共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
近年来,国际上和国内相继出现了一个流行的说法:由于中东水资源短缺和人口迅速增长,各国间水资源矛盾日趋尖锐,因而很可能在不久的将来因争夺水资源而爆发战争。该种说法值得商榷。对两河流域和有关各国的水资源现状和近年来该地区地缘政治的一些方面进行了具体分析,指出:有关各国的水资源并不十分短缺,而且存在着节水的巨大潜力；有关各国将会在水资源上继续采取合作和妥协的态度,不会使矛盾激化到为此而发生战争的程度。 相似文献
2.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF HYDROPOLITICS: THE GEOGRAPHICAL SCALES OF WATER AND SECURITY IN THE INDUS BASIN* 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Daanish Mustafa 《Geographical review》2007,97(4):484-501
ABSTRACT. The article identifies important themes and future research directions for analyzing water and conflict dynamics at the subnational scale in the Indus Basin. A historical overview of water development in the Indus Basin suggests that the water‐security nexus was always a salient theme in the minds of water developers, even in the nineteenth century. Conflicts over contemporary large‐scale water‐development projects in the Indian and Pakistani parts of the Indus Basin are reviewed. Engineers' single‐minded focus on megaprojects, to the neglect of the wider set of values that societies attach to water resources in the eastern and western Indus Basin are largely to blame for continuing low‐grade conflict in the basin. A review of local‐level conflicts over water supply and sanitation in Karachi and the distribution of irrigation water in Pakistani Punjab illustrates the critical role of governance and differential social power relations in accentuating conflict. The article argues against neo‐Malthusian assumptions about the inevitability of conflict over water because of its future absolute scarcity. Instead, the article seeks to demonstrate that, despite evidence suggesting that international armed conflict over water does not exist, the potential for political instability over domestic water distribution and development issues is real. The question of whether conflict at the subnational scale will culminate in violence will depend on how water‐resources institutions in the basin behave. 相似文献
3.
尼罗河水资源与水冲突 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
自从阿斯旺高坝建成以来的30年间，尼罗河水资源供需矛盾继续存在。第一期琼格莱工程搁置，使尼罗河增水计划在可预见的未来难以实现。流域各国之间水冲突时有发生，构成影响东北非洲地区政局稳定的不容忽视的因素。有关各国在流域合作框架内，通过平等协商，努力减少矛盾和冲突，是唯一正确的选择。 相似文献
4.
Munther J. Haddadin 《The Geographical journal》2002,168(4):324-340
Water resources occupy an important role in the bilateral negotiations of the Middle East peace process. This paper mentions the conflicting water plans for the utilization of the Jordan basin by Arabs and Israelis, and describes the issues that are to be handled in the process of peacemaking. It defines the water issues between Israel and each of its neighbouring entities: Jordan, the Palestinians, Syria and Lebanon, and reviews what has been addressed in the peace negotiations thus far. A more detailed review is made of the negotiation tracks where progress was made, and a less detailed review is made of the negotiations that settled the water dispute between Jordan and Israel. The paper alludes to the claims of water wars in the region and provides evidence that water has not been a catalyst for war in the Middle East. It also proposes some topics for research that can be of interest to alleviate water shortage. 相似文献
5.
A. P. Demin 《Geography and Natural Resources》2016,37(3):181-191
The role of East, South and Central Asia in the world development is shown. The current per capita availability of water resources is calculated for the countries of the region. It is found that on the whole for the territory under investigation the availability of water resources is more than twice as small as the world’s average indicator and that more than 1.5 billion people live in conditions of water stress and deficit. It is pointed out that by the year 2010 more than 70% of the population lived in conditions of high pressure on water resources, and 225 million people lived under very high and critical water stress conditions. The current pattern of water use in the countries of Asia is calculated, the dominant role of the agrarian sector is identified. An analysis is made of the measures for increasing the water availability level of the population and the economy: an increase in agricultural productivity of water resources, waste water reuse, use of saline waters, and the construction of reservoirs. Attention is given to an active construction of dams by China in the upper reaches of the Mekong which is causing distrust and tension in downstream countries. Statistical data on cooperation and conflicts in international basins of Asia is reported. It is shown that in the 20 th century the basins of the Indus and Ganges rivers experienced the largest number of water conflicts as compared to all the international basins of the world; information regarding an acute struggle for water resources in Central Asia is also provided. It is concluded that in view of an ever increasing deficit of water resources, cooperation is the only alternative for Asian countries. 相似文献
6.
中亚五国在咸海流域水资源分配与利用上的矛盾,随着社会经济发展对水资源需求的增加而变得日益突出,探寻各国对咸海流域水资源利用的策略,对中亚地区水资源合理分配、可持续发展和地区安全至关重要。运用博弈论方法,分析中亚各国对咸海流域水资源的分配诉求及水政策,梳理各国在咸海流域水资源问题上的合作历程,探讨中亚各国在水资源问题上采取不同策略的利弊得失。认为目前咸海流域利益得不到协调使中亚各国深陷水资源分配困局,“协调博弈”是当前令咸海流域水资源问题走出“囚徒困境”的首选,将会获得最佳报酬。各国相互信任、转变观念,以利益分配取代水量分配,实现真正意义上的国家间合作,才能从根本上解决流域水资源分配与利用的困局。 相似文献
7.
Management of transboundary water resources: lessons from international cooperation for conflict prevention 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Tensions over freshwater resources may become more frequent as pressures on water resources grow due to increased demand and variability of rainfall. Conflicts may take place between or within countries or between competing sectoral users. This paper focuses on institutional approaches for enhancing cooperation between countries for sustainable development of transboundary freshwater bodies and contributing basins. It is assumed that instead of being zones of conflict, shared water resources can provide a basis for cooperation and benefit–sharing provided that threats to the international waters are recognized and collaborative structures are created. The paper draws upon experiences gained within the international waters focal area of the Global Environment Facility, the main funding mechanism for countries to support the environmental management of transboundary water resources. Lessons for promoting peaceful cooperation for environmental management, benefit–sharing and sustainable use of transboundary freshwater resources are highlighted through examples from Africa, Central Asia and Latin America. Experience shows the importance of processes that bring together all sectors and actors whose actions affect the transboundary waterbody at regional, national and local levels. The development of a science–based diagnostic analysis is essential to identify the threats to the transboundary ecosystem and to break down the issues into manageable parts with the aim of developing a strategic action programme. Ensuring political commitment that can result in institutional, policy and legal reforms in the countries concerned is the key to sustainable development of the transboundary resource. 相似文献
8.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(8):15-28
Abstract Because of their widespread application and increasing frequency, guerrilla wars seem clearly to have replaced the historic pattern of conflict (fighting) between standing armies. In fact, today national and international politics appear to be divided between strategies based upon the long-range use of nuclear weapons and large national armies, and the use of small force, low cost guerrilla wars. For these reasons, if for no others, it is time to bring the study of guerrilla war into a more explicit role in our teaching and to study and demonstrate those features that are clearly geographic and which we as geographers can analyze and even predict in their impact on the outcome of such conflicts. The following simulation-game is designed to accomplish these objectives. 相似文献
9.
土地利用变化引发的水资源问题往往成为跨界流域各国矛盾的焦点,如何充分考虑跨界流域的特殊性和复杂性,对土地利用变化研究提出了新的要求。本文利用 MODIS产品提取了伊犁河流域2001-2009年土地利用数据,划分流域的产水/耗水区,结合流域跨界特点分析其土地利用变化特征。研究时段内,伊犁河流域土地利用以农田和天然植被为主,农田总面积有所下降,天然植被面积基本稳定。其中上中游产水区林地出现萎缩,草地面积增幅较大;中游水库耗水区内农田大幅度转化为天然植被;下游三角洲耗水区土地利用开发受限,人类干预程度下降。产流区内中国农田面积相对境外持续增加,而天然植被面积相对境外则持续缩小。受制度影响,哈萨克斯坦境内土地利用变化波动明显,中国境内土地利用变化幅度相对稳定。 相似文献
10.
Marco P Maneta Purnendu N Singh Marcelo Torres Wesley W Wallender Stephen A Vosti Lineu N Rodrigues Luis H Bassoi Julie A Young 《Area》2009,41(1):94-106
Reducing poverty in rural areas of developing countries requires sustained and sustainable increases in agricultural water productivity. However, aside from traditional measures of precipitation, little is known about water available to farmers or how productively they use it. We present a crop-water productivity index (a ratio of the value of annual crop production to a dimensionless potential water availability index) for large water basins using readily available low-resolution data. The index is transferable, permits direct inter-basin comparisons, and is simple to calculate. We calculate the index for each municipality in the São Francisco river basin in Brazil. No clear patterns linking water availability and value of agricultural output are evident, even though clusters of municípios with high- and low-crop-water productivity emerge, and the former may be useful in guiding policies aimed at increasing water productivity. Finally, analyses of the effects of information uncertainty on the crop-water productivity index suggest that the returns to agricultural investments in certain places in the São Francisco river basin are more risky than others. Improvements in data quality and quantity can help refine estimates of the index and reduce their uncertainty. 相似文献
11.
在全球变化与“一带一路”倡议的背景下,中南半岛水资源及未来社会不同情景下的水资源特征广受关注,但该区域缺乏基础的水资源系统性研究,急需开展相应的工作。本文通过对前人研究的梳理与总结,利用基于GIS的流域地形划分方法对中南半岛水资源进行分区。研究结果表明：① 中南半岛水资源区可划分为7个水资源一级区、17个水资源二级区和138个水资源三级区。其中7个水资源一级区均为国际流域,中南半岛流域管理需要各国的协力配合与统筹规划。② 水资源三级分区中山区单元有87个,面积约为115.412 万km2,占陆地总面积的60%。平原单元51个,面积约为77.915 万km2,占陆地总面积的40%。山区与平原面积之比为1.48,山区单元主要集中在流域的中上游,平原单元主要集中在流域下游以及沿海地区。研究结果可以服务于中南半岛五国水资源评价与水资源开发利用,为区域内国际河流的科学调控与利益共享提供有效参考。 相似文献
12.
Ding Dengshan Bao Haosheng Department of Urban Resources Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing People''s Republic of China 《地理学报(英文版)》1997,(4)
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13.
全球暖化背景下,发源于“亚洲水塔”的国际河流水文特征的改变加剧了区域内地缘关系的紧张性,致使周边国家间地缘关系备受关注。利用新闻大数据GDELT中的合作与冲突事件表征国家间的合作与冲突关系,对1992—2018年“亚洲水塔”周边国家间地缘关系网络演化进行研究,结果表明：①研究期内,“亚洲水塔”周边国家间的地缘关系愈加紧密,区域地缘关系网络趋于稳态。②国家间合作网络逐渐呈以中国为中心的放射形结构,巴基斯坦是区域冲突网络的核心,区域内合作与冲突水平极化现象凸显。③周边国家间地缘关系互动的对等反应特征明显,地缘关系模式的演化表现出一定的时空惯性。④国际贸易格局的改变、地缘政治环境的变化、水资源战略价值重构以及地缘文化因素的潜在作用共同推动了“亚洲水塔”周边国家地缘关系网络的演化。 相似文献
14.
Longitudinal valleys form first order topographic features in many mountain belts. They are commonly located along faults that separate tectonic zones with varying uplift histories. The Indus Valley of Ladakh, northern India, runs northwestwards following the boundary between the relatively undeformed Ladakh Batholith to the north–east and the folded and thrusted Zanskar mountains to the south–west. In this region the Shyok Valley, on the northern side of the batholith, approximately parallels the course of the Indus. This study investigates geomorphic variations in transverse catchments that drain the Ladakh Batholith, into the Indus and Shyok rivers. The batholith has been divided into three zones based on varying structural characteristics of its northeastern and southwestern boundaries. Morphometric analysis of 62 catchments that drain into the Indus and Shyok valleys was carried out using three digital datasets, and supported by field observations. Morphometric asymmetry is evident in the central zone where the Shyok valley is considered tectonically inactive, but the Indus Valley is bound by the northeastwardly thrusting Indus Molasse and the batholith. In this zone the catchments that drain into the Indus Valley are more numerous, shorter, thinner and have lower hypsometric integrals than those that drain into the Shyok. By linking these observations with the regional geology and thermochronological data it is proposed that high sediment discharge from the deformed Indus Molasse Indus Valley has progressively raised base levels in the Indus Valley and resulted in sediment blanketing of the opposing tectonically quiescent catchments that drain southwestwards off the batholith. The Indus Molasse thrust front has propagated at least 36 km towards the Ladakh Batholith over the last 20 Ma. Hence it is proposed that this long term asymmetric structural deformation and exhumation has forced the Indus longitudinal valley laterally into the Ladakh Batholith resulting in the morphometric asymmetry of its transverse catchments. 相似文献
15.
基于MODIS数据的无定河流域蒸散模拟 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
利用黄土高原无定河流域水文气象资料、MODIS数据及GIS背景信息,应用分布式生态水文模型（VIP模型）,按250m空间分辨率模拟了该流域水量平衡各分量的时空分布。结果表明:20002003年无定河流域年蒸散量分别为300 mm、397 mm、460 mm和443 mm;流域蒸散有明显的由南向北,由东到西的梯度递减特征,降水量和地表植被覆盖度的差异是其空间变异的主要因素;蒸腾与蒸发空间分异显著,但两者的变化相互补偿,降低了蒸散的空间变异性。整个流域平均而言,不同植被类型间的年蒸散总量差异不明显。白家川等9个子流域年蒸散量的模拟结果与水量平衡法估计结果具有较好的一致性。 相似文献
16.
黑河流域典型区土地利用格局变化及影响比较 总被引：28，自引：4，他引：24
在黑河流域选择两个典型区域进行土地利用变化的空间差异与影响的对比研究,利用20世纪60年代以来的三期遥感数据,通过定量表征指标体系,对比分析了两个区域不同空间土地利用格局变化和土地利用类型变化的分异特征,定量评价了土地利用变化对不同区域绿洲系统的稳定性和水资源空间分配的影响。结果表明：过去35年来两个对比区域不同的土地利用格局变化,形成了显著的绿洲沿河流的溯源迁移和以基于下游老绿洲的渐进性绿洲外围拓展两种不同模式,前者导致流域水资源过度集中消耗于流域上游和源区,中下游水资源可利用量急剧减少,在35年间下游荒漠化土地增加了85.1%,灌溉绿洲萎缩了25.5%;后者则不同,水资源利用量的空间配置在区域下游具有小幅度集中,区域绿洲系统整体的稳定性较高。从流域整体的水土相互关系出发,合理规划干旱内陆流域土地利用模式和空间土地资源配置,对于促进流域整体的可持续发展具有重要意义。 相似文献
17.
刘诗嵩 《云南地理环境研究》1996,8(2):4-7
澜沧江──湄公河是亚洲一条重要的国际河流，它连接中国、缅甸、老挝、泰国、柬埔寨和越南等６国。最近一些年，流域各国的经济先后开始高速发展，成为国际投资的热点之一，流域各国也在寻求建立次区域经济合作的途径。亚洲开发银行拟订了在这一次区域进行大规模基础设施建设的计划。本文着重介绍中国云南省在这一次区域经济合作与开发中的行动。 相似文献
18.
An assessment of socioeconomic-environmental vulnerability of the ten major river basins in the Monsoon Asia-Pacific region was performed. The rivers include Indus, Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM), Irrawaddy, Salween, Chao Phraya, Mekong, Red River, Pearl River, Yangtze and Yellow River. The study looked at a combination of various issues, usually investigated in isolation from each other, on a sub-continental scale by using the river basins as the geographical entities for the study. The analysis was conducted by using various geospatial databases including data on nature and environment, demography, governance, water scarcity as well as social and economic development. A vulnerability profile for each of the river basins was produced by using two different approaches. We found that the South Asian basins (Indus and GBM) appeared essentially more vulnerable than the other investigated basins. The other basins are roughly at the same vulnerability level, but their vulnerability profiles differ substantially. The Chinese basins and the Red River are particularly vulnerable to environmental factors. The weak points of Irrawaddy and Salween are in the hazards and economic development, whereas the former is a challenge to Mekong as well. Only Indus and Yellow River suffer from considerable water scarcity. The other basins except GBM are relatively well-off with the social matters. A transparent and pragmatic river basin vulnerability assessment approach was developed, which can be used in any large river basin of the world, producing intercomparable results. The approach allows further decoupling of the used indices in the case of more specific and targeted analyses without losing the comparability of the overall results. 相似文献
19.
结合研究期内热点地缘事件,利用GDELT数据库中新闻事件数、平均语调值及戈登斯坦分值分析南海周边主要国家地缘关系时序演化,并根据合作和冲突事件探讨地缘关系网络结构特征。结果表明：1）1997—2020年,美国提出“重返亚太”和“南海仲裁案”的结束成为整个时期内的两大标志性事件,分别以2009和2016年为时间节点,将南海周边主要国家地缘关系划分为特征差异显著的3个阶段。2）在第一阶段（1997—2008年）,各国保持稳定关注,和平发展成为主旋律,地缘关系相对缓和平稳;到第二阶段（2009—2015年）,稳定与不安因素此消彼长,地缘关系动荡,消极态势初显;进入第三阶段（2016—2020年）,各国间仍保持高位关注,但争端对抗充斥不断,地缘关系亟需维护缓和。3）中国在前个两阶段主要扮演合作与冲突事件接受国角色,从第三阶段起发起的合作事件明显增多,节点加权出入度显著增大;而中国、美国、越南和菲律宾在网络结构中相对活跃,尤其在冲突平均网络中经历了“中―美―越”到“中―菲―美―越”再到“中―菲―美”小团体组合过程;印度尼西亚和马来西亚在区域中与他国联系有所下降;文莱以接受合作或冲突事件为主,与他国地缘关系稳定。 相似文献