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1.
Ouchene Hanan Chahouri Abir Hafidi Najat Elouizgani Hassan Hermas Jamila 《Ocean Science Journal》2021,56(4):344-354
Ocean Science Journal - Seasonal variations of the gonad index (GI), the biochemical composition, and the concentration of heavy metals in the gonads of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus... 相似文献
2.
福建省厦门海沧沿岸滩涂的缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta 的主要生殖期是10月,其两次高峰分别出现10月的上、下旬。缢蛏的性腺和消化腺发育过程中蛋白质、脂类、糖类与17种氨基酸的组成以及它们的组织化学反应的结果表明,在生殖周期中性腺与消化腺的蛋白质和脂类的变化大,而糖类都维持在低水平上,其最高量不超过9%干重。性腺和消化腺的蛋白贮存量随着性腺发育而增加,于成熟配子排放之前蛋白质量达到最大。排放之后蛋白质量和脂量皆下降,而糖量在性腺中却略有增加。在8～9月,消化腺和性腺内的脂量变化呈相反关系,表明当性腺形成过程它们之间可能有转化作用。性腺、消化腺的组化反应结果与它们的生化成分的分析相一致。性腺与消化腺的生化组成的相互关系表明,与脊椎动物相类似,缢蛏消化腺也有储存营养物质的作用。 相似文献
3.
Organic matter composition of the continental shelf and bathyal sediments of the Cretan Sea (NE Mediterranean) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Anastasios Tselepides Thalia Polychronaki Daniela Marrale Ioanna Akoumianaki Antonio Dell'Anno Antonio Pusceddu Roberto Danovaro 《Progress in Oceanography》2000,46(2-4)
The seasonal, spatial and bathymetric changes in the distribution of chloroplastic pigments (Chl a, phaeopigments and CPE), TOC, TON, ATP, bottom water nutrient content and the main biochemical classes of organic compounds (lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) were recorded from May 1994 to September 1995 over the continental margin of northern Crete. The concentration of chloroplastic pigment equivalents (CPE) was always low, dropping dramatically along the shelf-slope gradient. Microbial activity (ATP) also dropped sharply beyond the continental shelf following a distribution pattern similar to TOC and TON. Lipid, protein and carbohydrate concentrations, as well as biopolymeric carbon were comparable to those reported for other more productive areas, however, the quality of the organic matter itself was rather poor. Thus, carbohydrates, the dominant biochemical class, were characterised by being highly (80–99%) refractory, as soluble carbohydrates represented (on annual average) only 6% of the total carbohydrate pool. Protein and lipid concentrations strongly decreased with depth, indicating depletion of trophic resources in the bathyal zone. Proteins appeared to be the more degradable compounds and indeed the protein to carbohydrate ratios were found to decrease strongly in the deeper stations. Organic matter content and quality decreased both with increasing distance from the coast and within the sediment. All sedimentary organic compounds were found to vary between sampling periods, with the changes being more pronounced over the continental shelf. The different temporal patterns of the various components suggest a different composition and/or origin of the OM inputs during the different sampling periods. The amount of material reaching the sediments below 540 m is extremely low, suggesting that most of the organic material is decomposed and/or utilised before reaching the sea floor. In conclusion, the continental shelf and bathyal sediments of the Cretan Sea can be considered, from a trophic point of view, as two different subsystems. 相似文献
4.
《Oceanologica Acta》2002,25(1):1-12
Temporal variations and spatial distribution of sedimentary organic matter composition were investigated over a one year period in an intertidal flat of the NW Spain. Sediment samples were collected from 0 to 25 cm depth, every three months, from January 1997 to January 1998 at three tidal levels (high, medium and low). Changes in the elemental and biochemical composition were assessed to gather information on temporal and spatial fluctuations in quantity and quality of sedimentary organic matter potentially available to benthic deposit-feeder nutrition. Organic matter content was significantly higher at the medium tidal level, while minimum values were found at the high tidal level. The different biochemical classes of organic compounds exhibited different temporal patterns. Carbohydrate and lipid concentrations decreased with sediment depth. The biopolymeric fraction of organic carbon (i.e. the sum of lipid, carbohydrate and protein carbon) was dominated by proteins (61%), followed by lipids (26%) and carbohydrates (14%). Biopolymeric carbon accounted for only a small fraction (37% on average) of the total organic carbon. Refractory organic carbon (i.e. non biopolymeric) accounted for 50 to 80% of the total organic carbon and it tended to be buried into deeper sediment layers. The nutritional quality of the sedimentary organic matter, expressed as the biopolymeric carbon to total organic carbon ratio, was higher in January 1997, when also the higher protein to carbohydrate ratio values were observed and related to the presence of newly-produced organic matter. Low biopolymeric carbon to total organic carbon ratio and protein to carbohydrate ratio were recorded during the rest of the year, indicating a low-quality and aged organic matter. Results of the present study revealed an inverse relationship between the overall amount of organic matter and its potential availability to consumers. 相似文献
5.
Four gammarid and four caprellid amphipod species from the Strait of Gibraltar were analyzed to study their nutritional contents: Caprella dilatata, Caprella equilibra, Caprella grandimana, Caprella penantis, Elasmopus rapax, Hyale perieri and Jassa sp. from marine water habitats and Echinogammarus sp. from freshwater habitats. Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, ash and water contents were measured. Proteins and ash were the most abundant components in all the species, ranging between 37.9 and 44.6% and 29.3 and 39.7% dry weight, respectively. The lipid and carbohydrate contents showed lower levels (5.1–9.6% and 3.1–9.1% dry weight, respectively). No significant differences in general biochemical composition were found between gammarid and caprellid species. The most abundant fatty acids were the polyunsaturated ones (38.3%) with high levels of EPA (20:5(n-3)) with 8.5 to 17.7%, DHA (22:6(n-3)) with 0.9 to 13.6% and ARA (20:4(n-6)) with 1.7 to 5.8%. Caprellid species were characterized by a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, while the freshwater gammarid species showed the lowest levels. According to lipid classes, caprellids had higher phospholipids levels and lower triacylglycerol levels, as well as a higher content of polar lipids than the gammarids, being more suitable for their use in aquaculture. Differences in the general biochemical composition between species can be related to habitat characteristics, diets and environmental conditions. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of these organisms in aquaculture are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Molla Nageswar Rao Gaud Angad Ram Anirudh Vidavalur Siddaiah Sudhakaran Rakesh Payipattu Pitchaikkaran Raja 《Ocean Science Journal》2021,56(1):55-68
Ocean Science Journal - This study seeks to evaluate levels of seven trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg) and biochemical (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) alterations in muscle tissue... 相似文献
7.
Abstract. The proximate composition of the various components of Posidonia oceanica is given in terms of gravimetric and energetic level and amount of plants from 2 depths at Port-Cros (Var. France). The level of proximate constituents differed little between the leaves (regardless of age) and the roots, but the rhizome contained much more soluble carbohydrate and less structural carbohydrate and ash. Because of this, the energy level in the leaves was more in terms of organic material and less in terms of total material than the energy level in the rhizome. The leaves of a P. oceanica shoot at 2 m depth in July contained 1.6 g organic material. 29.0 kJ. The weight and energy of the soluble carbohydrate in the rhizome from the base of the leaves to the 18th sheath scale decreased by ca. 40% from October to March and increased by ca. 100% from March to July. 相似文献
8.
The ability to utilise carbohydrates is limited for many predatory marine fishes. Graded levels of dietary carbohydrate (4.1–24.6%) were formulated using pregelatinised maize starch, to determine optimal levels for dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus, an emerging mariculture finfish for which pelleted feeds are being developed. Specific growth rate increased with an increase in the carbohydrate level up to 16.72%, after which it declined. Feed utilisation followed a similar trend, with the best feed conversion ratio (1.28) and protein efficiency ratio (1.76) recorded at 16.4% carbohydrate. Lipid vacuolisation of the hepatocytes was evident in all livers examined, with melano-macrophage aggregates in those of fish fed 24.6% carbohydrate suggesting starvation. Gut bacterial community profiles were variable but were not influenced by dietary carbohydrate level and differed mostly between fish fed trout feed prior to the trial and those fed experimental diets containing starch. The dusky kob were able to clear glucose from their blood when fed up to 16.4% carbohydrate, but glucose removal was not achieved at 24.6% carbohydrate. In conclusion, dusky kob has a limited ability to utilise cooked starch as a carbohydrate source, which may be included in pelleted feed at 16.4% without adverse effects. For this species, levels of dietary carbohydrate above this may result in symptoms consistent with physiological breakdown, including reduced growth, reduced feed intake and feed conversion efficiency, prolonged hyperglycaemia, liver pathology and altered microbial communities in the foregut. 相似文献
9.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2006,53(10):1695-1717
Natural kilometer-scale spatial variability and seasonal variability in deep-sea sediments at ∼5000 m depth was studied at two reference sites in the Central Indian Basin. Biochemical parameters such as the labile organic matter (LOM) (consisting of carbohydrates, protein and lipids) and total organic matter (TOM) and biological parameters such as total counts of bacteria and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were estimated after an interval of 54 months. These were compared with nine locations (12–17 km away) where an artificial sediment disturbance was created by a hydraulic benthic disturber. Besides the above-mentioned parameters, extracellular enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase and lipase were also monitored at these nine locations. Post-disturbance (PoD1) observations were carried out immediately after the benthic disturbance experiment and compared with the pre-disturbance (PreD) pattern. The restoration process in the test site was studied after a period of 44 months (PoD2). There was a drastic reduction in total counts of bacteria, ATP, carbohydrates and lipids accompanied by a two- to four-fold increase in protein content at the undisturbed reference sites after 54 months. A similar reduction in these parameters was observed in the PoD1 compared to the PreD stage at the test site. An initial increase in TOM content and in the activities of three extracellular enzymes in the PoD1 stage was followed by a reduction in TOM, ATP and organic P content and activities of the extracellular enzymes in the PoD2 phase (i.e. after 44 months). Reduction in ATP levels suggests a negative impact of resedimentation on living biomass in the sediments. Although LOM, protein concentrations and the protein/carbohydrate ratio increased in the PoD2 phase relative to the PoD1 phase, the bacterial numbers were below the concentrations in the PreD stage, indicating slow restoration of benthic conditions. Long-term analyses of the indicator parameters thus showed mixed effects of sediment disturbance. A similar pattern at the undisturbed reference location suggests that natural (seasonal) variability outweighed artificial variability caused by the benthic disturbance in the Central Indian Basin and the former is responsible for bringing about changes in deep-sea benthic ecosystem on long-time scales. 相似文献
10.
为研究厚壳贻贝性腺发育不同时期的营养物质积累和消耗规律,本文分析测定了3个年龄组的厚壳贻贝在性腺发育5个时期的肥满度、含水量及生化成分。结果表明:(1)相同发育时期的肥满度和含水量组间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但在不同发育时期存在显著差异(P＜0.05);成熟期的肥满度最高,为17.76%~19.21%,约为休止期最低时的3.15倍;含水量则正好相反,以休止期最高,为93.29%~95.32%,约为成熟期最低时的1.15倍。(2)总糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白和灰分在不同发育时期均有显著差异(P＜0.05),粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量在成熟期达到峰值,粗蛋白为72.01%,粗脂肪为13.52%,两者分别在休止期和增殖期最低;总糖含量在排放期最高为13.56%,灰分含量以休止期最高为7.59%,两者均以成熟期含量最低。(3)蛋白质的积累与消减正好与肥满度的变化相吻合,证实厚壳贻贝在性腺发育过程中吸收并贮存大量营养物质,使肥满度逐渐升高,随配子的排放肥满度急剧下降。 相似文献
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12.
Vitellins (Vn) are the major egg yolk proteins that constitute an important energy reserve for mollusc embryos. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the relative levels of sugars, lipids, phosphates, and labile IIb metals and calcium normally associated with Vn would differ in clam populations living at contaminated sites. Softshell clams (Mya arenaria) were collected at three sites in the area of the Saguenay Fjord: a marina, a municipal sewer outfall zone, and a reference site. The condition factor (weight:length ratio), metallothionein-like proteins, cytochrome P450 1A1 activity and DNA damage were all determined in the clam's digestive gland. Levels of total sugars, lipids, alkali-labile phosphates, proteins, and labile zinc and calcium were determined in female gonad homogenates and in purified Vn. The results show that clam gonads at the contaminated site by a marina displayed a lower index of gonad activity than the reference site. In addition, the condition factor was significantly lower at the marina site as compared to the reference site, with a concomitant increase in DNA damage and metallothionein (MT) induction. In fact, the condition factor was significantly correlated with DNA damage (R = -0.413, P = 0.045) and MT levels (R = -0.622, P = 0.03). Homogenates of female gonads were found to contain higher levels of labile IIb metals and calcium, with lower lipid content at the marina site compared to the reference site, and much higher levels of alkali-labile phosphates (ALP) and calcium at the municipal outfall site. Vn from the marina site were significantly higher in labile IIb metals but lipid content appeared to be somewhat lower than at the reference site. Vn from the municipal site were found to be highly phosphorylated, with higher levels of lipids and calcium. These results suggest that the chemical composition of the gonads and Vn are altered in contaminated sites. 相似文献
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14.
The impact of overfishing and El Niño on the condition factor and reproductive success of Peruvian hake, Merluccius gayi peruanus 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Michael Balln Claudia Wosnitza-Mendo Renato Guevara-Carrasco Arnaud Bertrand 《Progress in Oceanography》2008,79(2-4):300
In this study we examine physiological responses of Peruvian hake (Merluccius gayi peruanus) to changes in their population structure and physical environment during the period 1971–2004. In particular, we assess the relative investment of energy in growth and/or reproduction of small (20–35 cm) and large (35–50 cm) hake. We calculated the (i) condition (Fulton’s K), (ii) gonad and (iii) gut fullness indices for 42,761 female hakes sampled from commercial landings; these indices indicate fish somatic, reproductive and feeding condition, respectively. Using Generalized Additive Models we then examined potential relationships between these indices and sea surface temperature anomalies and date. Drastic energy exhaustion and a decrease in female hake fecundity were observed during El Niño events. The long-term trend showed a general increase in condition factor and a decrease in gonad index for large hake between 1971 and 2004. Small hake exhibited a different trend with an increase in reproductive activity, which was accompanied by an earlier maturation. We hypothesise that the observed low investment of energy in reproduction by large female hake might be related to the lack of large males, due to a sex-selective fishery and the impact of El Niño. We suggest that fishing diminished hake reproductive capacity, modified the sex ratio in favour of females and increased population vulnerability to environmental stress, in particular to the El Niño. The impact of multidecadal variability and predators like the squid, Dosidicus gigas, remain unresolved until longer time series become available. 相似文献
15.
4种海洋单胞藻生化组成的环境因子效应研究 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
在实验室模拟条件下,应用14C示踪法测定4种海洋单胞藻的光合作用速率,研究光、温度和营养盐等环境因子对藻类细胞生化组成的影响.结果表明,三角褐指藻、盐藻、中肋骨条藻和等鞭金藻适宜生长的光强范围为5.8×103～15×103lx.4种单胞藻光合作用速率随光强增加而增大,其中盐藻和等鞭金藻的光响应比较明显.随光强增加,4种单胞藻细胞的碳水化合物含量及其变化量呈增加趋势,而蛋白质含量及其变化量则减少,脂类含量变化很小.三角褐指藻、盐藻、中肋骨条藻和等鞭金藻最适生长温度分别为:14、26、21、26℃左右.在上述4个实验温度时,4种单胞藻光合作用速率最高,细胞内的碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类含量及其变化量也达到最大值.三角褐指藻、盐藻、中肋骨条藻和等鞭金藻光合作用过程的表观活化能(E)分别为:23.2、38.5、22.4和61.7KJ/mol,温度系数(Q10)分别为:1.74、1.74.1.38和1.69.三角褐指藻和中肋骨条藻在氮磷比(N/P)为16时,盐藻和等鞭金藻在氮磷比为28时,光合作用速率最大.在N/P为16时,4种单胞藻细胞内的碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类含量和变化量均达到最大值. 相似文献
16.
Fitness‐related consequences shed light on the mechanisms of covering and sheltering behaviors in the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis 
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下载免费PDF全文 We know of no comparative assessment on the benefits and costs of long‐term covering and sheltering behaviors in sea urchins. The present study investigated the long‐term effects of conditions suitable for sheltering and covering behaviors on fitness‐related traits of sea urchins Glyptocidaris crenularis. In general, conditions suitable for covering and sheltering behaviors significantly affected the fitness‐related traits of G. crenularis in a long‐term laboratory study of 31 months. Glyptocidaris crenularis kept in conditions suitable for sheltering behavior (bricks with openings) showed significantly lower test size, body weight, organ (test, lantern, gonad and gut) weights, gonad index and slower gonad development than those kept in conditions suitable for covering behavior (presence of shells) and the control conditions (without conditions for covering and sheltering). However, the index of maximum pressure resistance of the test was significantly higher in G. crenularis kept in the sheltering conditions than those in the covering and control conditions. The present study provides new insight into the mechanisms of covering and sheltering behaviors and has implications for the conservation and aquaculture of sea urchins. 相似文献
17.
Pyruvate kinase (PK) activity measurements are used to assess the role of carbohydrates in global feeding of mesozooplankton communities inhabiting an estuary plume. As a consequence of a remarkably low freshwater discharge rate, the sea surface layers of the area under estuarine influence showed a very moderate salinity fall and a nearly total depletion in nitrates, whereas higher levels of these nutrients were found in deeper, more saline, layers. Small-scale PK activity variations in mesozooplankton appear to be closely correlated to nitrate integration values within the water column. The results were analysed in comparison with literature reports. The study produced a coherent overall interpretation, which strongly supports the reliability of this new biochemical tool in detecting assimilation of trace carbohydrates in the diet of mesozooplankton. 相似文献
18.
Water samples were collected monthly for 3 years at 66°N, 2°E in the Norwegian Sea, 250 nautical miles off the Norwegian coast. Concentrations of mono- and polysaccharides were measured with the 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) spectroscopic method. Total dissolved carbohydrates varied from 3.4 to 28.2 μM C of all samples and the ratio of carbohydrate to dissolved organic C (DOC) varied from an average of 14% at 0–25 m depth to 11% at 800–2000 m depth. This indicates that dissolved carbohydrates were a significant constituent of DOC in the Norwegian Sea. Polysaccharides varied from 0.4 to 21.5 μM C and monosaccharides from 0.7 to 11.7 μM C at all depths. The level of monosaccharides was relatively constant at 2.8–3.2 μM C below the euphotic zone, whereas polysaccharides showed more varying concentrations. Dissolved carbohydrates accumulated during the productive season, reaching maximum concentrations during summer although interannual differences were observed. A significant positive correlation between Chl a and soluble carbohydrate was found in one growing season with nutrient analyses. Average values for total carbohydrates were highest in the surface – 0 to 25 m – with 13.3 μM C and decreased to 8.4 μM C at 800–2000 m depth. The ratio of monosaccharides to polysaccharides exhibited a marked seasonal variation, increased from January to a maximum in June of 1.1, and declined to 0.5 in July. 相似文献
19.
Roberto Danovaro Norberto Della Croce Antonio Dell'Anno Mauro Fabiano Daniela Marrale Daniela Martorano 《Progress in Oceanography》2000,46(2-4)
Downward fluxes of labile organic matter (lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) at 200 (trap A) and 1515 m depth (trap B), measured during a 12 months sediment trap experiment, are presented, together with estimates of the bacterial and cyanobacterial biomasses associated to the particles. The biochemical composition of the settling particles was determined in order to provide qualitative and quantitative information on the flux of readily available organic carbon supplying the deep-sea benthic communities of the Cretan Sea. Total mass flux and labile carbon fluxes were characterised by a clear seasonality. Higher labile organic fluxes were reported in trap B, indicating the presence of resuspended particles coming from lateral inputs. Particulate carbohydrates were the major component of the flux of labile compounds (on annual average about 66% of the total labile organic flux) followed by lipids (20%) and proteins (13%). The biopolymeric carbon flux was very low (on annual average 0.9 and 1.2 gC m−2 y−1, at trap A and B). Labile carbon accounted for most of the OC flux (on annual average 84% and 74% in trap A and B respectively). In trap A, highest carbohydrate and protein fluxes in April and September, corresponded to high faecal pellet fluxes. The qualitative composition of the organic fluxes indicated a strong protein depletion in trap B and a decrease of the bioavailability of the settling particles as a result of a higher degree of dilution with inorganic material. Quantity and quality of the food supply to the benthos displayed different temporal patterns. Bacterial biomass in the sediment traps (on average 122 and 229 μgC m−2 d−1 in trap A and B, respectively) was significantly correlated to the flux of labile organic carbon, and particularly to the protein and carbohydrate fluxes. Cyanobacterial flux (on average, 1.1 and 0.4 μgC m−2 d−1, in trap A and B, respectively) was significantly correlated with total mass and protein fluxes only in trap A. Bacterial carbon flux, equivalent to 84.2 and 156 mgC m−2 y−1, accounted for 5–6.5% of the labile carbon flux (in trap A and B respectively) and for 22–41% protein pool of the settling particles. These results suggest that in the Cretan Sea, bacteria attached to the settling particles represent a potential food source of primary importance for deep-sea benthic communities. 相似文献
20.
Suspended particulate matter was collected, from the water layer at 10 cm above the sediments, over a period of 13 months in the Golfo Marconi (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean). Measurements of seston concentration as well as the elemental (particulate organic carbon and nitrogen; POC and PON, respectively) and biochemical composition (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, DNA) of particulate organic matter were carried out to assess quality and quantity of food potentially available to benthic suspension-feeders. Particulate organic matter showed wide qualitative and quantitative variations during the sampling year. Seston concentrations and POC did not reflect the quantity and quality of the food available to benthic suspension-feeders. The biopolymeric fraction of particulate matter (C-BPF, i.e. the sum of lipid, protein and carbohydrate carbon) was mostly composed of phytoplankton (which accounted for about 60% of C-BPF). The ratio of C-BPF to POC was utilized as a measure of the fraction which had the potential to be more readily available to consumers. Suspended organic matter showed higher values of the C-BPF:POC ratio during spring, and lower values in summer and autumn–winter. Quantitative estimates of the energy content of the suspended particulate matter were obtained from its biochemical composition. Bacterial dynamics were significantly related to changes in phytoplankton biomass. Bacteria accounted for a significant fraction of the biopolymeric carbon pool (annual average about 15%) and of the total particulate DNA (21·5%), thus enhancing the nutritional value of the particulate organic matter. The results achieved in this study indicate that the biochemical composition of the particulate matter provides additional information on the origin, quality and characteristics of the seston more readily available to benthic suspension-feeders. 相似文献