青藏高原地区大气红外探测器（AIRS）资料质量检验及揭示的上对流层水汽特征   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  

占瑞芬  李建平 《大气科学》2008,32(2):242-260

上对流层水汽（UTWV）是大气中最重要的温室气体,对全球气候变暖有重要贡献; 而青藏高原被认为是UTWV进入平流层的重要通道,在平流层－对流层水汽交换及平流层水汽变化中扮演着重要角色。首先利用高原探空站资料对大气红外探测器（AIRS）反演的水汽数据在高原地区的质量进行了检验,发现AIRS反演的水汽数据与探空实测数据是相当一致的。其中全年和夏半年AIRS的可信度较好,而冬半年,尤其是上对流层AIRS水汽可信度相对较低,但在缺乏高精密数据时仍部分可用。利用AIRS资料对青藏高原地区UTWV季节变化特征进行了分析,结果表明,高原冬季偏干,而夏季显著偏湿,并且空间分布具有明显的不均匀性。经验正交函数(EOF)分析显示,夏季高原UTWV主要存在三种空间分布型,即全区一致型,高原东西偶极型和南北带状偶极型。一致型分布具有明显的季节变化,而偶极型则以季节内振荡为主。在此基础上,重点研究夏半年高原地区UTWV季节内振荡特征,结果表明,UTWV季节内振荡的显著周期位于10～20天和30～60天。前者主要表现为纬向东传,并且可以越过高原进入我国江淮流域上空;而后者主要向南移动,基本表现为高原局地振荡。最后,进一步探讨了高原UTWV季节内振荡的可能机制,结果表明,高原地区UTWV的低频变化主要与高原热状况、南亚高压活动及其与二者相耦合的对流活动有关。  相似文献   

青藏高原上空甲烷的时空分布特征及其夏季高值形成机制分析     

周杰  官莉 《气候与环境研究》2017,22(3):315-321

利用搭载在美国Aqua卫星上的大气红外探测仪(AIRS)观测资料反演的全球甲烷(CH_4)产品和NCEP再分析资料,分析了2003~2014年青藏高原上空CH_4的时空变化特征,探讨了夏季CH_4高值变化与季风的关系。研究结果表明:就青藏高原整体而言,CH_4浓度随高度增加递减;对流层中高层CH_4含量季节变化较为明显,其平均浓度在7~9月处于高值,6月、10月次之,其余月份处于低值。2003~2014年CH_4含量呈逐年上升趋势,年增长率约为4.66ppb(10-9)。高原上空CH_4空间分布分析显示,高原北部CH_4浓度高于南部地区。夏季风期间,随着高原上的强对流输送和上空南亚高压的阻塞,对流层中高层CH_4浓度明显增加并不断积累,在8月底至9月初出现最大值。在分析季风指数的基础上发现,夏季季风影响下的强对流输送是高原对流层中高层CH_4高值形成的主要原因之一,对流层中高层CH_4浓度最大值出现时间较季风指数的峰值滞后约半至一个月,随着夏季风的撤退,CH_4浓度高值迅速降低。  相似文献   

青藏高原地区上对流层—下平流层区域水汽分布和变化特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

田红瑛  田文寿  雒佳丽  张杰  杨琴  黄倩 《高原气象》2014,(1)

利用2005-2008年青藏高原(下称高原)地区微波临边探测器MLS(Microwave Limb Sounder)、高光谱分辨率大气红外探测仪AIRS(Atmosphere Infrared Sounder)、ECMWF的ERA-Interim资料,以及NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和NOAA HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model)轨迹模式资料,讨论了高原上空对流层顶附近的水汽分布和变化特征及高原上空平流层与对流层之间的物质交换。结果表明,3-4月高原南侧对流层顶附近100 hPa存在一个水汽低值带,而7-8月和9-10月此处存在一个明显的水汽高值区。3-4月夏季风未发展之前,受高原大地形抬升和西风气流的影响,高原以南地区存在对流层与平流层的物质交换,而215 hPa的高原中部地区(80°E-90°E)则由于空气的下沉运动将上层的干空气向下输送而出现一个水汽低值中心。7-8月,受印度夏季风和高原上空反气旋式环流的影响,高原上空有明显的水汽穿过对流层顶向平流层输送,反气旋环流中心的水汽经过2~4天的上升过程可以从对流层进入平流层。高原及其以东、以西地区的水汽在对流层顶附近的季节变化基本一致,100 hPa三个不同区域的水汽在3月达到最低。  相似文献   

甘肃省对流层顶高度的季节变化特征分析   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

杨双艳  周顺武  陈鹤 《气象》2010,36(4):57-62

根据甘肃省8个探空站25年(1980—2004年)的对流层顶观测资料,分析了第一对流层顶和第二对流层顶高度的季节变化特征,结果表明:(1)全省各站全年各月均可观测到复合对流层顶,两类对流层顶存在着明显的季节差异,冬(夏)季以第一(二)对流层顶为主。(2)第一对流层顶的平均高度在春、秋(冬、夏)季相对较高(低),年变化曲线呈双峰型;第二对流层顶的平均高度在春、夏(秋、冬)季相对较高(低),年变化表现出单峰型。(3)两类对流层顶高度均存在明显的年际变化,除秋季外,各个季节第一(二)对流层顶普遍存在5～6 a(准3 a)的周期振荡。(4)近25年来甘肃省两类对流层顶主要以上升趋势为主,特别是在夏季两类对流层顶高度均存在明显的上升趋势。  相似文献   

青藏高原及其邻近区域穿越对流层顶质量通量的时空演变特征   总被引：15，自引：6，他引：9  

樊雯璇  王卫国  卞建春 《大气科学》2008,32(6):1309-1318

利用1958~2001年ECMWF资料, 根据Wei公式估算了青藏高原及其邻近区域穿越对流层顶的质量通量 (CTF), 分析了CTF的时空分布特征。分析结果表明: (1) CTF分布呈现纬向型, 在副热带西风急流北侧即对流层顶断裂带中存在东西向的TST (对流层向平流层输送)[CD*2]STT (平流层向对流层输送)[CD*2]TST的波列结构 (水平输送项决定), 而南侧分布决定于垂直输送项。 (2) 在80°E~105°E范围内, 冬春季节, 青藏高原南部及其以南区域为TST, 北部为STT; 夏秋季节, 整个区域几乎由TST所控制。西风急流南侧的CTF主要决定于垂直项, 而北侧主要决定于水平项, 再往北, 垂直项与水平项贡献相当。 (3) 青藏高原与孟加拉湾区域平均CTF在所有季节均为TST, 即有从对流层到平流层净的向上输送, 2月强度最大, 7月为另一个极大值; 两个极大值有不同的产生机制, 后者决定于垂直项, 而前者由水平项决定。 (4) 青藏高原 (及孟加拉湾) 区域年平均CTF在1958~2001年之间的变化趋势在1982年左右出现一个转折: 1982年之前, CTF为递减过程; 而之后CTF为相对较强的增长。上述结果表明: 尽管冬季高原上空为下沉气流, 但高原上空的水平输送项有很强的向上贡献, 这与丛春华等 (2003) 得出的STT不一致。但需要指出的是, 根据Wei公式计算的CTF, 〖JP2〗尤其在急流附近, 对资料中存在的误差十分敏感 (Gettleman等, 2000), 因此青藏高原主体上空在冬季是STT还是TST, 有待于进一步的分析研究。  相似文献   

青藏高原地区大气臭氧变化的研究   总被引：33，自引：4，他引：33  

周秀骥  李维亮  陈隆勋  刘煜 《气象学报》2004,62(5):513-527

文中综述了对青藏高原夏季大气臭氧低值中心的出现和可能形成的机理的一些研究结果。发现了青藏高原在夏季存在大气臭氧总量低值中心的事实 ,研究了该低值中心的背景环流特征 ;证实了青藏高原地区确为对流层与平流层物质输送的通道之一 ,以及它对青藏高原臭氧低值中心形成所起的作用 ;并用数值模拟方法揭示了该低值中心的形成原因。另外用资料证实了青藏高原地区夏季不但存在大气臭氧低值中心 ,而且该低值中心是一个强大气臭氧递减中心的事实。最后介绍了用数值模拟方法来预测青藏高原地区大气臭氧未来变化的趋势。  相似文献   

东亚-太平洋地区环流场和热力场由冬向夏转换的过程特征及其可能机制   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

池艳珍  刘丹妮  何金海  祁莉 《高原气象》2013,32(4)

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和青藏高原逐日视热源资料,分析了东亚 太平洋地区对流层热力场和环流场的季节特征.结果表明,东亚-太平洋热力场上呈现出冬、夏半年反向的特征,冬半年热力格局为“西冷东暖”,夏半年则转为“西暖东冷”,冬半年向夏半年的过渡发生在3月底4月初,相应地,我国东部上空视热源也从冷却转为加热.热力场季节转换的同时,对流层各层环流形势也发生了调整:低层大陆冷高压减弱、东移,太平洋副热带高压显著西伸,形成东亚-西太平洋35°N以南一致的南风区;中层西风带发生了长波调整,由冬季“三槽型”向夏季“四槽型”过渡,西风急流减弱、北移;高层反气旋中心史替,我国上空偏南风由偏北风替代.环流的演变自低层向高层推进,下垫面感热加热的季节变化引起了低层环流的调整以及上升运动的发展,与上升运动相伴的凝结潜热释放则增强了东亚上空的热源,进一步加强了“西暖东冷”的热力格局,从而推进中高层环流的演变.环流调整的时间与东亚副热带季风雨带建立的时间一致,因此,由热力场季节变化引起的对流层环流形势的调整可看成是东亚副热带夏季风环流型的建立过程.  相似文献   

2012年冬春季高原积雪异常对亚洲夏季风的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

竺夏英  陈丽娟  李想 《气象》2013,39(9):1111-1118

利用罗格斯大学积雪遥感资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料和NOAA陆地降水分析数据PREC/L,从2011/2012年冬春季青藏高原积雪偏多现象与亚洲夏季风的观测事实与以往研究结果不一致出发,诊断分析了2011/2012年冬春积雪与亚洲夏季风的可能联系。结果表明：2012年春季和前期冬季,青藏高原主体上空对流层主要为气旋性环流距平且气温偏低,这与积雪偏多年的环流特征一致。尤其在90°E以西,自青藏高原到热带地区,前期冬春季对流层中部气温表现为北冷南暖的距平特征,有利于夏季自热带印度洋到高原温度梯度偏弱,造成南亚夏季风偏弱。但是在90°E以东的高原东部到东亚地区及其南侧的低纬度地区,对流层温度距平为北正南负型,温度梯度偏弱,有利于亚洲东南部大气环流冬夏季节转换偏早,南海夏季风爆发偏早,东亚夏季风偏强,这种环流特征受到高原以外的其他外强迫信息的影响。2011/2012年冬春季积雪偏多特征可能对南亚夏季风偏弱有重要贡献,而对东亚夏季风的影响不明显。  相似文献   

华北平原固城站NO₂对流层柱浓度变化特征          下载免费PDF全文

靳军莉  马建中  林伟立  赵花荣 《应用气象学报》2016,27(3):303-311

基于2008年9月—2010年9月河北固城生态与农业气象试验站多轴差分吸收光谱仪 (multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy, MAX-DOAS) 获得的太阳散射光谱观测,反演计算该地区NO₂对流层柱浓度,分析其季节、日变化特征以及不同来源输送的影响,并与同期NO₂地面观测资料和卫星产品进行对比分析。发现固城站NO₂对流层柱浓度冬高 (5.14×1016 cm-2) 夏低 (1.28×1016 cm-2);日变化形态在四季均呈现中午低、傍晚高的特征,且冬季最明显。与北京城市区域同期的观测相比,冬季固城站观测值略低,而在春、夏季则偏低较显著。地面风玫瑰图分析显示,来自SW, SSW, NE方向及ENE方向的污染输送对其贡献最大。与地面、卫星NO₂观测的对比表明,MAX-DOAS反演的NO₂柱浓度与地面观测浓度具有一致的季节和日变化特征,卫星反演的NO₂对流层柱浓度产品在华北平原农村地区存在系统性低估。  相似文献   

青藏高原北侧民丰站2011年7月对流层和低平流层大气观测研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王敏仲  魏文寿  何清  杨莲梅  程玉景 《高原气象》2012,31(5):1203-1214

利用2011年7月1-31日在青藏高原北侧民丰站进行加密探空观测获取的高空气象资料,分析了民丰夏季大气结构和塔里木盆地南缘上空的水汽特征。结果表明:(1)受青藏高原地形热力影响,民丰夏季对流层高度可达到16 000m以上,其绝对高度与珠峰地区对流层绝对高度相近;0℃层高度约为3 450m,略低于珠峰地区。(2)夏季副热带西风急流在青藏高原北侧表现强劲,呈东西向分布,厚度约为12 000m,最大风速中心带位于10 700～11 400m高度,最大风速达到45m.s-1以上。(3)受副热带西风急流底部西风和西西南风影响,夏季青藏高原西北部上空的水汽被输送到塔里木盆地南缘,若羌、民丰及和田站上空3 000～7 500m高度存在湿度大值层,平均相对湿度在60%～70%之间,最大湿度可达到85%以上。(4)民丰夏季白天对流边界层可达到3 200m高度,夜间稳定边界层高度约为1 200m,远远高于珠峰地区的观测结果,但低于敦煌地区的边界层高度。  相似文献   

Tropospheric methane in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere     

P. J. Fraser  M. A. K. Khalil  R. A. Rasmussen  L. P. Steele 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1984,1(2):125-135

Results of more than 800 new measurements of methane (CH₄) concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere troposphere (34–41° S, 130–150° E) are reported. These were obtained between September 1980 and March 1983 from the surface at Cape Grim, Tasmania, through the middle (3.5–5.5 km) to the upper troposphere (7–10 km). The concentration of CH₄ increased throughout the entire troposphere over the measurement period, adding further support to the view that CH₄ concentrations are currently increasing on a global scale. For data averaged vertically through the troposphere the rate of increase found was 20 ppbv/yr or 1.3%/yr at December 1981. In the surface CH₄ data a seasonal cycle with a peak to peak amplitude of approximately 28 ppbv is seen, with the minimum concentration occurring in March and the maximum in September–October. A cycle with the same phase as that seen at the surface, but with a significantly decreased amplitude, is apparent in the mid troposphere but no cycle is detected in the upper tropospheric data. The phase and amplitude of the cycle are qualitatively in agreement with the concept that the major sink for methane is oxidation by hydroxyl radicals. Also presented is evidence of a positive vertical gradient in methane, with a suggestion that the magnitude of this gradient has changed over the period of measurements.  相似文献   

Deriving Temporal and Vertical Distributions of Methane in Xianghe Using Ground-based Fourier Transform Infrared and Gas-analyzer Measurements     

Denghui JI  Minqiang ZHOU  Pucai WANG  Yang YANG  Ting WANG  Xiaoyu SUN  Christian HERMANS  Bo YAO  Gengchen WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(6):597-607

Methane(CH4) is one of the most important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, making it worthwhile to study its temporal and vertical distributions in source areas, e.g., North China. For this purpose, a ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR), the Bruker IFS 125 HR, along with an in-situ instrument, the Picarro G2301, were deployed in Xianghe County(39.8°N,117.0°E), Hebei Province, China. Data have been recorded since June2018. For the FTIR measurements, we used two observation modes to retrieve the mole fraction of CH4: the Total Carbon Column Observing Network(TCCON) method(retrieval algorithm: GGG2014), and the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change(NDACC) method(retrieval algorithm: SFIT4). Combining FTIR with in-situ measurements, we found the temporal and vertical distributions of atmospheric CH4 within three vertical layers(near the ground, in the troposphere, and in the stratosphere), and throughout the whole atmosphere. Regarding the diurnal variation of CH4 near the ground, the concentration at night was higher than during the daytime. Regarding the seasonal variation,CH4 was low in spring and high in summer, for all three vertical layers. In addition, there was a peak of CH4 in winter near the ground, both in the troposphere and the whole atmosphere. We found that variation of CH4 in the tropospheric column was close to that of the in-situ measurements near the ground. Furthermore, the variations of CH4 in the stratospheric column could be influenced by vertical motions, since it was higher in summer and lower in winter.  相似文献   

SURFACE OZONE CHARACTERISTICS AT THREE STATIONS IN GAW OF WMO IN CHINA^*     

DING Guoan  XU Xiaobin  LUO Chao  TANG Jie  XIANG Rongbiao  YAN Peng  LI Xingsheng 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2001,15(1):21-28

The characteristics of surface O₃ on clear days at Waliguan Observatory,Lin'an regional station and Longfengshan regional station in China were analyzed in this paper.The three stations belong to Global Atmospheric Watch(GAW)of WMO.There was obvious daily variation on clear days at Lin'an.with maximum(42.9 ppb)and minimum(20.3 ppb)of daily range appearing in spring and summer,respectively.The daily variation was more regular at Lonfengshan than at Lin'an.The maximum(about 27 ppb)appeared in autumn at Longfengshan.There was no obvious daily variation and also daily range was smaller in other seasons except weaker daily variation in summer at Waliguan.But the surface O₃ concentration(SOC)in summer was higher than that in winter at Waliguan.The SOC on clear days of summer at Waliguan was over 20 ppb higher than at Longfengshan and Lin'an.The global radiation and NO_x concentration were the main factors which control the SOC on clear days at Longfengshan and Lin'an.and played important role in different seasons and areas.The transportation of air flow around the area of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau was the main cause for high SOC and weak daily variation in summer at Waliguan.The similar effect of transportation was obtained at the Mauna Loa Observatory.The distribution characteristics of SOC increasing with height in the troposphere determined the difference of SOC between East China and West China.  相似文献   

Impacts of the atmospheric apparent heat source over the Tibetan Plateau on summertime ozone vertical distributions over Lhasa          下载免费PDF全文

Wenjun Liang  Zhen Yang  Jiali Luo  Hongying Tian  Zhixuan Bai  Dan Li  Qian Li  Jinqiang Zhang  Haoyue Wang  Bian Ba  Yang Yang 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(3):66-71

青藏高原(TP)是一个对气候变化敏感的地区,其上空的臭氧分布影响着青藏高原及其周边地区的大气环境,北半球夏季青藏高原上空臭氧柱总量相对较低的现象,及其时空变化受到广泛关注.本研究利用北半球夏季5年的拉萨上空臭氧的气球测量数据,研究高原上空大气视热源(Q1)对臭氧垂直分布的影响并探讨了该过程的机制.结果表明,当TP上空对流层整体的Q1相对较高时,拉萨上空对流层臭氧浓度下降.大气更强的上升运动伴随着TP主体区域上空的Q1的增大.因此,当夏季Q1较高时,由于近地表低浓度臭氧空气向上输送,拉萨上空的对流层臭氧浓度下降.  相似文献   

Responses of the tropospheric ozone and odd hydrogen radicals to column ozone change     

S. C. Liu  M. Trainer 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,6(3):221-233

The response of tropospheric ozone to a change in solar UV penetration due to perturbation on column ozone depends critically on the tropospheric NO _x (NO+NO₂) concentration. At high NO _x or a polluted area where there is net ozone production, a decrease in column ozone will increase the solar UV penetration to the troposphere and thus increase the tropospheric ozone concentration. However, the opposite will occur, for example, at a remote oceanic area where NO _x is so low that there is net ozone destruction. This finding may have important implication on the interpretation of the long term trend of tropospheric ozone. A change in column ozone will also induce change in tropospheric OH, HO₂, and H₂O₂ concentrations which are major oxidants in the troposphere. Thus, the oxidation capacity and, in turn, the abundances of many reduced gases will be perturbed. Our model calculations show that the change in OH, HO₂, and H₂O₂ concentrations are essentially independent of the NO _x concentration.  相似文献   

Determination of tropospheric mean carbon dioxide concentration from satellite high spectral resolution IR-sounder data     

A. V. Kukharskii  A. B. Uspenskii 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2009,34(4):202-211

In view of the importance of studying a global carbon cycle and inadequacy of a ground-based network of observations of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations and its fluxes, the feasibility of remote sensing of the atmospheric CO₂ concentration obtained from the satellite high-spectral resolution IR-sounder data is studied. In reference to the AIRS infrared-sounder measurements (the EOS Aqua satellite) the satellite data informativeness is analyzed, and a subset of most sensitive channels in respect to the CO₂ concentration variations is selected. A method of retrieving the carbon dioxide concentration \(X_{CO_2 } \) averaged over height from the AIRS data (in the middle and upper troposphere) is suggested and tested. The method is based on a numerical solution of an inverse problem. The comparison of satellite estimates of \(X_{CO_2 } \) averaged over a month with the aircraft (in situ) data on observations over the areas of boreal forests (the Novosibirsk region) and ecosystems (the region of Surgut) for 10 months of 2003 confirms the possibility to trace a seasonal trend of \(X_{CO_2 } \) with an error not worse than 1%.  相似文献   

A global model study of natural bromine sources and the effects on tropospheric chemistry using MOZART4     

Gabriela Sousa Santos  Sebastian Rast 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2013,70(1):69-89

Halogens in the atmosphere chemically destroy ozone. In the troposphere, bromine has higher ozone destruction efficiency than chlorine and is the halogen species with the widest geographical spread of natural sources. We investigate the relative strength of various sources of reactive tropospheric bromine and the influence of bromine on tropospheric chemistry using a 6-year simulation with the global chemistry transport model MOZART4. We consider the following sources: short-lived bromocarbons (CHBr₃, CH₂BrCl, CHBr₂Cl, CHBrCl₂, and CH₂Br₂) and CH₃Br, bromine from airborne sea salt particles, and frost flowers and sea salt on or in the snowpack in polar regions. The total bromine emissions in our simulations add up to 31.7 Gmol(Br)/yr: 63 % from polar sources, 24.6 % from short-lived bromocarbons and 12.4 % from airborne sea salt particles. We conclude from our analysis that our global bromine emission is likely to be on the lower end of the range, because of too low emissions from airborne sea salt. Bromine chemistry has an effect on the oxidation capacity of the troposphere, not only due to its direct influence on ozone concentrations, but also by reactions with other key chemical species like HO _x and NO _x . Globally, the impact of bromine chemistry on tropospheric O₃ is comparable to the impact of gas-phase sulfur chemistry, since the inclusion of bromine chemistry in MOZART4 leads to a decrease of the O₃ burden in the troposphere by 6 Tg, while we get an increase by 5 Tg if gas-phase sulfur chemistry is switched off in the standard model. With decreased ozone burden, the simulated oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere decreases thus affecting species associated with the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere (CH₃OOH, H₂O₂).  相似文献   

Multi-species chemical data assimilation with the Danish Eulerian hemispheric model: system description and verification     

Jeremy D. Silver  Jesper H. Christensen  Michael Kahnert  Lennart Robertson  Peter J. Rayner  Jørgen Brandt 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2016,73(3):261-302

Satellite retrievals of atmospheric composition provide a wealth of data on a global scale. These complement results from atmospheric chemistry-transport models (CTMs), and can be combined using data assimilation. We present two assimilation schemes coupled to the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model (DEHM), a three-dimensional, off-line CTM with full photochemistry: a variant on the ensemble Kalman filter and the three-dimensional variational scheme. The aim of this paper is to describe the two schemes and present an initial assessment of their impacts on model skill. Retrievals of multiple atmospheric trace gases are assimilated, namely: NO₂ tropospheric column densities, CH₄ total column densities, and partial column concentrations of O₃, CO and CH₄; these data are retrieved from four satellite sensors. Data for each species are assimilated independently of one another, and other species are only adjusted indirectly via the model’s chemistry and dynamics. Assimilation results are compared with measurements from surface monitoring stations and other satellite retrievals, and preliminary validation results are presented.Reference simulations (without assimilation) grossly underestimate surface CO concentrations, and both assimilation schemes eliminate this large and systematic model bias. The assimilation improves the spatial correlation of modelled CO with surface observations, and improves the spatial correlation between forecasts and retrievals for CO, NO₂ and O₃. Results for CH₄ show a loss of skill due to a mismatch in model bias between two assimilated CH₄ data-sets. Finally, we discuss differences in methodology and results between this paper and a recent study on multi-species chemical data assimilation. Joint optimisation of initial conditions and emission rates offers a promising direction for improving modelled boundary-layer concentrations.  相似文献