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1.
《Marine Chemistry》2001,74(4):227-243
The distribution of trace metals in sediments and their exchange between sediments and overlying water is governed by multiple processes including molecular diffusion, bioturbation (porewater advection, porewater mixing, and particle mixing), chemical reactions and adsorption–desorption. To understand these processes and their relative contributions, a one-dimensional model was built, which includes bioturbation and adsorption–desorption processes, to describe the transport of 224Ra. Because 224Ra is adsorbed on MnO2, 224Ra may serve as a proxy for trace metal transport. Three sites were sampled and both dissolved and adsorbed 224Ra were analyzed and modeled to understand the transport and exchange processes. It was found that particle transport of adsorbed 224Ra followed by desorption at the sediment/water interface typically represents the dominant flux. We have further been able to define conditions where the porewater transport for adsorption reactive metals like 224Ra (and other metals) may be out of the sediments whereas the active scavenging of 224Ra from the water column at the sediment water interface via adsorption reactions can result in a flux of 224Ra into the sediment. These processes are both predicted by the model and observed in sediment samples.  相似文献   

2.
The role of deep sediment in supporting nutrient budget in the Gulf of Aqaba has been investigated by estimating the flux of inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and silicate. Fluxes were calculated directly by pore water profiles and indirectly by chamber incubations carried out onboard the RV Meteor cruise. The results showed that maximum potential fluxes calculated by chamber incubations were higher than those calculated by porewater profiles for all nutrients (6.4–28.5 fold). This has been attributed to the additional flux due to bioturbation and flux from advective porewater exchange in the case of chamber incubation, while porewater fluxes represent diffusive ones. Using a rough estimation considering flux results in addition to the sediment area and water mass of the Gulf of Aqaba, we estimate that 3.3 × 105, 6.4 × 104 and 6.5 × 106 kg year−1 of inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and silicate respectively are effused from deep sediments to the water column. This quanitity would certainly support the primary productivity in the oligotrophic water in the Gulf of Aqaba.  相似文献   

3.
226Ra and 228Ra have non-conservative excess concentrations in the mixing zones of the Pee Dee River-Winyah Bay estuary, the Yangtze River estuary, and the Delaware Bay estuary. Laboratory experiments, using Pee Dee River sediment, indicate desorption of 226Ra to increase with increasing salinities up to 20‰. In Winyah Bay desorption from river-borne sediments could contribute almost all of the increases for both isotopes. Desorption adds only a portion of the excess 228Ra measured in the Yangtse River and adjacent Shelf waters and Delaware Bay. In the Yangtze River the mixing zone extends over a considerable portion of the Continental Shelf where 228Ra is added to the water column by diffusion from bottom sediments, while 226Ra concentrations decrease from dilution. Diffusion of 228Ra from bottom sediments in Delaware Bay primarily occurs in the upper part of the bay (< 22‰ water) where fine grained sediments predominate. A diffusive flux for 228Ra of 0·33 dpm cm?2 year was determined for Delaware Bay.  相似文献   

4.
226Ra and 228Ra have non-conservative excess concentrations in the mixing zones of the Pee Dee River-Winyah Bay estuary, the Yangtze River estuary, and the Delaware Bay estuary. Laboratory experiments, using Pee Dee River sediment, indicate desorption of 226Ra to increase with increasing salinities up to 20‰. In Winyah Bay desorption from river-borne sediments could contribute almost all of the increases for both isotopes. Desorption adds only a portion of the excess 228Ra measured in the Yangtse River and adjacent Shelf waters and Delaware Bay. In the Yangtze River the mixing zone extends over a considerable portion of the Continental Shelf where 228Ra is added to the water column by diffusion from bottom sediments, while 226Ra concentrations decrease from dilution. Diffusion of 228Ra from bottom sediments in Delaware Bay primarily occurs in the upper part of the bay (< 22‰ water) where fine grained sediments predominate. A diffusive flux for 228Ra of 0·33 dpm cm−2 year was determined for Delaware Bay.  相似文献   

5.
钦州湾河流沉积物中镭的解吸行为   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
放射性镭同位素在海底地下水排放（SGD）等海洋物质变化过程的研究中具有优良的示踪作用,估算SGD通量时需要计算河流悬浮颗粒物的解吸通量。因此,对河流沉积物/悬浮颗粒物中镭同位素解吸行为的研究不可或缺,而目前对于粒度较小范围内镭同位素的解吸特征及其机理的研究依然不足。本文选用钦州湾河流沉积物,通过室内实验探究粒度和盐度对沉积物中镭同位素解吸行为的影响。结果表明,在沉积物平均粒径0.9~136.0 μm范围内,随着粒径增大,沉积物中镭同位素在海水（盐度为33.9）中解吸活度逐渐减小,且变化趋势也逐渐变缓,平均粒径大于43.7 μm后,解吸量几乎不变;在海水盐度4.9~33.9范围内,随着盐度增大,沉积物中镭同位素解吸活度逐渐增大,盐度大于24.9后,解吸量趋于不变。本文创新性地建立了沉积物表面分形结构的镭解吸理论模型,拟合得到钦州湾河流沉积物表面最大可交换态224Ra、226Ra和228Ra活度分别为1.13 dpm/g、0.17 dpm/g和0.85 dpm/g,以干重计;沉积物中224Ra、226Ra和228Ra最大解吸比分别为30%、7%和18%。钦州湾河流沉积物颗粒表面最大可交换态224Ra和226Ra活度分别处于全球中等水平和较低水平,而其最大解吸比分别处于全球较高水平和较低水平。本研究结果有助于更好地理解镭同位素的解吸行为,以帮助更准确地估算SGD通量。  相似文献   

6.
盐度对镭同位素在海南红树林沉积物解吸行为的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
天然放射性镭同位素在沉积物上的解吸行为是影响其在陆-海交换过程中的关键所在。采用沉积物室内解吸实验和现场采集间隙水测量224Ra含量两种方法,对水体盐度梯度控制镭在海南八门湾红树林沉积物的解吸行为进行了讨论。结果表明:沉积物上可交换态224Ra的最大量为0.44dpm/g,解吸比为35%。利用间隙水的224Ra含量确定镭的分配比Kd与水体盐度S呈反比例函数:Kd=8.4×102/S,与室内解吸实验的结果相比更能代表镭在沉积物上的真实解吸行为。在深度25—40cm内,湿地沉积物的224Ra处于与其母体228Th的平衡状态,但223Ra很可能处于相对其母体227Th亏损状态。  相似文献   

7.
本文报道2015年9月和2016年5月期间天然放射性核素224Ra和223Ra在吕宋海峡及周边海域表层和垂向水体的分布特征。为理解日本福岛核事故的影响,本文亦分析研究区域内人工放射性核素137Cs的分布特征。结果表明,224,223Ra和137Cs比活度水平均处于我国南海海洋天然放射性本底变化范围之内。224Ra在吕宋海峡以西南海北部海域比活度较高,在吕宋海峡以东菲律宾海域比活度较低。137Cs没有明显的分布趋势。基于三站位（LS3,LS5和LS8）224Ra、137Cs以及温盐的垂向分布特征,本文揭示224Ra和137Cs在热带表层水、次表层水和中-深层水中比活度水平和梯度变化的差异特征。彩虹台风事件扭转了整个吕宋海峡及周边海域的海流循环过程。大量以低水平224Ra为特征的西太平洋海水涌入南海,降低水体224Ra比活度水平。但是,西太平洋和南海北部海域水体137Cs比活度水平没有明显差异,台风导致的海流变化对水体137Cs比活度没有明显影响。  相似文献   

8.
This article summarizes the author's work on210Pb and210Po distributions in the marine environment for which the Okada Prize of the Oceanographical Society of Japan was awarded. In this review, the work of other investigators and the studies now going on are also included. The210Pb concentration in the surface water of the ocean is controlled by the atmospheric flux of210Pb and productivity. The disequilibrium between226Ra and210Pb in the deep sea reveals that the oceanic residence time of lead is less than a hundred years rather than of the order of thousands of years as thought before based on stable lead measurement in ocean water. Particulate removal of210Pb from the water column is likely to be the major cause of the deficiency of210Pb in the water, however more investigations would be needed to clarify the detailed removal mechanism of210Pb. The experiments on particulate flux by using sediment traps will provide an unique opportunity to examine this. 210Pb in excess of226Ra in sediment is useful for geochronology of shallow water sediments and the study on bioturbation rates on the deep sea sediments.  相似文献   

9.
This study was undertaken to elucidate the impact of early diagenetic processes on the accumulation of trace metals in Sapelo Island saltmarsh sediments as a function of time, space and sediment properties. Samples were collected from three sites in summer (May 1997) and winter (January 1998) along a transect from an unvegetated Creek Bank through a vegetated Tidal Levee to the vegetated midmarsh with evident lateral heterogeneity caused by hydrologic regime, macrophytes and microbial and macrofaunal activities. A suite of trace metals (As, Ba, Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Mo, Ni, Pb, Th, Ti, U, V, Zn and Zr) was analyzed to obtain their depth-distribution at the three sites. Spatially marked differences were observed, that were primarily related to hydraulic flushing of trace metals away from the sites in high-energy regimes, rapid downward mixing and reworking of sediment via bioturbation, and below-ground degradation and production of Spartina biomass. Although sulfate reduction and the formation of acid volatile sulfide and pyrite were dominant processes throughout the marsh, the trace metal scavenging role of sulfides was not apparent. However, possible sulfurization of organic matter, leading to enhanced trapping of trace metals with organic carbon, may have played an important role in sequestration of trace metals.No similarity was observed visually between the depth trends of trace metals and sediment properties (grain size, iron-oxyhydroxide content, acid volatile sulfides and pyrite content) that are known to play a major role in trace metal partitioning. Only organic carbon content closely followed the trace metal profiles at all the three sites. Minor variation in depth-integrated sediment trace metal content was observed seasonally at each of the three sites. Furthermore, the depth trend of profiles of individual trace metals also did not vary significantly over the seasons either.  相似文献   

10.
Sulfate reduction in deep coastal marine sediments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Sulfate reduction rates in sediments of four deep stations in the Saguenay Fjord and the Laurentian Trough, Gulf of St. Lawrence, are among the lowest reported for the coastal environment. Maximum rates were 0.4–7.0 nmol cm−3 day−1. The low rates are due to relatively low sedimentation rates and continuously low temperatures. Regional differences in both integrated and maximum sulfate reduction rates in the sediment correlate with sediment trap measurements of sedimentation rate and organic carbon flux.Sulfate reduction accounts for the degradation of 5–26% of the estimated downward flux of organic matter to these sediments. Unlike the absolute rate of sulfate reduction, the relative proportion of the carbon flux that is degraded via sulfate reduction is not directly correlated with the sedimentation rate but is a function of organic matter composition, intensity of bioturbation, and the abundance of sub-oxic electron acceptors. Thus, the lowest proportion of carbon degradation via sulfate reduction occurred at a Gulf site, where a combination of low sedimentation and bioturbation rates allowed a long residence time for organic matter near the sediment surface and, in consequence, a low flux of labile carbon into the sulfate reduction zone. The highest proportion was observed at a station with a similar organic carbon flux but with higher rates of sedimentation and bioturbation. At a third site, with the highest rates of sulfate reduction as well as the highest rates of sedimentation and bioturbation, the contribution of sulfate reduction to organic matter degradation was only intermediate. This is attributable to the exhaustion of the supply of porewater sulfate. In deep coastal environments the proportion of organic matter degraded via sulfate reduction can be highly variable both spatially and temporally.  相似文献   

11.
Fluids discharged from subaerial springs along faults on a sediment diapir near the mouth of the Mississippi River are derived from buried marine pore waters which have been extensively altered chemically by processes of bacterial respiration, mineral precipitation and, possibly, by fractionation due to the presence of clays of high exchange capacity. Vertical mass transport of dissolved components in many shallow marine sediments is controlled by long-term compaction, diffusion and bioturbation. In areas of rapid sediment deposition, however, these processes can be overwhelmed by catastrophic episodes of sediment failure, vertical mixing and upward discharge of water, gas and dissolved species.  相似文献   

12.
This study was designed to relate fauna characteristics and sediment accumulation processes in the James River, VA and was conducted during June 1981. Physical sedimentary and benthic biological parameters, as well as sediment structure and radionuclide profiles, were evaluated for 11 stations. Faunal distribution patterns reflected species' response to salinity changes along the estuarine gradient, but not to differences in sediment accumulation rates. Levels of bioturbation could not be predicted easily on the basis of faunal characteristics alone. Results suggest that the physical processes of erosion and deposition strongly influence the ability of macrobenthos to bioturbate sediments in this estuary. Areas of rapid deposition (>3 cm y−1) exhibit little evidence of bioturbation, as do areas where erosion, or relatively constant physical reworking of sediments, dominate. Areas with low sediment accumulation rates (0·5-3 cm y−1) exhibit the highest levels of mixing as evidenced in X-radiographs. Estuarine organisms inhabiting soft bottoms are typically ‘opportunistic’, shallow-living and short-lived species, and the composition of their communities is not strongly influenced by rates of deposition. Physical reworking of sediments is most likely to occur near to the sediment-water interface where reworking by shallow-living organisms is most intense. Sediment-mixing processes should be characterized using a range of approaches. The phasing of interactions among erosion, physical transport, deposition and biological mixing must be resolved on the appropriate time scales if the mechanics of processes governing the formation of the sedimentary record are to be elucidated.  相似文献   

13.
A mass balance for the naturally-occurring radium isotopes (224Ra, 223Ra, 228Ra, and 226Ra) in Jamaica Bay, NY, was conducted by directly estimating the individual Ra contributions of wastewater discharge, diffusion from fine-grained subtidal sediments, water percolation through marshes, desorption from resuspended particles, and water exchange at the inlet. The mass balance revealed a major unknown source term accounting for 19–71% of the total Ra input, which could only be resolved by invoking a source from submarine groundwater. Shallow (< 2 m depth) groundwater from permeable sediments in Jamaica Bay was brackish and enriched in Ra relative to surface bay waters by over two orders of magnitude. To balance Ra fluxes, a submarine groundwater input of 0.8 × 109–9.0 × 109 L d− 1 was required. This flux was similar for all four isotopes, with individual estimates varying by less than a factor of 2. Our calculated groundwater flux was 6- to 70-fold higher than the fresh groundwater discharge to the bay estimated by hydrological methods, but closely matched direct flow rates measured with seepage meters. This suggests that a substantial portion of the discharge consisted of recirculated seawater. The magnitude of submarine groundwater discharge varied seasonally, in the order: summer > autumn > spring. Chemical analyses suggest that the recirculated seawater component of submarine groundwater delivers as much dissolved nitrogen to the bay as the fresh groundwater flux.  相似文献   

14.
孔隙水是沉积物-海水界面链接沉积物颗粒和上覆水体的一个重要过渡相态,针对其研究可更好地了解痕量金属在固-液界面的早期成岩过程。近年来,针对孔隙水中痕量元素研究的方法较为匮乏,为此建立了一种分析测定海洋沉积物孔隙水中7种痕量金属元素(Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、Co、Pb)的方法,该方法使用Nobias PA1树脂进行富集分离,再使用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)进行测试,可针对孔隙水中的痕量金属元素进行准确分析。通过实验结果发现该方法最优实验条件为: Nobias PA1树脂富集时的pH值为5.5~6.0,洗脱酸浓度为1.3 mol/L硝酸,体积为1 mL。同时,样品需进行紫外消解4 h以上以分解有机络合物,该消解步骤对Cu和Co这两种元素尤其重要。该方法通过加标回收获得Mn、Cu、Ni、Co和Pb的回收率在92%~100%, Zn和Cd的回收率分别为72%和82%; Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni的方法检出限范围为0.03~0.53 nmol/L, Cd、Co、Pb的方法检出限范围为2.66×10-3~8.60×10-3 nmol/L,满足孔隙水中痕量金属浓度的测试需求。同时,根据检出限计算的结果显示,孔隙水样品只需1 mL,即可应用该方法进行测试。应用该方法测试了一根采集于北黄海中部沉积物短柱的孔隙水样品,测试结果显示其垂相分布合理、较符合早期成岩过程规律。此研究为分析海洋沉积物孔隙水中痕量金属元素提供了一种准确而简便的方法。  相似文献   

15.
Profiles of 210Pb and 239 + 240Pu from sediment cores collected throughout Massachusetts Bay (water depths of 36–192 m) are interpreted with the aid of a numerical sediment-mixing model to infer bioturbation depths, rates and processes. The nuclide data suggest extensive bioturbation to depths of 25–35 cm. Roughly half the cores have 210Pb and 239 + 240Pu profiles that decrease monotonically from the surface and are consistent with biodiffusive mixing. Bioturbation rates are reasonably well constrained by these profiles and vary from 0.7 to 40 cm2 yr−1. As a result of this extensive reworking, however, sediment ages cannot be accurately determined from these radionuclides and only upper limits on sedimentation rates (of 0.3 cm yr−1) can be inferred. The other half of the radionuclide profiles are characterized by subsurface maxima in each nuclide, which cannot be reproduced by biodiffusive mixing models. A numerical model is used to demonstrate that mixing caused by organisms that feed at the sediment surface and defecate below the surface can cause the subsurface maxima, as suggested by previous work. The deep penetration depths of excess 210Pb and 239 + 240Pu suggest either that the organisms release material over a range of >15 cm depth or that biodiffusive mixing mediated by other organisms is occurring at depth. Additional constraints from surficial sediment 234Th data suggest that in this half of the cores, the vast majority of the present-day flux of recent, nuclide-bearing material to these core sites is transported over a timescale of a month or more to a depth of a few centimeters below the sediment surface. As a consequence of the complex mixing processes, surface sediments include material spanning a range of ages and will not accurately record recent changes in contaminant deposition.  相似文献   

16.
Porewater nutrient dynamics during emersion and immersion were investigated during different seasons in a eutrophic intertidal sandflat of Tokyo Bay, Japan, to elucidate the role of emersion and immersion in solute transport and microbial processes. The water content in the surface sediment did not change significantly following emersion, suggesting that advective solute transport caused by water table fluctuation was negligible. The rate of change in nitrate concentration in the top 10 mm of sediments ranged from −6.6 to 4.8 μmol N l−1 bulk sed. h−1 during the whole period of emersion. Steep nutrient concentration gradients in the surface sediment generated diffusive flux of nutrients directed downwards into deeper sediments, which greatly contributed to the observed rates of change in porewater nutrient concentration for several cases. Microbial nitrate reduction within the subsurface sediment appeared to be strongly supported by the downward diffusive flux of nitrate from the surface sediment. The stimulation of estimated nitrate production rate in the subsurface layer in proportion to the emersion time indicates that oxygenation due to emersion caused changes in the sediment redox environment and affected the nitrification and/or nitrate reduction rates. The nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus pools in the top 10 mm of sediment decreased markedly during immersion (up to 68% for nitrate and up to 44% for soluble reactive phosphorus), however, this result could not be solely explained by molecular diffusion.  相似文献   

17.
The four naturally-occurring radium isotopes (223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra and 228Ra) were used to estimate the submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in the Isola La Cura marsh area in the northern Venice Lagoon (Italy). By determining the radium contributors to the study area (river, coastal ocean and sediments) the radium excess in the lagoon water was quantified through a mass balance model. This radium excess is attributed to a submarine groundwater discharge source and represents the most important input of radium. Possible endmembers were considered from analysis of groundwater samples (subtidal and marsh piezometers, marsh wells and seepage meters) that were enriched in Ra by one to two orders of magnitude relative to surface waters. In particular, a permeable layer at 80 cm depth in the surrounding marsh is considered to be representative of the most likely SGD source, although similar radium activities were measured in other subtidal porewater samples collected in the Isola La Cura area. The estimated SGD flux to the study area ranged from 1 · 109 to 6 · 109 L·d− 1, the same order of magnitude as the overall riverine input to the lagoon (3 · 109 L·d− 1). A major fraction of this SGD flux is likely recirculated seawater, as evidenced by the endmember salinity. The water residence time of 2 days was estimated by both using the shortest-lived radium isotope and estimating the volume of water exchanged between the lagoon and the open sea during a tidal cycle (tidal prism approach). This SGD flux could be used to estimate the input of other chemical species (metals, nutrients, etc.) via SGD which might affect the Venice Lagoon ecosystem.  相似文献   

18.
Mussel farming is considered a viable means for reducing coastal eutrophication. This study assessed the importance of bioturbation by recolonizing fauna for benthic solute fluxes and porewater distributions in manipulated mussel farm sediments. Three consecutive time-series flux incubations were performed during an experimental period of three weeks in sieved farm sediment treated with the brittle star Amphiura filiformis and the polychaete Nephtys sp. The functional behavior of Nephtys sp. and interactions between Nephtys sp. and the spontaneously colonizing spionid Malacoceros fuliginosus determined the biogeochemical response in the Nephtys sp. treatment. For example, the oxic zone was restricted and benthic nitrate and silicate fluxes were reduced compared to the brittle star treatment. A. filiformis seemed to enhance the bioadvective solute transport, although an increased supply of oxygen was due to the highly reducing conditions of the sediment mainly seen as secondary effects related to porewater distributions and benthic nutrient fluxes.  相似文献   

19.
 Sedimentological studies were undertaken in the Dry Tortugas to examine environmental influences on the formation of sedimentary fabric. 234Th, 210Pb, grain size, porosity, and fabric analyses reveal the presence of a soft, fine-grained, well mixed surface layer underlain by compact, shelly, intensely bioturbated carbonate muds. Vertical zonation of biogenic structures indicates that deep bioturbation is advective and results in transport of fine material to the seabed surface. The impact of physical oceanographic processes appears to be restricted to the surface layer; however, potential for preservation of this layer in the sediment record is low due to intense mixing in deeper sediments. Thus, preserved sediments retain an incomplete record of the dominant benthic processes at the study area.  相似文献   

20.
The RaDeCC™ system has proved to be a robust method of measuring 223Ra and 224Ra extracted from natural waters. Samples ranging in size from < 1 to > 1000 L are first concentrated onto Mn-fiber. The Mn-fiber is partially dried and placed into a circulation system with helium as the carrier gas. Alpha decays of the radon daughters of 223Ra and 224Ra are recorded in a scintillation cell. These data are used to activate electronic gates in the delayed coincidence system, which separate events due to 223Ra from those due to 224Ra. The system combines a high detection efficiency with low background to accurately measure 223Ra and 224Ra at concentrations on the order of 5 atoms per liter. Since this system was first deployed, numerous improvements in electronics and technique have occurred. In this paper I present tests we have conducted to confirm certain assumptions and improve the overall technique of sample collection and measurement.  相似文献   

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