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1.
The Periadriatic Lineament and its possible extension, the Balatonline, on the one hand and the Balcan-Dinaric Lineament and its continuation (?) the Zagreb-line, on the other hand, separate an outer-region, characterized by clastic, terrestrical Upper Carboniferous and Permian strata, from a marine Inner-region. This Inner-region includes the Southern Alps, the Dinarides, and the ?Igoler“-trough. The aforementioned lineaments were not evident during the Lower Paleozoic, whereas in the Upper Paleozoic (after the Variscan orogenese) a clear separation of the two areas can be seen. As a consequence of the overlapping of the marine sequence into the regions north of the Periadriatic lineaments during the Triassic, the contrast between outer- and inner-regions are agained wiped out. For a full understanding of these facts, significant details are still missing. Above all it is important to find a solution for several still unanswered questions: how far the outer region is still a part of the paleomagnetic “Stabile Europe”; how far the metamorphic development within the region of the Balcan Peninsula, the Pannonic Basin and the Karpates can be compared with the ideas (supported by isotopic-geological dates) of the metamorphic development on both sides of the Insubric line and also how far the Dinaric Ophiolite zones are remains of a Paleothetys. Only when these questions are answered will it be possible to insert the Variscan area into the discussion of plate-tectonics within the Neo-European region. 相似文献
2.
Philipp Schmidt-Thom Stefan Greiving Hilkka Kallio Mark Fleischhauer Jaana Jarva 《Quaternary International》2006,150(1):103
Europe experiences different natural hazards and subsequent risks that have various effects on the development of its regions. The spatial significance of hazards can be expressed as an economic risk when combining hazard potential with vulnerability data. Two examples of European natural hazard maps on floods and earthquakes, as well as the resulting risk profiles of regions (combination of hazard potential and vulnerability) give a first impression on the spatial characters of hazards in Europe and their potential impact on further spatial development. The economic risk maps enable a view on the spatial dimension of the economic damage potential of flood and earthquakes, pointing out comparable situations across Europe with the aim to facilitate targeted responses and policies. The spatial character of a hazard is either defined by spatial effects that might occur in case of a disaster or by the possibility of spatial planning responses. The integration of the economic vulnerability of a region (regional GDP per capita, population density) leads to a classification of areas according to their economic risk or damage potential towards hazards. These synthetic risk profiles are presented as risk maps of European regions in administrative boundaries. Obtained information can be of interest for spatial planning and development strategies, e.g. economic risk profile of regions can influence the targets of investments and could thus be an important background for structural funding. 相似文献
3.
The worldwide network of container transport services is becoming increasingly diffuse. The different strategies of shipping
lines, the balance of power between shipping lines and shippers and constraints related to inland transportation all have
a potential impact on the development of maritime shipping networks. Moreover, strategic alliances between the port and the
shipping industry, which have both been driven by strong concentration processes and vertical integration, have a profound
influence on the maritime network structure and also on the grade of integration of a region in the global maritime transport
network. This paper seeks to understand the evolution of maritime networks in and between two differently developed regions.
The focus is on the trade route and networks between the West Coast of South America and Northern Europe. The paper analyses
the network structures and the behaviour of shipping lines in different economic contexts and port systems. Current and historical
developments in the two regions under study have led to their relative position within the global maritime network and illustrate
the potential implications of being peripheral or central in this network. The empirical results are compared with known strategies
of shipping lines. The authors aim to answer the question of how far the configuration of hinterlands determines calling patterns
and if strategic alliances and vertical integration reduce footloose behaviour of shipping lines. Further, we discuss how
far, under the current configuration, shipping lines influence port development, and also the reverse situation of how far
port accessibility and performance influence maritime network developments. The two region approach provides insights on the
constraining factors of maritime network development between two differently developed regions and the associated implications
for trade development. 相似文献
4.
John O'Loughlin 《GeoJournal》2004,60(1):3-17
Geographers contend that regional and national contexts are important mediating and controlling influences on globalization
processes. However, to reach this conclusion, geographers have been forced to engage in rather convoluted statistical manipulations
to try to isolate the so-called ‘geographic factor’. Recent developments in multilevel statistical modeling offer a more precise
and suitable methodology for examination of contextual factors in political behavior if the data have been collected in a
hierarchical manner with respondents grouped into lower-level and higher-level districts. The World Values Survey data (collected
in three waves from 1980 to 1997) for 65 countries are ideally suited to examination of the hypothesis that democratic beliefs
and practices are globalizing. Using three key predictors (trust in fellow citizens, political interest, and volunteerism)
for the sample of 91,160 respondents, it is evident that regional (for the 550 regions) and country settings (between 55 and
65 countries) are important predictors of political behavior, on the order of about 10% and 20%, respectively. Respondent
characteristics account for about 70% of the variance explained. Ideology is far more significant than many of the usual demographic
characteristics in explaining political behavior cross-nationally. Dramatic differences between established and new democracies
clarify the political globalization process and global regions (Latin America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, etc) also emerge
as significant factors. Multilevel modeling of survey data offers a compromise between the aggregate data analysis preferred
by geographers and the emphasis on surveys in a non-geographic context preferred by political scientists.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Katerina Mikolaskova 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2009,1(2):176-182
This work considers continentality from the point of view of an annual course of precipitation. It assesses continentality according to percentage of precipitation in summer and winter half year, ratio of precipitation in summer to winter half year and the period of half year precipitation in the area of WMO Region VI (Europe). Region VI can be divided into five main regions according to their annual course of precipitation. These regions are: Northwestern Europe with precipitation in all seasons, a predominance of winter precipitation and maximum precipitation in December and January; Central Europe with precipitation in all seasons, a predominance of summer precipitation and maximum precipitation in July; Eastern Europe with less precipitation over the year than in Northwestern Europe, a predominance of summer precipitation and maximum precipitation in July; the Mediterranean region with a predominance of winter precipitation, a dry season in summer and maximum precipitation in November and December; and Western Asia with a variable climate, a predominance of winter precipitation and maximum precipitation in December and January. Continentality from the point of view of precipitation rises towards the east. In comparison with thermal continentality, according to Gorczynski, it unexpectedly reaches its maximum in the centre of Europe (especially in northeast of the Czech Republic and south of Poland). 相似文献
6.
Migration between core and peripheral regions: a description and tentative explanation of the patterns in 22 countries 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the developed world at least, the century-long migration towards the high density core regions is over. To establish this thesis, internal migration statistics for 22 countries are examined, covering the period 1950–1979. Of these 22 countries, five categories are distinguished: (1) the countries of north-western Europe (Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and West Germany), in which there is moderate net out-migration from the core regions; (2) the countries of North America (Canada and the United States), in which net out-migration from the core regions has become quite substantial; (3) countries on the periphery of western Europe (Finland, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), and including Japan and New Zealand, in which the modal pattern is one of increases in net migration towards the core regions between the 1950s and 1960s, followed by a sharp decline in the 1970s, though not to the point where a sustained net flow of population away from these regions has been observed; (4) the countries of eastern Europe (Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland), in which net migration towards the core regions, though quite moderate, has yet to show a systematic decline; and (5) two advanced developing countries in eastern Asia (South Korea and Taiwan), in which net migration towards the core regions is very large and showing no signs of imminent decline. The countries of the first three categories belong to the developed world, in which economies of further agglomeration in the core regions no longer exist, according to the hypothesis put forward in the second half of this paper. The distinguishing feature of the countries in the first two of these three categories is that their less urbanized, peripheral regions offer sites for urban and industrial development which are competitive with those of the core regions. In contrast, the peripheral regions of the countries of the third category do not offer competitive sites for industry and urban development, due to fundamental deficiencies in physical geography. Thus, despite the disappearance of the agglomeration advantages of the core regions, a sustained net flow of population away from these regions has yet to be observed. Finally, the countries of the fourth and fifth categories, according to our hypothesis, are those in which the economies of further agglomeration in the core regions are still present, due to a lower level of economic development. What distinguishes these last two categories of countries is the strong state policies of decentralization in the countries of eastern Europe, which seem to have avoided the very large and growing net flow of population towards the core regions observed for South Korea and Taiwan, where decentralization policies, though extant, are still subservient to national economic growth policies and are consequently much weaker. 相似文献
7.
European tectonic features observed by Magsat 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Regional three-dimensional magnetic models have been developed to characterize the principal European long-wavelength magnetic anomalies represented on the improved
magnetic anomaly map of Europe. The magnetic models were constrained by regional variations in geology and geophysical parameters (e.g., geologic boundaries, crustal thickness, heat flow). Because only limited measurements of magnetization are available on lower crustal and uppermost mantle rock samples, our results are useful in constraining and understanding the overall magnetization of these regions. Illustrations of these include: (1) geologic provinces across the Tornquist-Teisseyre tectonic zone; (2) regions of thin crust and high mantle heat flow in south-central Europe; (3) the Kursk-Voronezh magnetic anomaly; and (4) the Ladoga-Gulf of Bothnia zone. The region of the Tornquist-Teisseyre tectonic zone, that marks the boundary between the Fennoscandian-Baltic Shield and metastable Europe, is a major magnetic discontinuity. In south-central Europe, the regional magnetic variations appear to be directly related to variations in the lower crustal thickness and possibly also to heat flow. In addition, the famous Kursk (Ukraine) iron-ore deposit produces a prominent bullseye anomaly at satellite altitude. The Kiruna
anomaly is modelled as having a large, deep body as its source. The high P-wave velocity, basal crustal layers encountered in rift (e.g., the Tornquist-Teisseyre tectonic zone itself) and continental arc (e.g., the Ladoga-Gulf of Bothnia zone) settings of Europe appear to be nearly non-magnetic. 相似文献
8.
Corina H?ppner Rebecca Whittle Michael Bründl Matthias Buchecker 《Natural Hazards》2012,64(2):1753-1778
Although both improved risk communication and the building of social capacities have been advocated as vital ways to increase societies?? resilience towards natural hazards across the world, the literature has rarely examined the ways in which these two concepts may integrate in theory and practice. This paper is an attempt to address this gap in a European context. It begins with a conceptual discussion that unites the literature on risk communication with the literature on social capacity building. We then use the insights from this discussion as a basis to conduct a review of 60 risk communication practices from across Europe. This review indicates a gap between theory and practice because, whilst the literature highlights the importance of integrated and coordinated communication campaigns featuring both a one-way transfer and a two-way dialogue between the public, stakeholders and decision-makers, the majority of the communication practices reviewed here appear to be relatively disparate initiatives that rely on one-way forms of communication. On the basis of these findings, we conclude by making some recommendations for the way in which such practices could be improved in order to be more supportive of social capacities across Europe. 相似文献
9.
Mary Jo Alfano Eric J BarronDavid Pollard Brian HuntleyJudy R.M Allen 《Quaternary Research》2003,59(1):97-107
Oxygen isotope stage 3 (OIS3), an interstade between approximately 60,000 and 25,000 yr B.P., presents an ideal opportunity to compare high-resolution climate simulations with the geologic record. To facilitate this comparison, the results of a mesoscale climate model (RegCM2) embedded in the GENESIS GCM are utilized to drive a vegetation model (BIOME 3.5). The BIOME output is then compared with OIS3 compilations derived from pollen. The simulated biomes agree well with the pollen-based biomes in southern Europe; however, disagreements occur in the northern part of the domain. The most striking mismatch involves the distribution of tundra. The models fail to have tundra extend to its observed position as far south as 50°N in central Europe during OIS3. The model also fails to have permafrost extend southward to its observed position between 50°N and 55°N in western Europe during OIS3. A variety of sensitivity experiments are performed to investigate these mismatches. These experiments demonstrate the importance of annual and summer temperatures and the length of the winter season in creating improved matches between the model results and the inferred distributions of vegetation and permafrost in northern Europe. 相似文献
10.
DAO Kequn CHEN Junlin JIN Peihong DONG Chong YANG Yi XU Xiaohui WU Jingyu XIE Sanping LIN Zhicheng SUN Bainian 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(3):690-706
Lindera is a large genus of graceful, pleasantly scented and common native trees and shrubs of southern China and neighboring regions of SE Asia. There is a well-documented Cenozoic fossil record not only in these regions but also from elsewhere. A new fossil leaf record has been found in diatomite beds from the Upper Pliocene Mangbang Formation of Tuantian, Tengchong County, Yunnan. The leaves are identified and assigned to Lindera acuminatissima K. Q. Dao et B. N. Sun sp. nov., by comparing their leaf architecture and epidermal characteristics with those of 51 extant Lauraceae species and with 15 known fossil Lindera taxa. The specimens have well-preserved cuticles, with typical leaf architecture and epidermal characteristics of the Lauraceae, including entire leaf margin, intramarginal veins, basal ternate acrodromous primary veins, one-cell trichome base, paracytic stomatal apparatus, sunken guard cells, subsidiary hardly staining cells and presence of oil cells. These characteristics are consistent with Lindera sect. Daphnidium but are different from reported fossil and extant species of Lindera. The cuticles of Lindera are fragile and delicate with only three Lindera fossils reported based on this tissue. In terms of paleobiogeography, the fossil record indicates that Lindera is distributed in high- to mid-latitude regions of the Late Cretaceous to Paleocene northern hemisphere. Coincidentally, the records of Lindera located on both sides of the Bering Land Bridge possibly support the hypothesis that ancient plants extended via transcontinental exchanges through the Bering Corridor. In the Eocene, ancient Lindera spread to Europe through the Northern Degeer Route and the Southern Thulian Route. At the same time, ancient Lindera spread into Central Asia. Climatic changes and tectonization since the Neogene prevented the propagation of Lindera throughout Asia, North America and Europe, and hence the distribution areas have just regressed to the low-latitude regions in Asia and North America. From the Paleogene to the Neogene, Lindera has changed its distribution by surviving extreme climate changes. Quaternary glaciations ultimately led to Lindera becoming extinct in Europe. The new record from Tengchong, Yunnan, with its lower latitude located in tropical and subtropical regions, indicates that Lindera has lived in those regions since the late Pliocene. 相似文献
11.
In Europe the process of agricultural engagement or disengagement is attributed to the economic factor and mainly on the level
of alternative employment source development. It is the relational quality of economic, social and environmental factors that
determine sustainability of agricultural holdings and, hence, households. In regions of poor agricultural structures and of
many employment opportunities as well as in regions suffering from agricultural depression, households exhibit stronger tendencies
towards agricultural disengagement. Remarkably in southern Europe a stable agricultural engagement and not disengagement is
observed, even though in recent years there are limited possibilities of alternative income sources and prevailing agricultural
depression. This article highlights the factors which lead households to stable engagement with agriculture in a region of
southern Europe, the island of Lesvos. The island is characterised by traditional olive grove mono-culture, poor agricultural
structures and limited employment opportunities. The investigation of the economic, social and environmental farm household
characteristics concluded that in regions where poor agricultural infrastructure and lack of employment prevail, all three
factors of sustainability contribute to stability and/or low agricultural disengagement. Among these, the economic factor
is the most sensitive and hence highly influential. The social factor is highlighted as a quality and consistent factor due
to the respect for tradition. The environmental factor, finally, is characterised by mild cultivation practices, contributing
to environment conservation. 相似文献
12.
The Valcea Carpathians are of great value given their scenic attractions combined with specific glacial relief features in
the Parang and rare plant and animal species of Cozia. Complemented by a diverse cultural landscape, with monasteries, vernacular
buildings and pastoral traditions, the area offers a uniquely attractive backdrop for a cluster of spa resorts of international
standing which make Valcea one of Romania's leading tourist regions. Environmental protection is very necessary to regulate
private enterprise in the post-communist era, but financial resources and institutions are insufficient at the present time.
The paper demonstrates how highly-motivated individuals can play a significant role in advocating a more sustainable future
through their own capacities to carry out research and develop personal networks enabling them to extend their influence with
the public at large and also with academic and administrative hierarchies. The Romanian author of this paper is one of a number
of environmental activists in Valcea county who able to promote environmental issues in the absence of effective NGOs.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
根据生物、湖泊及冰川地层记录,分析了青藏高原末次冰消期的气候演化特点,并将其与格陵兰、欧洲气候演化序列进行了对比分析.结果表明,末次冰消期的气候演化大致可分为两个阶段:前一阶段为暖期,但波动频繁;格陵兰、欧洲在经历了H1事件后,迅速转暖,Bolling期比Allerod期气候更为适宜;而青藏高原渐趋回暖,夏季风降水逐渐增加,存在由冰融水与降水增加所形成的高湖面,气候温湿,进入一次湖泊扩涨期;大部分记录指示Allerod期比Bolling期气候更为适宜.后一阶段为冷期,格陵兰、欧洲气候恶化并显示出有回返冰期的气候特点;青藏高原气候严酷、荒漠扩展、冰流推进、湖面下降.气候演化的这种异同性表明:格陵兰、欧洲与青藏高原气候系统彼此存在联系,特别是在冷期;而在暖期,气候演化表现出各自的特点.气候演化格局所呈现的可比性,可能是通过冷期的一致而体现的. 相似文献
14.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(22-24):2823-2843
Fluvial and karstic data sets indicating Late Cenozoic surface uplift in the eastern United States are modelled for the first time using a technique, incorporating coupling between surface processes and flow in the lower continental crust, which has been extensively used for modelling similar data sets elsewhere in the world, notably in Europe. Distinct phases of lower-crustal flow forcing, starting in the early Middle Miocene, Late Pliocene, and late Early Pleistocene, are evident, as observed elsewhere, and relate to combinations of cyclic surface loading (by sea-level variations and ice loads) and to variations in regional erosion rates, as elsewhere. However, the detailed uplift histories inferred are rather different from those indicated in many other regions, notably Europe, primarily because of different properties of the crust. In particular, in the Late Proterozoic/Phanerozoic crust of the Appalachians, the mobile lower-crustal layer seems to be relatively thick, causing a prolonged uplift response for each phase of lower-crustal flow forcing, whereas in the Early Proterozoic crust of the Yavapai crustal province farther west, underlain by a thick basal mafic layer, this mobile layer is much thinner, leading to a very different response consisting of abrupt alternations of uplift and subsidence, as is also observed in other regions of Early Proterozoic crust. Another important difference relative to western and central Europe is the much smaller number of terraces in the eastern US rivers that have been studied. The general applicability of this type of physics-based modelling technique is thus confirmed. 相似文献
15.
The velocity field of the plasma in the solar photosphere beneath chromospheric Hα filaments is studied. Observations were conducted in 1999–2000 using the magnetograph and tachometer of the tower telescope of the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Propagation, recently upgraded to improve both its sensitivity and spatial resolution. The results confirm that, as noted earlier, filaments are frequently found near velocity-inversion lines between regions of upward and downward motion of solar material, and lie predominantly above regions with upward motion of photospheric material. This tendency is characteristic of both the stable filaments of active regions and quiescent filaments far from active regions, though it is more distinct for the former case. The upward motion of photospheric material beneath filaments may play an important role in supporting the filaments against gravity. 相似文献
16.
17.
Herman van der Wusten 《GeoJournal》2000,52(2):87-92
The Europe of the European Union has an ever more important set of policy arenas at the European level, still strong states, and a series of strong regions that put their demands on the table. The EU is deeply involved in its immediate surroundings and it acts in conjunction with member states in global policy forums. Europe is an unprecedented example of multi-level, multi-sector governance. Europe has been politically re-ordered on a number of occasions and this is one of them. In the current debate abundant use is made of historical examples. The new Europe is in need of institutional re-structuring. Following the traditions of European cooperation this is very slow in coming. Geographers should particularly be concerned with the consequences of terrioriality at several scales simultaneously. 相似文献
18.
Oil refineries and petrochemical industries in Europe 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
19.
Robert S. Sommer Norbert Benecke Lembi Lõugas Oliver Nelle Ulrich Schmölcke 《第四纪科学杂志》2011,26(8):805-812
The wild horse Equus ferus was one of the most frequent species of the Late Pleistocene large ungulate fauna in Eurasia and played an important role in the subsistence of human groups, especially at the end the Late Glacial. It is frequently assumed that E. ferus became extinct in Europe at the beginning of the Holocene because of the development of woodlands and loss of open habitats. Because of its preference for open habitats and in spite of its adaptability, the appearance or disappearance of the wild horse could therefore be a suitable palaeoecological indicator for the opening of the Holocene primeval woodlands. We revised the dating and reliability of the subfossil record and dated several bones by atomic mass spectrometry 14C dating. From the beginning of the Holocene (9600 cal a BC) to the end of the Atlantic Period (3750 cal a BC) there are 207 archaeological sites with wild horse records available in Europe. E. ferus survived the Pleistocene Holocene transition in Europe, but the spatiotemporal dynamics of populations fluctuated remarkably in the early and middle Holocene. Small and sparse populations increasingly became extinct during the early Holocene, until between 7100 and 5500 cal a BC the wild horse was almost absent in central parts of the European Lowlands. Particular conditions in natural open patches in the canopy forests, chalklands and floodplains may have maintained the local survival of the horse in some regions of the Lowlands, however. In the Late Atlantic, between 5500 and 3750 cal a BC the range of the wild horse was again extended. It re‐immigrated into central and western Europe, probably as a consequence of increasing landscape opening by Neolithic peoples. The data presented here may be a valuable part of the debate on the degree of openness of the early and middle Holocene landscape. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
The hydrogen adsorption capacities of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), subjected to different treatments, were investigated at room temperature. The three different treatments included thermal, acid, and palladium modification. The hydrogen adsorption capacity of the HNTs was 0.436 % at 2.63 MPa and 298 K whereas those of the thermally treated HNTs, palladium-modified HNTs (Pd-HNTs), and acid-treated HNTs (A-HNTs), under the same conditions, were 0.263, 1.143, and 1.371 %, respectively. The hydrogen adsorption capacities of both HNTs and treated HNTs are among the highest values reported in the literature so far. Large surface areas were advantageous in promoting hydrogen adsorption via a physisorption mechanism, which was directly related to the aluminosilicate structure of HNTs. It was also possible to enhance the hydrogen adsorption capacity through a chemisorption or spillover mechanism by modifying HNTs with Pd. The HNTs and treated HNTs show potential as physisorption-based mediums for hydrogen storage at room temperature, in particular HNTs and A-HNTs show excellent stability and high hydrogen adsorption capacities. 相似文献