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1.
The chemistry of major elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K and Si) and anions (HCO 3, SO 4 and Cl) in the water of Mansar Lake was studied, based on seasonal data. The results show that total dissolved solid (TDS) concentration in a particular season is similar, but varies slightly in different seasons with a variation factor of less than 2. This is because the collections were made in the dry seasons and the Ca-precipitation is the cause for the seasonal variability. The major element chemistry of Mansar Lake is mainly controlled by rock weathering, with HCO 3 and Ca dominating the major ion composition because of the abundance of carbonate rocks in the basin. The results also indicate that the lake water is saturated with respect to calcite and/or dolomite during the spring season whereas it is undersaturated in the summer season. This contrast brings out seasonal variability. The lake shows disequilibrium with atmospheric CO 2 as a result of carbonate dissolution in the drainage basin. The study also shows that physical weathering/erosion is dominant and that chemical weathering is incipient. This is consistent with the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) data.  相似文献   

2.
Geochemical Evolution of Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The Great Salt Lake (GSL) of Utah, USA, is the largest saline lake in North America, and its brines are some of the most concentrated anywhere in the world. The lake occupies a closed basin system whose chemistry reflects solute inputs from the weathering of a diverse suite of rocks in its drainage basin. GSL is the remnant of a much larger lacustrine body, Lake Bonneville, and it has a long history of carbonate deposition. Inflow to the lake is from three major rivers that drain mountain ranges to the east and empty into the southern arm of the lake, from precipitation directly on the lake, and from minor groundwater inflow. Outflow is by evaporation. The greatest solute inputs are from calcium bicarbonate river waters mixed with sodium chloride-type springs and groundwaters. Prior to 1930 the lake concentration inversely tracked lake volume, which reflected climatic variation in the drainage, but since then salt precipitation and re-solution, primarily halite and mirabilite, have periodically modified lake-brine chemistry through density stratification and compositional differentiation. In addition, construction of a railway causeway has restricted circulation, nearly isolating the northern from the southern part of the lake, leading to halite precipitation in the north. These and other conditions have created brine differentiation, mixing, and fractional precipitation of salts as major factors in solute evolution. Pore fluids and diagenetic reactions have been identified as important sources and especially sinks for CaCO3, Mg, and K in the lake, depending on the concentration gradient and clays.  相似文献   

3.
The picturesque Nainital Lake, in the Uttarakhand state of India, is one of the major tourist attractions in the northern part of India. The increasing tourism and population around these lakes are a major concern for the ecology and good sustenance of the lakes. The present study is aimed to understand the behaviour of nutrients and metals in the sediment and their association with chemical forms in the lake. The study was accomplished by studying the water, interstitial water and sediments for major oxides, nutrients and metals in the lake. The different chemical forms of phosphorus and metals in the sediments were done using sequential extraction procedures. The water chemistry (Ca + Mg:Na + K) and the sediment chemistry (CIA and Al2O3/K2O) show that the rocks in the catchment area play an important role in the geochemistry of the lake. The metals in the water also show that the Tallital basin is more polluted than the Mallital basin, may be due to the influence of Bus station. The high concentration of chloride, NH4, SO4 and metals in the sediment water interface and the interstitial water shows denitrification, sulfidisation and sulfide oxidation in the anoxic bottom water. The sediment composition shows that the phosphorus in the water is sequestered as carbonate flour apatite, and the metals precipitate as carbonate. The geo- accumulation index shows that the metals zinc, cobalt and nickel show moderate polluted nature than other metals. In general, the lake is less affected by anthropogenic activities. The chemical processes undergoing within the lake, like sulfidisation and sulfide oxidation, oxide dissolution and denitrification and organic matter degradation play an important role in the remobilization of the metals from the lake sediments.  相似文献   

4.
Major Ion Geochemistry of Nam Co Lake and its Sources, Tibetan Plateau   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
The major cations and anions from lake water samples and its sources, including glacier snow, precipitation, stream, and swamp water in the Nam Co basin, central Tibetan Plateau, were studied. The concentrations of the major ions varied significantly in the five environmental matrices. Generally, the mean concentrations of most ions are in the order of lake water > swamp water > stream water > precipitation > snow. Rock weathering is the dominant process controlling the chemical compositions of the stream and swamp waters, with carbonate weathering being the primary source of the dissolved ions. The Nam Co lake water is characterized by high Na+ concentration and extremely low Ca2+ concentration relative to other ions, resulting from evapoconcentration and chemical precipitation within the lake. Comparison with the water chemistry of other lakes over the Tibetan Plateau indicated that Nam Co is located in a transition area between non-saline lakes and highly saline lakes. The relatively low concentration of total dissolved solids is possibly due to the abundant inflow of glacial meltwater and relatively high annual precipitation.  相似文献   

5.
Major element chemistry of the Huai River basin, China   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
The chemistry of major ions (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, SO4, Cl and Si) in the water of the Huai River basin was studied, based on samples from 52 sites from nine different water bodies in July 2008. Ions and total dissolved solids (TDS) displayed clear spatial patterns with lower concentrations in the south and higher in the north of the basin; the same conditions were also found in the East Line of South-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) in this region. The Huai River main channel and Hongze Lake have moderate ion concentrations relative to the whole basin. TDS concentrations versus the weight ratios of Na/(Na + Ca) and ternary ions demonstrate that the southern rivers (Shi R. and Pi R.) are mainly controlled by the weathering of carbonates, whereas the northern water systems (Guo R., Shaying R., Nansi Lake and its tributaries) are dominated by the weathering of evaporites. The Huai River main channel, Hongze Lake and the East Line of SNWTP are synergistically influenced by weathering of evaporites and carbonates, yet Hongze Lake and the East Line of SNWTP are mainly controlled by evaporation and crystallization processes. This study also confirmed that the Huai River is the geographic division between southern and northern China. Most rivers of this basin have very high ionic composition relative to the global median and other world rivers. The spatial patterns and ionic composition also suggest that intensive anthropogenic activities in northern areas of this basin are well characterized. A comparison with WHO and Chinese standards for drinking water indicates that the northern water systems of this basin are not suitable for use as drinking water sources, and pollution control should be improved and enhanced in northern areas of the basin.  相似文献   

6.
Elevated As concentrations in groundwater of the Huhhot basin (HB), Inner Mongolia, China, and the western Bengal basin (WBB), India, have been known for decades. However, few studies have been performed to comprehend the processes controlling overall groundwater chemistry in the HB. In this study, the controls on solute chemistry in the HB have been interpreted and compared with the well-studied WBB, which has a very different climate, physiography, lithology, and aquifer characteristics than the HB. In general, there are marked differences in solute chemistry between HB and WBB groundwaters. Stable isotopic signatures indicate meteoric recharge in the HB in a colder climate, distant from the source of moisture, in comparison to the warm, humid WBB. The major-ion composition of the moderately reducing HB groundwater is dominated by a mixed-ion (Ca–Na–HCO3–Cl) hydrochemical facies with an evolutionary trend along the regional hydraulic gradient. Molar ratios and thermodynamic calculations show that HB groundwater has not been affected by cation exchange, but is dominated by weathering of feldspars (allitization) and equilibrium with gibbsite and anorthite. Mineral weathering and mobilization of As could occur as recharging water flows through fractured, argillaceous, metamorphic or volcanic rocks in the adjoining mountain-front areas, and deposits solutes near the center of the basin. In contrast, WBB groundwater is Ca–HCO3-dominated, indicative of calcite weathering, with some cation exchange and silicate weathering (monosiallitization).  相似文献   

7.
Environmental geochemistry of Damodar River basin, east coast of India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
 Water and bed sediment samples collected from the Damodar River and its tributaries were analysed to study elemental chemistry and suspended load characteristics of the river basin. Na and Ca are the dominant cations and HCO3 is the dominant anion. The water chemistry of the Damodar River basin strongly reflects the dominance of continental weathering aided by atmospheric and anthropogenic activities in the catchment area. High concentrations of SO4 and PO4 at some sites indicate the mining and anthropogenic impact on water quality. The high concentration of dissolved silica, relatively high (Na+K)/TZ+ ratio (0.2–0.4) and low equivalent ratio of (Ca+Mg)/(Na+K) indicate that dissolved ions contribute significantly to the weathering of aluminosilicate minerals of crystalline rocks. The seasonal data show a minimum ionic concentration in the monsoon season, reflecting the influence of atmospheric precipitation on total dissolved solids contents. The suspended sediments show a positive correlation with discharge and both discharge and suspended load reach their maximum value during the monsoon season. Kaolinite is the mineral that is possibly in equilibrium with the water. This implies that the chemistry of the Damodar River water favours kaolinite formation. The concentration of heavy metals in the finer size fraction (<37 μ m) is significantly higher than the bulk composition. The geoaccumulation index values calculated for Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni and Cr are well below zero, suggesting that there is no pollution from these metals in Damodar River sediments. Received: 21 January 1998 · Accepted: 4 May 1998  相似文献   

8.
The geochemical study of the Dankar, Thinam and Gete lakes of the Spiti Valley has revealed that these lakes are characterized by varying contents of major ions, i.e. Ca, Mg, HCO3, Na, K, Cl, SO4, SiO2 and Sr as trace element. The concentration of these elements is significant, as they indicate the nature of the lithology and the type of weathering at the source. The sediment chemistry data have also been employed to quantify weathering intensity and to elucidate the provenance and basin tectonic setting where terrigenous sediment is deposited.Dankar Lake is located on the limestone-dolomite-rich Lilang Group of rocks (Triassic), and dissolution of carbonate is the prime source of ionic concentration in this lake. The high (Ca+Mg):HCO3 equivalent ratio of 6.94 indicates carbonate weathering, and the very low (Na+K):TZ+ ratio of 0.07, which is used as an indicator of silicate weathering, shows insignificant silica dissolution in this lake. On the other hand, in Lake Thinam a relatively low (Ca+Mg):HCO3 equivalent ratio of 2.09, a (Na+K):TZ+ ratio of 0.12 and other parameters indicate that carbonate is derived from calcareous nodules and thin intercalations of limestone in the Spiti shales (Jurassic), and also some contribution from silicate lithology is evident. Mixing of groundwater cannot be ruled out, as springs are observed in this lake. In Lake Gete, the (Ca+Mg):HCO3 equivalent ratio is again high at 5.04, and the (Na+K):TZ+ ratio is 0.15, indicating dissolution of both carbonate and silicate rocks in the basin. This is consistent with the corresponding lithology in the lakes, and their denudation. Very high Sr contents of 2,331 µg/l in Dankar Lake, 715 µg/l in Gete Lake and 160 µg/l in Thinam Lake are significant and support dissolution of carbonate rocks, as the silicate rocks contribute less Sr although its isotopic ratio is high. It is also reflected that mechanical erosion and chemical weathering are perhaps the effective processes in this region. The former exposes fresh mineral surface for dissolution. The chemical index of alteration (CIA), with an average value of 78.79 in Dankar and 81.06 in Gete, indicates high weathering conditions. The K2O–Fe2O3–Al2O3 triangular plots of the samples demonstrate residual clay formation, indicating intense weathering at the source. The clay mineralogical data corroborate the above observation.The sediment chemistry data document depletion in SiO2 and Al2O3, as they are enriched in carbonates and depleted in Na2O, K2O, MnO, and TiO2, as compared to PAAS and UCC which are related to strong weathering at the source. The positive linear correlation between K and Rb suggests that they are contained in the illitic phase, and high positive correlation of Zr and Y with SiO2 indicates their association with coarser-grain, quartz-rich sandstone. The high phyllosilicates and low feldspar and major element chemistry indicate recycling and mineral maturity of sediments deposited in the Tethyan basin in a passive margin setting. This also indicates older sedimentary-metasedimentary rocks which are ideally exposed in the Spiti Valley. The tectonic discriminant plots portray a passive margin tectonic setting of the detritus in these lakes.  相似文献   

9.
This paper presents a study on the Wular Lake which is the largest fresh water tectonic lake of Kashmir Valley, India. One hundred and ninety-six (196) water samples and hundred (100) sediment samples (n = 296) have been collected to assess the weathering and Anthropogenic impact on water and sediment chemistry of the lake. The results showed a significant seasonal variability in average concentration of major ions being highest in summer and spring and lower in winter and autumn seasons. The study revealed that lake water is alkaline in nature characterised by medium total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. The concentration of the major ion towards the lake central showed a decreasing trend from the shore line. The order of major cations and anions was Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and HCO3 ? > SO4 2? > Cl?, respectively. The geochemical processes suggested that the chemical composition lake water is mostly influenced by the lithology of the basin (carbonates, silicates and sulphates) which had played a significant role in modifying the hydrogeochemical facies in the form of Ca–HCO3, Mg–HCO3 and hybrid type. Chemical index of alteration values of Wular Lake sediments reflect moderate weathering of the catchment area. Compared to upper continental crust and the post-Archean Shale, the sediments have higher Si, Ti, Mg and Ca contents and lower Al, Fe, Na, K, P, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu content. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and US Environmental Protection Agency sediment quality standards indicated that there is no pollution effect of heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Pb, Ni and Co).The study also suggested that Wular Lake is characterised by both natural and anthropogenic influences.  相似文献   

10.
Water samples collected from the six reservoirs of Damodar River basin in pre- and post-monsoon, have been analysed, to study the major ion chemistry and the weathering and geochemical processes controlling the water composition. Ca, Na and HCO3 dominate the chemical composition of the reservoir water. The seasonal data shows a minimum concentration of most of the ions in post-monsoon and a maximum concentration in pre-monsoon seasons, reflecting the concentrating effects due to elevated temperature and increased evaporation during the low water level period of the pre-monsoon season. Water chemistry of the reservoirs strongly reflects the dominance of continental weathering aided by atmospheric and anthropogenic activities in the catchment area. Higher concentration of SO4 and TDS in Panchet, Durgapur and Tenughat reservoirs indicate mining and anthropogenic impact on water quality. The high contribution of (Ca+Mg) to the total cations, high concentration of dissolved silica, relatively high (Na+K)/TZ+ ratio (0.3) and low equivalent ratio of (Ca+Mg)/(Na+K) suggests combined influence of carbonate and silicate weathering. Kaolinite is the possible mineral that is in equilibrium with the water, implying that the chemistry of reservoir water favours kaolinite formation. The calculated values of SAR, RSC and sodium percentage indicate the ‘excellent to good quality’ of water for irrigation uses.  相似文献   

11.
湖泊沉积物是不同地质、气候、水文条件下各类碎屑、黏土、自生/生物成因矿物以及有机物质等的综合体。沉积矿物蕴含着丰富区域和全球环境演变信息,如湖水的化学组成、流域构造、气候、水文以及人类活动的相互作用等。相关信息可以赋存在矿物外部微形貌、内部微结构、化学组成、物理和化学性质、同位素组成、谱学特征、成因以及共生组合等方面。因此,湖泊科学的许多关键课题都离不开矿物学,特别是在利用湖泊沉积物进行区域及过去全球变化研究中,深入的机理研究归根到底都要涉及矿物学,如流域化学风化作用、粒度组成、生物壳体化学组成、测年材料的选择等。然而,由于湖泊沉积物中矿物的多源性、复杂性,如何有效提取和解译其中的环境信息,是一项长期困扰研究者的课题,湖泊沉积矿物学的研究往往被许多研究者所忽视,中国的相关研究也较为薄弱。笔者综述了湖泊沉积物中碎屑、黏土、自生/生物矿物的矿物组合、特征、成因在（古）环境反演中的作用及最新研究进展,提出除了继续加强对湖泊沉积物中矿物来源、成因和古环境示踪的深入研究以外,矿物相间的转变及其对湖水和孔隙水组成的响应、一些非晶质或隐晶质及低丰度矿物相在湖泊化学和动力学中的作用也是很有潜力的研究领域,最后提出了研究中存在的一些问题、面对的挑战以及对研究前景的展望。  相似文献   

12.
Holocene carbonate sedimentation in Lake Manitoba, Canada   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
W. M. LAST 《Sedimentology》1982,29(5):691-704
The carbonate mineral suite of the modern offshore bottom sediment of the South Basin of Lake Manitoba consists mainly of high magnesian calcite and dolomite with minor amounts of low-Mg calcite and aragonite. The high-Mg calcite is derived from inorganic precipitation within the water column in response to supersaturation brought about by high levels of organic productivity in the basin. Both dolomite and pure calcite are detrital in origin, derived from erosion of the surrounding carbonate-rich glacial deposits. Aragonite, present only in trace amounts in the offshore sediments, is bioclastic in origin. The upward increase in the amount of magnesian calcite in the post-glacial sediment record is attributed to increasing photosynthetic utilization of CO2 in the lake. Stratigraphic variation in the amount of magnesium incorporated into the calcite lattice is interpreted as reflecting a variable magnesium input to the lake from ground water and surface runoff, and possibly variable calcium removal in the precipitating lake water. The effects of long-term chemical weathering at the source and size segregation explain the changes in dolomite content throughout the section.  相似文献   

13.
The relationship between Zn and organic content, the latter measured by percentage weight loss on ignition (LOI) is investigated in a suite of 3844 centre-lake bottom sediments from east-central Saskatchewan. The data indicate that Zn values have a strong sympathetic increase with LOI below 12% LOI. Zn values tend to stabilize above 12% LOI, in actuality they decrease slowly from 12 to 50% LOI before decreasing at an accelerated rate over 50% LOI.It is proposed that the change from a sympathetic Zn vs. LOI relationship to an antipathetic relationship occurs because there is insufficient Zn available, from weathering, etc., in the lake water of sampled lakes to maintain the sympathetic relationship. Therefore, the lack of Zn, together with the increasing availability of organic material, creates an excess adsorption capacity of the lake sediments. Below 12% LOI, in lake sediments that do not have an excess adsorption capacity, Zn distribution patterns will be partly controlled by the amount of organic material present. Thus, Zn in these lake sediments may not truly reflect the chemistry of a drainage basin. Whereas, above 12% LOI, where there is an excess adsorption capacity in the sediments, the Zn distribution patterns will more closely reflect the chemistry of a drainage basin. The observed decrease in Zn values obvious over 50% LOI may be reflecting a dilution factor introduced by the ever increasing load of organic material to a system which is not receiving more Zn.It is concluded that centre-lake bottom sediments whose organic content is dominantly in the range of 12–50% LOI form the most effective sample media for regional lake sediment surveys.  相似文献   

14.
Hydrological and geochemical studies performed on Lake Specchio di Venere on Pantelleria island (Italy) indicate that this endorheic basin has been formed through upwelling of the water table, and that it is continuously fed by the thermal springs situated on its shores. The lake is periodically stratified both thermally and in salinity, albeit this stratification is rather unstable over time, since meteorological events such as strong rain or wind can determine the mixing of its waters. Periodical analyses of the lake water chemistry show large variations of the salt content due to the yearly evaporation-rain dilution cycle. These processes are also responsible for the saline stratification during steady meteorological conditions. The mineralogical characterisation of the bottom sediments shows the almost exclusive presence of neoformation minerals, mainly carbonates, formed in response to the pH gradient between spring- (pH ≈ 6) and lake-waters (pH ≈ 9). Finally, the CO2 partial pressures in the lake water slightly exceeding the atmospheric one, are due to the large amounts of CO2 brought to the lake through the bubbling free gas phase of the thermal springs. Nevertheless the high pH value of the lake water, its small volume and its periodical mixing prevent dangerous built up of this gas.  相似文献   

15.
The main scope of this study is to investigate parameters controlling chemical weathering rates for a large river system submitted to subarctic climate. More than 110 river water samples from the Mackenzie River system (northern Canada) have been sampled and analyzed for major and trace elements and Sr isotopic ratios in the dissolved phase. The three main morphological units are reflected in water chemistry. Rivers from the Canadian Shield are very dilute, dominated by silicate weathering (Millot et al., 2002), whereas the rivers of the Rocky and Mackenzie Mountains as well as the rivers of the sedimentary Interior Platform are dominated by carbonate weathering and are SO4 rich. Compared to the rivers of the Mackenzie and Rocky Mountains, the rivers of the interior plains are organic, silica, and Na rich and constitute the dominant input term to the Mackenzie River mainstream. Rivers of the Canadian Shield area do not significantly contribute to the Mackenzie River system. Using elemental ratios and Sr isotopic ratios, a mathematical inversion procedure is presented that distinguishes between solutes derived from silicate weathering and solutes derived from carbonate weathering. Carbonate weathering rates are mostly controlled by runoff, which is higher in the mountainous part of the Mackenzie basin. These rates are comparable to the carbonate weathering rates of warmer areas of the world. It is possible that part of the carbonate weathering is controlled by sulfide oxidative weathering, but its extent remains difficult to assess. Conversely to what was stated by Edmond and Huh (1997), overall silicate weathering rates in the Mackenzie basin are low, ranging from 0.13 to 4.3 tons/km2/yr (Na + K + Ca + Mg), and confirm the negative action of temperature on silicate weathering rates for river basins in cold climates. In contrast to what has been observed in other large river systems such as the Amazon and Ganges Rivers, silicate weathering rates appear 3 to 4 times more elevated in the plains than in the mountainous headwaters. This contradicts the “Raymo hypothesis” (Raymo and Ruddiman, 1992). Isotopic characterization of suspended material clearly shows that the higher weathering rates reported for the plains are not due to the weathering of fine sediments produced in the mountains (e.g., by glaciers) and deposited in the plains. Rather, the relatively high chemical denudation rates in the plains are attributed to lithology (uncompacted shales), high mechanical denudation, and the abundance of soil organic matter derived from incomplete degradation and promoting crystal lattice degradation by element complexation. The three- to fourfold factor of chemical weathering enhancement between the plains and mountains is similar to the fourfold factor of enhancement found by Moulton et al. (2000) between unvegetated and vegetated watershed. This study confirms the negative action of temperature on silicate weathering for cold climate but shows that additional factors, such as organic matter, associated with northern watersheds are able to counteract the effect of temperature. This acceleration by a factor of 4 in the plains is equivalent to a 6°C increase in temperature.  相似文献   

16.
《Applied Geochemistry》1999,14(6):787-805
Water samples were taken from 120 lakes spread over the western half of the Kola Peninsula, NW Russia. The samples were analysed for 37 elements, pH and electrical conductivity. Lake water chemistry appears in most cases to be dominated by a Ca/Na–HCO3 signature, characteristic of natural carbonate/silicate weathering. Input of elements from marine derived salts and from the Ni industry (roasting plant at Zapoljarnij, smelter at Nikel and smelter/refinery at Monchegorsk) emissions are restricted to limited regions. Considering that 3 of the world's largest point source emitters of SO2 are located within the area, the median lake water pH is surprisingly close to neutral (6.6, range 4.2–7.4). Indeed some of the apparently SO4 contaminated lakes nearest to the smelters yield the highest pH values. Changes in climate and vegetation from north to south within the survey area probably have an influence on element concentrations and pH as observed in the lake waters. Proton displacement by sea salt cation input provides an explanation of low pH lakes in coastal areas.  相似文献   

17.
《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1999,63(23-24):4013-4035
The effect of organic matter during soil/water interaction is still a debated issue on the controls of chemical weathering in a tropical environment. In order to study this effect in detail, we focused on the weathering processes occurring in a small tropical watershed (Nsimi-Zoetélé, South Cameroon). This site offers an unique opportunity to study weathering mechanisms in a lateritic system within a small basin by coupling soil and water chemistry.The lateritic cover in this site can reach up to 40 m in depth and show two pedological distinct zones: unsaturated slope soils on the hills and/or elevated areas; and water-saturated soils in the swamp zone which represent 20% of the basin surface. The study present chemical analysis performed on water samples collected monthly from different localities between 1994–1997 and on soil samples taken during a well drilling in December 1997. The results suggest the existence of chemical and spatial heterogeneities of waters in the basin: colored waters flooding the swamp zone have much higher concentrations of both organic matter (i.e., DOC) and inorganic ions (e.g., Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Th, Zr) than those from springs and groundwater from the hills. Nevertheless, these organic-rich waters present cation concentrations (Na, Ca, Mg, K) which are among the lowest compared to that of most world rivers. The main minerals in the soils are secondary kaolinite, iron oxi-hydroxides, quartz, and accessory minerals (e.g., zircon, rutile). We mainly focused on the mineralogical and geochemical study of the swamp zone soils and showed through SEM observations the textural characterization of weathered minerals such as kaolinite, zircon, rutile, and the secondary recrystallization of kaolinite microcrystals within the soil profile. Water chemistry and mineralogical observations suggest that hydromorphic soils of the swamp zone are responsible for almost all chemical weathering in the basin. Thus, in order to explain the increase of element concentration in the organic-rich waters, we suggest that organic acids enhance dissolution of minerals such as kaolinite, goethite, and zircon and also favors the transport of insoluble elements such as Al, Fe, Ti, Zr, and REE by chemical complexation. SiO2(aq) concentrations in these waters are above saturation with respect to quartz. Dissolution of phytholithes (amorphous silica) may be responsible for this relatively high SiO2(aq.) concentration. Al/Mg ratios obtained for the soil and the Mengong river waters show that a significant amount of Al does not leave the system due to kaolinite recrystallisation in the swamp zone soils. Geochemical data obtained for this watershed show the important contribution of vegetation and organic matter on chemical weathering in the swamp zone. Quantitatively we propose that the increasing amount in total dissolved solid (TDS) due to organic matter and vegetation effect is about 35%. In summary, this interaction between soils and waters occurs mostly in soils that are very depleted in soluble elements. Thus, the low concentration of major elements in these water is a direct consequence of the depleted nature of the soils.  相似文献   

18.
The petrography, heavy mineral analysis, major element geochemical compositions and mineral chemistry of Early Cretaceous to Miocene–Pliocene rocks, and recent sediments of the Tarfaya basin, SW Morocco, have been studied to reveal their depositional tectonic setting, weathering history, and provenance. Bulk sediment compositional and mineral chemical data suggest that these rocks were derived from heterogeneous sources in the Reguibat Shield (West African Craton) including the Mauritanides and the western Anti-Atlas, which likely form the basement in this area. The Early Cretaceous sandstones are subarkosic in composition, while the Miocene–Pliocene sandstones and the recent sediments from Wadis are generally carbonate-rich feldspathic or lithic arenites, which is also reflected in their major element geochemical compositions. The studied samples are characterized by moderate SiO2 contents and variable abundances of Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, and ferromagnesian elements. Binary tectonic discrimination diagrams demonstrate that most samples can be characterized as passive continental marginal deposits. Al2O3/Na2O ratios indicate more intense chemical weathering during the Early Cretaceous and a variable intensity of weathering during the Late Cretaceous, Early Eocene, Oligocene–Early Miocene, Miocene–Pliocene and recent times. Moreover, weathered marls of the Late Cretaceous and Miocene–Pliocene horizons also exhibit relatively low but variable intensity of chemical weathering. Our results indicate that siliciclastics of the Early Cretaceous were primarily derived from the Reguibat Shield and the Mauritanides, in the SW of the basin, whereas those of the Miocene–Pliocene had varying sources that probably included western Anti-Atlas (NE part of the basin) in addition to the Reguibat Shield and the Mauritanides.  相似文献   

19.
The chemical characteristics of surface, groundwater and mine water of the upper catchment of the Damodar River basin were studied to evaluate the major ion chemistry, geochemical processes controlling water composition and suitability of water for domestic, industrial and irrigation uses. Water samples from ponds, lakes, rivers, reservoirs and groundwater were collected and analysed for pH, EC, TDS, F, Cl, HCO3, SO4, NO3, Ca, Mg, Na and K. In general, Ca, Na, Mg, HCO3 and Cl dominate, except in samples from mining areas which have higher concentration of SO4. Water chemistry of the area reflects continental weathering, aided by mining and other anthropogenic impacts. Limiting groundwater use for domestic purposes are contents of TDS, F, Cl, SO4, NO3 and TH that exceed the desirable limits in water collected from mining and urban areas. The calculated values of SAR, RSC and %Na indicate good to permissible use of water for irrigation. High salinity, %Na, Mg-hazard and RSC values at some sites limit use for agricultural purposes.  相似文献   

20.
巴丹湖区位于巴丹吉林沙漠的东南缘,发育很多被纵向沙垄一分为二、水体化学特征悬殊的双湖系统。前人对此类湖泊成因及风成地貌过程如何影响湖泊水文特征缺乏系统的研究。通过对沙漠东南缘局部风向和巴丹东、西湖湖盆形态的分析反演湖区的地貌演化,从而对湖泊水化学等特征的差异进行解释。水化学测试结果显示：巴丹东湖湖水的TDS为15 g/L左右,为微咸水;西湖的TDS是东湖的上百倍,为盐水。Google Earth遥感影像和DEM反映出巴丹吉林沙漠盛行NW风,东南缘风向及风力多变;巴丹东湖湖盆深于西湖湖盆。反演了巴丹湖地貌演化的3个阶段：(1)月牙湖形成阶段,即巴丹湖的形成阶段;(2)双湖系统形成阶段,气候干旱使湖泊水位降低、湖盆出露,在NW定向风作用下,新的新月形沙丘形成于湖盆上,将其分割从而导致巴丹东湖湖盆遭受风蚀;(3)纵向沙垄形成阶段,由于局部风向的改变,新月形沙丘在SW向风力作用下往NE向不断延伸,并转变成纵向沙垄。综合分析认为：气候变化是风成地貌演化的驱动力,多次风向的改变产生了湖盆地形西高东低的差异,导致东湖接受的浅层地下水补给大于西湖;当气候变得暖湿时,水位上升致两湖水体连通,由于东湖水位高于西湖,使东湖盐分释放、西湖盐分积累。因此,受地貌演化的影响,巴丹东、西湖形成了悬殊的盐度特征。  相似文献   

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