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean: an eddy-resolving model study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The dramatic decline of summer sea ice extent and thickness has been witnessed in the western Arctic Ocean in recent decades, which hasmotivated scientists to search for possible factors driving the sea ice variability. An eddy-resolving, ice-ocean coupled model covering the entire Arctic Ocean is implemented, with focus on the western Arctic Ocean. Special attention is paid to the summer Alaskan coastal current (ACC), which has a high temperature (up to 5℃ ormore) in the upper layer due to the solar radiation over the open water at the lower latitude. Downstream of the ACC after Barrow Point, a surface-intensified anticyclonic eddy is frequently generated and propagate towards the Canada Basin during the summer season when sea ice has retreated away from the coast. Such an eddy has a warm core, and its source is high-temperature ACC water. A typical warm-core eddy is traced. It is trapped just below summer sea ice melt water and has a thickness about 60 m. Temperature in the eddy core reaches 2-3℃, and most water inside the eddy has a temperature over 1℃. With a definition of the eddy boundary, an eddy heat is calculated, which can melt 1 600 km2 of 1mthick sea ice under extreme conditions. 相似文献
9.
The implications of Arctic sea ice decline on shipping 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Although a ‘blue’ Arctic Ocean is predicted in the summertime to occur from the middle of this century, current rates of warming indicate an earlier realization. Also, routes along the coast of Siberia will be navigable much earlier. However, before the Arctic routes can reliably be used on a large scale for transit by shipping along its passages, more investments are required on infrastructure and the provision of marine services to ensure the safe and secure transit of shipping with minimal environmental impact. 相似文献
10.
在全球变暖背景下,针对北极海冰融化和东北航道开通的航行风险问题,采用风险评估理论,利用海冰密度、风速、能见度、气温和高程等指标数据,构建风险指标体系,开展了对北极东北航道主要航段自然环境危险性风险(以下简称综合风险)的评估与区划等工作,讨论各指标因子对综合风险的贡献度,得到如下结果:1)经验上来看,北极东北航道适宜通航的月份为7~10月,从风险量化角度分析得出东北航道7~10月自然环境风险较其它月份低,对经验结论进行了验证。2)研究区综合风险分布为"东高西低",即巴伦支海的综合风险较低,咯拉海、拉普捷夫海和东西伯利亚海风险较高。3)可通航月内(7~10月),9月份综合风险最低,其次是8、7月份,10月份综合风险最高。4)除去个别年份(2008和2009年),研究区在2004~2015年综合风险呈现下降趋势,2015年达到最低值。5)敏感性分析得:海冰对综合风险的贡献度最大;风速、水深次之;气温对综合风险贡献最小。 相似文献
11.
《Marine Policy》2017
The rapid Arctic summer sea ice reduction in the last decade has lead to debates in the maritime industries on the possibility of an increase in cargo transportation in the region. Average sailing times on the North Sea Route along the Siberian Coast have fallen from 20 days in the 1990s to 11 days in 2012–2013, attributed to easing sea ice conditions along the Siberian coast. However, the economic risk of exploiting the Arctic shipping routes is substantial. Here a detailed high-resolution projection of ocean and sea ice to the end of the 21st century forced with the RCP8.5 IPCC emission scenario is used to examine navigability of the Arctic sea routes. In summer, opening of large areas of the Arctic Ocean previously covered by pack ice to the wind and surface waves leads to Arctic pack ice cover evolving into the Marginal Ice Zone. The emerging state of the Arctic Ocean features more fragmented thinner sea ice, stronger winds, ocean currents and waves. By the mid 21st century, summer season sailing times along the route via the North Pole are estimated to be 13–17 days, which could make this route as fast as the North Sea Route. 相似文献
12.
北极拥有其独特的地理位置和战略价值，同时也是全球变暖最关键的敏感区，世界各国针对北极地区制定了一系列政策计划，并开展了多年的北极海洋科学研究。基于Web of Science数据库收录的1998~2017年SCIE文章，采用文献计量与引文分析的方法与工具，分析了13784篇北极海洋科学研究的整体态势与热点前沿，结果表明：①全球北极海洋科学研究呈现出加快增长趋势，近5年的发文已经翻了一番，年均发文在689篇以上； ②环北极八国是该领域研究的主要力量，美国遥遥领先其他国家，挪威、丹麦研究基底深厚但近年发展稍缓，英国、德国是主要的非北极研究国，瑞典、法国的论文质量均衡，中国、波兰、格陵兰和荷兰则是该领域的后起之秀； ③俄罗斯科学院在本领域发文最多但文章质量良莠不齐，德国极地与海洋研究所、丹麦&格陵兰地质调查机构与挪威海洋研究所的第一作者与通讯作者研究占比高，哥本哈根大学、德国极地与海洋研究所、华盛顿大学在该领域科研影响力较大； ④全球海洋科学研究主要涉及地质学、海洋学、环境生态学、自然地理学、地球化学与地球物理学以及气象学与大气科学等领域，研究热点包括北极气候变化与极端天气、冰川消融与海平面上升、北极生态系统特征结构、北极海洋酸化与污染防治等方面。随着“一带一路”、“冰上丝绸之路”和《中国的北极政策》白皮书的发布，建议我国针对本国情况制定综合性北极科研计划，并注重科研机构间跨部门、跨领域的研究合作，加强与环北极国家和“一带一路”国家的合作，加大科研投入并开展国际规模的科学考察活动。 相似文献
13.
海洋功能区划控制体系研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
合理利用海域、改善海洋环境质量和降低海洋开发利用活动负外部性,都需要通过加强海洋开发利用活动的控制来实现,而海洋功能区划是控制和管理开发利用活动的重要手段和工具。从文本控制、图则控制、指标控制、海域使用全过程控制四个方面构建了海洋功能区划控制体系,其中文本控制由目标、原则和文本条款组成;图则控制由图则边界、用海类型和管理要求组成;指标控制由规模控制、结构控制、利用方式控制、海域使用强度和效率控制、环境控制指标构成;海域使用全过程控制由建设期、运行期和结束后构成。通过构建海洋功能区划控制体系,有助于区划目标 相似文献
14.
The results of permafrost and coastal dynamics investigations at four key sites on the shores of the Kara and Barents Seas are discussed. Three ACD key sites, Marre-Sale, Shpindler, and Kolguev, characterize areas with active thermal erosion; key site Cape Bolvansky is found on a relatively stable coast. It is found that the coastal retreat rate has spatial and temporal variability, which is typical of the entire Arctic coast. Coastal deposits on the Kara and Barents Seas have a low organic carbon content. Annual input of material into the Kara Sea resulting from coastal degradation reaches 35–40 million t, including about 7.5 million t of ice, 0.35 million t of organic carbon, and 0.3 million t of soluble salts.This revised version was published online January 2005 with corrections to the title of the article. 相似文献
15.
分析了冰后期以来北黄海淤泥质海岸变迁及海岸地貌的形成和滩涂的自然分带。讨论了北黄海淤泥质海岸滩涂开发现状和存在的问题 ,提出了滩涂资源开发利用的模式。 相似文献
16.
Demidov N. E. Borisik A. L. Verkulich S. R. Wetterich S. Gunar A. Yu. Demidov V. E. Zheltenkova N. V. Koshurnikov A. V. Mikhailova V. M. Nikulina A. L. Novikov A. L. Savatyugin L. M. Sirotkin A. N. Terekhov A. V. Ugrumov Yu. V. Schirrmeister L. 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2020,56(11):1376-1400
Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - This work summarizes the archived data of geocryological and hydrogeological conditions in the west of Nordenskiold Land on the Spitsbergen Archipelago.... 相似文献
17.
本文对比了3个不同机构提供的北冰洋月均高度计数据,发现英国极地观测与建模中心和丹麦科技大学空间中心两套数据比较一致且空间覆盖率高,适用于北冰洋海平面变化研究,而前者在数据分辨率、平滑性和与验潮站的符合程度方面均更优。对高度计和验潮站数据的分析表明,北冰洋海平面的气候态特征表现为加拿大海盆的高值和欧亚海盆的低值之间形成鲜明对比;海平面的变化以季节变化和北极涛动引起的低频变化为主,加拿大海盆的季节和年际振幅均较大,俄罗斯沿岸海平面季节变化显著。2003?2014年,北冰洋平均海平面呈上升趋势,其中加拿大海盆海平面上升最快,而俄罗斯沿岸海平面有微弱下降趋势。加拿大海盆和俄罗斯沿岸由于海冰变化显著,不同高度计产品以及高度计与验潮站数据之间差别较大,使用时需慎重。 相似文献
18.
为了准确解释环境磁学参数记录的极地古气候环境变化信息,本研究对白令海和西北冰洋61个站位的表层沉积物进行了高、低频质量磁化率(χ)、非磁滞磁化率(χARM)和磁化率-温度(k-T)分析,以探明该区沉积物中磁性矿物的种类、来源与搬运路径。结果显示,样品的χ具有明显的地域分布特征。白令海的χ值整体高于楚科奇海,并在育空河口外侧和圣劳伦斯岛南侧较高,向北和向西南方向逐渐减小。楚科奇海中东部陆架上表层沉积χ值高于阿拉斯加沿岸,而西北冰洋深海平原和洋脊区的χ值最低。χARM的变化趋势与质量磁化率相似,但频率磁化率的变化趋势与质量磁化率正好相反。k-T分析结果显示阿留申海盆沉积物中的铁磁性矿物以磁赤铁矿占主导,白令海陆架育空河口外侧和圣劳伦斯岛南北两侧为磁铁矿,白令海陆架西部和楚科奇海陆架中东部为磁赤铁矿和磁铁矿,楚科奇海阿拉斯加沿岸为黄铁矿,而西北冰洋陆坡、深海平原和洋脊区为胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿,但高纬度区沉积物中的胶黄铁矿含量更高。沉积物中磁性矿物的区域性分布受沉积物来源、洋流和底质环境等因素的控制。白令海和楚科奇海陆架磁赤铁矿来源于亚洲大陆,白令海陆架东部的磁铁矿来自育空河流域,阿拉斯加沿岸沉积物中的黄铁矿,应为阿拉斯加西北部陆源侵蚀来源的或早期成岩作用形成的,西北冰洋深海盆区的胶黄铁矿,为自生成因的。 相似文献
19.
In 1979, the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) published Sheet 5.17 in the Fifth Edition of its series of global
bathymetric maps. Sheet 5.17 covered the northern polar region above 64° N, and was for long the authoritative portrayal of
Arctic bathymetry. The GEBCO compilation team had access to an extremely sparse sounding database from the central Arctic
Ocean, due to the difficulty of mapping in this permanently ice covered region. In the past decade, there has been a substantial
increase in the database of central Arctic Ocean bathymetry, due to the declassification of sounding data collected by US
and British Navy nuclear submarines, and to the capability of modern icebreakers to measure ocean depths in heavy ice conditions.
From these data sets, evidence has mounted to indicate that many of the smaller (and some larger) bathymetric features of
Sheet 5.17 were poorly or wrongly defined. Within the framework of the project to construct the International Bathymetric
Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), all available historic and modern data sets were compiled to create a digital bathymetric
model. In this paper, we compare both generally and in detail the contents of GEBCO Sheet 5.17 and version 1.0 of IBCAO, two
bathymetric portrayals that were created more than 20 years apart. The results should be helpful in the analysis and assessment
of previously published studies that were based on GEBCO Sheet 5.17.
Ron Macnab: Retired. 相似文献
20.
This is a review article on the types of gravity-measuring instruments used or tested at sea since 1903, on the various extraneous accelerations that affect sea measurements, and on results obtained in several gravity surveys using one type of meter. Free-air gravity anomaly maps are included of: (1) the Gulf of Mexico; (2) a strip west of the coast from northern California to the southern tip of Alaska; and (3) north of Hawaii. Hypothetical crustal and subcrustal sections, consistent with gravity anomalies and seismic refraction data, are included for selected regions. 相似文献