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1.
A new method to determine semi-analytical solutions of one-dimensional contaminant transport problem with nonlinear sorption is described. This method is based on operator splitting approach where the convective transport is solved exactly and the diffusive transport by finite volume method. The exact solutions for all sorption isotherms of Freundlich and Langmuir type are presented for the case of piecewise constant initial profile and zero diffusion. Very precise numerical results for transport with small diffusion can be obtained even for larger time steps (e.g., when the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition failed).  相似文献   

2.
非平衡-非线性吸附情况下填埋场污染物运移分析   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
栾茂田  张金利  杨庆 《岩土力学》2004,25(12):1855-1861
采用Langmuir等温吸附线方程描述非线性吸附性能, 基于改进的混合元方法，通过数值计算与分析，探讨了非平衡吸附条件下污染物运移过程及其机理。计算结果表明: 当考虑非平衡、非线性吸附性能时, 污染物穿透曲线即浓度的时程变化曲线尖锐而狭窄、峰值点前移, “拖长尾”现象不明显, 由此说明，土颗粒对污染物的非平衡、非线性吸附使得污染物的穿透能力增强, 滞留能力下降。进一步的变动参数比较分析表明：Langmuir等温线方程中的参数B、压实粘土衬里的渗透性及地下水渗流速度对污染物运移过程具有显著的影响。  相似文献   

3.
In this research, the equilibrium sorption of Zn(II) and Cu(II) by kaolinite was explained using the Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherms, via both linear and non-linear regression analyses. In the case of non-linear regression method, the best-fitting model was evaluated using six different error functions, namely coefficient of determination (r 2), hybrid fractional error function (HYBRID), Marquardt’s percent standard deviation (MPSD), average relative error (ARE), sum of the errors squared (SSE) and sum of the absolute errors (EABS). The examination of error estimation methods showed that the Langmuir model provides the best fit for the experimental equilibrium data for both linear and non-linear regression analyses. The SSE function was found to be a better option to minimize the error distribution between the experimental equilibrium data and predicted two-parameter isotherms. In the case of three-parameter isotherm, HYBRID was found to be the best error function to minimize the error distribution structure between experimental equilibrium data and theoretical isotherms. Non-linear method was found to be more appropriate method for estimating the isotherm parameters.  相似文献   

4.
CCL吸附特性及孔隙率降低对污染物运移的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
张金利  栾茂田  杨庆 《岩土力学》2008,29(5):1181-1187
假定孔隙均匀地分布于土体的物质空间内和土骨架对污染物的吸附特性服从平衡线性,对基本体积质量关系进行分析,提出了由于土体对污染物的吸附而引起的孔隙率降低的估算公式。在考虑土体孔隙率变化的条件下,建立了污染物一维运移的控制方程,并考虑垃圾生物降解效应、压实黏土衬里（CCL）防渗层、下覆有限厚度含水层等实际情况,确定了初始条件和边界条件。对所建立的初边值问题进行了数值求解,且对某假想填埋场情况进行了变动参数与对比计算,结果表明,由于土颗粒对污染物的吸附所引起的孔隙率降低,显著地降低了污染物对压实黏土衬里的穿透能力。与常孔隙率情况相比,CCL中污染物的峰值浓度降低近10 %,含水层中污染物浓度降低更显著。当考虑土体孔隙率变化时,弥散对污染物运移具有控制作用,分布系数对污染物的运移具有重要影响。  相似文献   

5.
The potential effect of urban particulate matter (PM) accumulation on metal sorption onto two contrasting soils (Chernozem and Fluvisol) was investigated in a batch sorption experiment. While the Freundlich isotherms did not indicate any effect of PM addition to the soils, the Langmuir isotherm allowed us to estimate the potential behaviour of the PM in the soil. The PM added to the Chernozem did not lead to substantial changes in sorption of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. On the contrary, the presence of PM in the Fluvisol increased the number of potential sorption sites in the soil. However, the results of the approximation showed a lower affinity of Cd, Mn and Ni for the Fluvisol and a better stability and a lower bioavailability of these elements in the Chernozem. In the case of Pb and Cu, no significant changes were observed in PM-enriched soils regardless of the soil properties.  相似文献   

6.
The present study deals with removal of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol (4C2NP) as a model contaminant from pharmaceutical and pesticide industries using titanium dioxide nanoparticles as an adsorbent. 4C2NP is recalcitrant and persistent toward biodegradation and its generation in aqueous environment during formulation, distribution and field application of pesticides is often unavoidable. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of contact time, nano-titanium dioxide dosage, initial pH, initial 4C2NP concentration and temperature on adsorption efficiency. The results showed that the adsorption capacity was increased with increasing 4C2NP concentration and temperature. Optimum conditions for 4C2NP adsorption were found to be initial pH????2, nano-titanium dioxide dosage????0.01?g/250?mL and equilibrium time????1?h. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles recorded a maximum capacity of 86.3?mg/g at optimal conditions. The linear correlation coefficients of Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were obtained. The results revealed that the Freundlich isotherm fitted the experimental data better than the other isotherm models.  相似文献   

7.
The most appropriate method in designing the adsorption systems and assessing the performance of the adsorption systems is to have an idea on adsorption isotherms. Comparison analysis of linear least square method and nonlinear method for estimating the isotherm parameters was made using the experimental equilibrium data of Zn(II) and Cu(II) onto kaolinite. Equilibrium data were fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, and Redlich–Peterson isotherm equations. In order to confirm the best-fit isotherms for the adsorption system, the data set using the chi-square (χ 2), combined with the values of the determined coefficient (r 2) was analyzed. Nonlinear method was found to be a more appropriate method for estimating the isotherm parameters. The best fitting isotherm was the Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherm. The Redlich–Peterson is a special case of Langmuir when the Redlich–Peterson isotherm constant g was unity. The sorption capacity of kaolinite to uptake metal ions in the increasing order was given by Cu (4.2721 mg/g)?<?Zn (4.6710 mg/g).  相似文献   

8.
污灌土壤对铅的吸附和解吸特性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了解污灌土壤对铅的吸附-解吸机制,进行不同条件下的吸附-解吸试验。结果表明：污灌土壤对铅的吸附量随铅初始浓度的增大,呈现先强烈吸附再缓和的过程。Langmuir模式对污灌土壤等温吸附铅的拟合效果最好,其饱和吸附量为7.84 mg/g。亚砷酸盐的存在会阻碍污灌土壤对Pb2+的吸附,亚砷酸盐加入前后污灌土壤对铅的吸附率从99.9％～100％下降到97.8％～99.0％。加亚砷酸盐条件下污灌土壤对铅的等温吸附模式以Freundlich模式的拟合效果最好。污灌土壤对吸附态铅的解吸量随解吸振荡时间的延长而不断增加,且解吸率随时间增加总体趋于降低。Elovich方程和幂函数方程均能很好地拟合污灌土壤对铅的解吸动力学过程,尤其是Elovich方程的拟合效果最为显著。  相似文献   

9.
 A surficial clay aquitard extends through the urban area where Mexico City is located. It has been assumed to function as a protective layer to the underlying aquifer that provides 42 m3/s out of 63 m3/s of water used by 18 million inhabitants. To provide such protection, the aquitard must be impermeable to water flow and, ideally, have a significant capacity to sorb contaminants. The latter aspect was addressed, studying the vertical variability of sorption of perchloroethylene (PCE), a widely used organic compound considered to pose health risks in groundwater. Batch sorption tests were used and the clay-rich strata in the depth interval from 8 to 75 m were studied. The results suggest that sorption depends mainly on the fraction of organic carbon (foc) present in the clayey materials. The sorption data were fit to the linear and Freundlich models; many strata could be fit well by either model, while some strata were distinctly non-linear. The linear isotherms showed a mean value of 32.8 ml/g, and the Freundlich isotherm 96.6 ml/g, confirming that the clay-rich media have significant sorption capacity for PCE. From the environmental perspective the clay-rich materials are serving as protection to the groundwater system. Received: 2 November 1998 · Accepted: 15 February 1999  相似文献   

10.
A chelating resin is prepared by condensation polymerization of aniline with formaldehyde and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis and studied for the preconcentration and determination of trace Molybdate ion from environmental water sample using inductive couple plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The optimum pH value for sorption of the metal ion was 5. The sorption capacity of functionalized resin is 3.1 mg/g. The chelating sorbent can be reused for 20 cycles of sorption-desorption without any significant change in sorption capacity. The best desorption of the metal ions from resin was obtained by 0.5 mol/L nitric acid as eluting agent. The profile of molybdenum uptake on this sorbent reflects good accessibility of the chelating sites in the aniline-formaldehyde. Scatchard analysis revealed that the homogeneous binding sites were formed in the polymers. The equilibrium adsorption data of Molybdate ion modified resin were analyzed by five isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. Langmuir isotherm parameters obtained from the four Langmuir linear equations by using linear method. Based on the Langmuir isotherm analysis, the monolayer adsorption capacity was determined to be 4.03 mg/g at 20 °C. The method was applied for molybdenum ions determination from river water sample.  相似文献   

11.
采用Tween80溶液冲洗修复萘污染地下水,分析了Tween80溶液质量浓度和冲洗流速对修复效果的影响,并考察了Tween80溶液对萘的增溶效果及对萘在介质上吸附特性的影响。结果表明：萘和Tween80在中砂介质上的吸附分别符合线性吸附和F型吸附;Tween80增溶萘效果较好,10.0 g/L Tween80溶液中,萘的表观溶解度达到500 mg/L,约为水相饱和溶解度的17倍;确定Tween80洗脱萘的临界解吸质量浓度为2.0 g/L;不同质量浓度、不同冲洗流速修复萘污染地下水实验结果表明,10.0 g/L Tween80溶液、3.0 mL/min流速为最佳冲洗修复参数,萘的去除率达到90%以上。  相似文献   

12.
Pollutant transport through porous geological materials depends on the intrinsic characteristics of the materials that define the sorption behavior. This is the main environmental aspect that must be evaluated in terms of natural attenuation and retardation factor of the pollutants. Sorption is directly related to the electrostatic charge of the mineral, the organic matter, and the oxide and hydroxide contents. We assessed the sorption characteristics of the sandy residual unconsolidated material of the Botucatu Formation, which is part of the main aquifer of Brazil, using Batch Equilibrium Tests. The tests used multicomponent solutions of NaCl, KCl, ZnCl2, and CuCl2·H2O with a total concentration that varied from 20 to 1,000 ppm. Different plotting systems were applied so that the isotherms better reflected the sorption behavior of the studied cations onto the unconsolidated materials. The cation Na+ was not sorbed. The Langmuir I and Freundlich equations adequately represent the behavior of Cu++, the Langmuir II approximation better represented K+, and the Langmuir I and Freundlich equations were reasonably fitted Zn++.  相似文献   

13.
Sorption and desorption behavior of lead on a Chinese kaolin   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The sorption and desorption of Pb on kaolin from Suzhou, China were investigated. The sorption experiment was conducted in a 0.01 M NaNO3 aqueous solution with respect to the effects of initial Pb concentration, pH, solid/solution ratio, and temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich models well described equilibrium isotherms of Pb sorption. Less than 5% of Pb sorbed was desorbed with 0.01 M NaNO3 extraction, suggesting a dominant specific sorption of Pb. As the initial pH increased, the sorption of Pb on the kaolin increased. More than 60% of Pb was sorbed at pH 2.69 far below the point of zero net charge of the kaolin at 4.2, indicating a mechanism of Pb inner-sphere complex or by chemisorption. Lead sorption decreased with increasing temperature, indicating a process of exothermic sorption.  相似文献   

14.
The adsorption of methyl tert-butyl ether by granular activated carbon was investigated. The experimental data were analyzed using the Freundlich isotherm and the Langmuir isotherm. Although equilibrium data were found to follow Freundlich isotherm model, it were fitted better by the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 204.1 mg/g. The kinetic data obtained at different concentrations were analyzed to predict the constant rate of adsorption using three common kinetic models: pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order equation and intraparticle diffusion equation. The pseudo-second-order model was suitable for describing the adsorption kinetics for the removal of methyl tert-butyl ether from aqueous solution onto granular activated carbon. Both the Lagergren first-order rate constant k 1 and pseudo-second-order rate constant k 2 decrease with increasing initial concentrations of methyl tert-butyl ether and the intraparticle diffusion rate constant k p shows the reverse characteristic. Analysis of sorption data using a boyd plot confirmed that external mass transfer is the main rate-limiting step at the initial stage of adsorption. Results illustrate that granular activated carbon is an effective adsorbent for methyl tert-butyl ether and also provide specific guidance into adsorption of methyl tert-butyl ether on granular activated carbon in contaminated groundwater.  相似文献   

15.
Sorption of radionuclides onto stable colloids can significantly enhance their transport in groundwater. Batch adsorption studies were performed to evaluate the influence of various experimental parameters like initial pH, contact time, temperature and concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ ions on the sorption of Cs on clay. The sorption process is dependent on pH of the solution with distribution coefficient (K d) found to increase with increase in pH. The kinetic experiments were carried out at different temperatures, and the results have shown that the sorption process fits well into a pseudo-second-order mechanism with apparent activation energy of 45.7?kJ/mol. The rate constant was found to decrease with increase in temperature. The thermodynamic parameters such as ?G 0, ?H 0 and ?S 0 were calculated. The negative value of ?H 0 indicates that the reaction is exothermic. The negative values obtained for ?G 0 indicated that the sorption of cesium on clay was spontaneous at all studied concentrations. The distribution coefficient was found to decrease with increasing concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ ions. The cesium sorption data were fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherms. The values of Langmuir separation factor (R L) indicate a favorable Cs adsorption. The values of mean free energy of sorption (E) at various temperatures ranged from 10.5 to 11.1?kJ/mol, which indicates that the sorption process follows chemisorption.  相似文献   

16.
The use of organoclays as adsorbents in the remediation of polluted water has been the subject of many recent studies. In this present work, a Tunisian smectite modified by two cationic surfactants was used as a sorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic parameters of nitrate ions at various contact time, initial concentrations and temperatures. Two simplified kinetic models, first-order and second-order, were used to predict the adsorption constants. It was found that the adsorption kinetics of nitrate was best described by the second-order model. Adsorption isotherms and equilibrium adsorption capacities were determined by the fittings of the experimental data to two well-known isotherm models including Langmuir and Freundlich. The results showed that Langmuir model appears to fit the adsorption better than Freundlich model. The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters, such as the change of free energy, enthalpy and entropy.  相似文献   

17.
The sorption of lead (II) and cadmium (II) on seven shales belonging to the Proterozoic Vindhyan basin, central India, and a black cotton soil, Mumbai, India, was studied and compared with sorbent geochemistry. The sorption equilibrium studies were conducted under completely mixed conditions in batch reactors (pH=5.0 and ionic strength= 0.01 M) at room temperature. The Freundlich model provided better fits to the experimental data compared to Langmuir model. High cadmium and lead sorption was observed for the calcareous shales with greater than 5% CaCO3. The Freundlich isotherm parameter relating to sorption capacity, i.e., KF, yielded a strong correlation with the calcium carbonate and calcium oxide content across the various geosorbents studied. The observed sorption pattern may be attributed to complex formation of CaCO3 with Pb2+ and Cd2+ leading to surface precipitation. Moreover, the Ca2+ present in the sorbents may also involve in ion exchange reaction with lead and cadmium.  相似文献   

18.
In this paper, the sorption of uranium onto nanoporous silica adsorbent in the presence of nitrate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride and phosphate was studied. The effect of contact time between the nanoporous sorbent and aqueous solution, pH and initial concentration of uranium was also investigated. Uranium sorption onto nanoporous silica adsorbent is a very fast process as sorption rate increases with pH increment. Optimum pH for uranium sorption was 4?C8. Experimental sorption isotherm is successfully described by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results obtained by batch experiments showed that the presence of high concentration of nitrate, sulfate, chloride and phosphate anions alone had no interference with uranium recovery. However, the presence of fluoride ions (>250?mg/L) decreases uranium sorption by about 55?%. The results also showed that the presence of phosphate ions (about 300?mg/L) in solution could remove fluoride interference completely. Finally, the efficiency of the nanoporous silica adsorbent for uranium recovery from wastewater of the uranium conversion facility was investigated.  相似文献   

19.
Leonardite, a by-product from coal mines, was applied to adsorb Cd(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solutions. Individual and simultaneous adsorptions of the two metal ions were investigated. In a single-component adsorption system, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were fitted to the adsorption data. Linear and nonlinear regression methods were used for the assessment of the optimum adsorption isotherm. Error functions including root-mean-square error, sum of the squares of the errors, mean absolute percentage error, Marquardt’s percent standard deviation (MPSD), and Chi-square were applied in the nonlinear regression. The most suitable model for the adsorption of Cd(II) and Zn(II) in the single system is the Freundlich isotherm. The isotherm parameters calculated by MPSD provided the lowest sum of normalized error (SNE) value. The adsorption capacity was found to be 23.89 mg/g for Cd(II) and 16.86 mg/g for Zn(II). It was observed that the adsorption of Cd(II) on leonardite is greater than that of Zn(II). For binary component adsorption systems, Cd(II) and Zn(II) showed antagonistic behavior. The presence of the other metal ions could decrease the amount of metal adsorbed. Binary adsorption of Cd(II) and Zn(II) was tested with regard to four multi-component isotherms: Extended Langmuir, Modified Langmuir, Sheindorf–Rebuhn–Sheintuch, and Extended Freundlich. The Extended Freundlich isotherm proved to be a good fit for the experimental data.  相似文献   

20.
Biosorption is a promising technology for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastes and effluents. In the present study, biosorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ onto the dried biomass of Eucheuma denticulatum (Rhodophyte) was investigated as a function of solution pH, contact time, temperature and initial metal ion concentration. The experimental data were evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. The sorption isotherm data followed Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the maximum Langmuir monolayer biosorption capacity was found as 81.97, 66.23, 51.02 and 43.48 mg g?1 for Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+, respectively. The sorption kinetic data followed pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Thermodynamic study revealed feasible, spontaneous and endothermic nature of the sorption process. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed the presence of amine, aliphatic, carboxylate, carboxyl, sulfonate and ether groups in the cell wall matrix involved in metal biosorption process. A total of nine error functions were applied in order to evaluate the best-fitting models. We strongly suggest the analysis of error functions for evaluating the fitness of the isotherm and kinetic models. The present work shows that E. denticulatum can be a promising low-cost biosorbent for removal of the experimental heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Further study is warranted to evaluate its potential for the removal of heavy metals from the real environment.  相似文献   

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