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1.
Strong-motion networks have been operating in the Caribbean region since the 1970s, however, until the mid-1990s only a few analogue stations were operational and the quantity of data recorded was very low. Since the mid-1990s, digital accelerometric networks have been established on islands within the region. At present there are thought to be about 160 stations operating in this region with a handful on Cuba, 65 on the French Antilles (mainly Guadeloupe and Martinique), eight on Jamaica, 78 on Puerto Rico (plus others on adjacent islands) and four on Trinidad.After briefly summarising the available data from the Caribbean islands, this article is mainly concerned with analysing the data that has been recorded by the networks operating on the French Antilles in terms of their distribution with respect to magnitude, source-to-site distance, focal depth and event type; site effects at certain stations; and also with respect to their predictability by ground motion estimation equations developed using data from different regions of the world. More than 300 good quality triaxial acceleration time-histories have been recorded on Guadeloupe and Martinique at a large number of stations from earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 4.8, however, most of the records are from considerable source-to-site distances. From the data available it is found that many of the commonly-used ground motion estimation equations for shallow crustal earthquakes poorly estimate the observed ground motions on the two islands; ground motions on Guadeloupe and Martinique have smaller amplitudes and are more variable than expected. This difference could be due to regional dependence of ground motions because of, for example, differing tectonics or crustal structures or because the ground motions so far recorded are, in general, from smaller earthquakes and greater distances than the range of applicability of the investigated equations.  相似文献   

2.
This article has two purposes. Firstly, a validation exercise of the modal summation technique for the computation of synthetic strong-motion records is performed for two regions of Europe (Umbria-Marche and south Iceland), using a variety of region specific crustal structure models, by comparing the predicted ground motion amplitudes with observed motions. It is found that the rate of decay of ground motions is well predicted by the theoretical decay curves but that the absolute size of the ground motions is underpredicted by the synthetic time-histories. This is thought to be due to the presence of low-velocity surface layers that amplify the ground motions but are not included in the crustal structure models used to compute the synthetic time-histories. Secondly, a new distance metric based on the computed theoretical decay curves is introduced which should have the ability to model the complex decay of strong ground motions. The ability of this new distance metric to reduce the associated scatter in empirically derived equations for the estimation of strong ground motions is tested. It is found that it does not lead to a reduction in the scatter but this is thought to be due to the use of crustal structure models that are not accurate or detailed enough for the regions studied. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

3.
As part of the effort to assess the seismic hazards of Singapore and the Malay Peninsula, representative ground motion prediction models have to be established. Seven existing attenuation relationships developed for shallow crustal earthquakes in stable continent and active tectonic regions are examined, and they are found to consistently over‐predict the ground motions of Sumatran‐fault earthquakes recently recorded in Singapore. This may be attributed to the differences in the regional crustal structures and distance ranges considered. Since the number of recorded ground motions in the region is very limited, a new set of attenuation relationships is derived based on synthetic seismograms. The uncertainties in rupture parameters, such as stress drop, focal depth, dip and rake angles, are defined according to the regional geological and tectonic settings as well as the ruptures of previous earthquakes. Ground motions are simulated for earthquakes with Mw ranging from 4.0 to 8.0, within a distance range from 174 to 1379km. Besides magnitude and distance, source‐to‐station azimuth is found to influence the amplitudes of the ground motions simulated. Thus, the azimuth is taken as an independent variable in the derived ground motion attenuation relationships. The Sumatran‐fault segments that have the potential to generate a specified level of response spectral accelerations in Singapore and Kuala Lumpur are identified based on the newly derived ground motion models. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

4.
The reduction in spatial variance of strong ground motion with increasing earthquake magnitude has been reported recently. However, we show that the observed dependence of spatial variance on magnitude is its implicit dependence on the frequency content (dominant frequency) of the wave field. Time-domain cross-correlations of pairs of accelerograms are used to quantify the spatial variations in this paper. Magnitude is one of the factors contributing to the dominant frequency. We attempt to study separately the effects of magnitude, hypocentral distance, peak ground acceleration and focal depth on the dominant frequency in order to find the most significant one. The data base consists of 1965 records of horizontal acceleration from 148 local earthquakes in Taiwan. The analysis shows the overwhelming effect of the source magnitude on the formation of the dominant frequency with an empirical relationship: No significant effect of hypocentral distance, local acceleration amplitude or depth is detected for all their values available (up to 170 km, 250 cm/s2, and 100 km, respectively). The prevailing effect of magnitude on the dominant frequency is a real cause of the consistently observed reduction of spatial variance of ground motion with increasing magnitude of earthquakes.  相似文献   

5.
In this paper,we derived the relationships between the travel time difference of sPn and Pn and the local earthquake focal depth.In these equations,the travel time difference of sPn and Pn is not related to the epicentral distance,but depends only on the regional crustal mode and the focal depth.According to the equations,we provided a simple and accurate method to determine local earthquake focal depth by using the travel time difference between phase sPn and Pn.This method has been used to determine the f...  相似文献   

6.
Arias Intensity (Arias, MIT Press, Cambridge MA, pp 438–483, 1970) is an important measure of the strength of a ground motion, as it is able to simultaneously reflect multiple characteristics of the motion in question. Recently, the effectiveness of Arias Intensity as a predictor of the likelihood of damage to short-period structures has been demonstrated, reinforcing the utility of Arias Intensity for use in both structural and geotechnical applications. In light of this utility, Arias Intensity has begun to be considered as a ground-motion measure suitable for use in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) and earthquake loss estimation. It is therefore timely to develop predictive equations for this ground-motion measure. In this study, a suite of four predictive equations, each using a different functional form, is derived for the prediction of Arias Intensity from crustal earthquakes in New Zealand. The provision of a suite of models is included to allow for epistemic uncertainty to be considered within a PSHA framework. Coefficients are presented for four different horizontal-component definitions for each of the four models. The ground-motion dataset for which the equations are derived include records from New Zealand crustal earthquakes as well as near-field records from worldwide crustal earthquakes. The predictive equations may be used to estimate Arias Intensity for moment magnitudes between 5.1 and 7.5 and for distances (both rjb and rrup) up to 300 km.  相似文献   

7.
用sPn与Pn波走时差测定近震震源深度的方法   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
王登伟 《地震》2011,31(1):12-19
本文推导了sPn与Pn波走时差与震源深度的关系。 方程中sPn与Pn波的走时差与震中距无关, 只与区域地壳模型和震源深度有关。 根据该方程, 提出用近震震相sPn与Pn的走时差来测定地震深度的简便、 准确方法。 运用本方法对2008年8月30日和8月31日发生在四川省攀枝花和会理交界处的MS6.1、 MS5.6两次地震的震源深度进行了测定, 并与中国地震台网中心的结果进行了对比, 所测得的结果准确、 可靠。  相似文献   

8.
2011年1月19日发生的安庆MS4.8地震,在较远范围引起了明显震感．通过仔细辨认此次地震不同频段的波形记录,发现在一些台站记录到了清晰的SmS震相．采用CAP方法反演了其震源机制解,并利用理论地震图与实际观测数据对比进一步确认了SmS震相的存在．结合已有实验结果,推断在人类有感频率（1Hz至几Hz）范围内,震中距70——200 km内SmS震相往往是振幅最大的震相,是引起远距离有感的主要原因．利用理论地震图研究了震源深度对SmS震相的影响. 结果表明,震源深度可改变SmS震相发育的临界震中距,震源越深对应的临界震中距越小．进一步通过对比SmS与S的振幅比,定性讨论了震源机制解中倾角、滑动角和地壳浅层衰减等因素对SmS震相的影响．结果表明,倾角和滑动角对其振幅比影响呈现比较复杂的关系,而SmS与S振幅比随地壳浅层衰减的增大而减小,说明浅层衰减对SmS震相影响较大．综合分析认为,除当地地壳速度结构的影响外,SmS震相的发育受到震源机制解的倾角、滑动角,震源深度以及地壳浅层衰减等多种因素的影响．   相似文献   

9.
This article presents equations for the estimation of vertical strong ground motions caused by shallow crustal earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 5 and distance to the surface projection of the fault less than 100km. These equations were derived by weighted regression analysis, used to remove observed magnitude-dependent variance, on a set of 595 strong-motion records recorded in Europe and the Middle East. Coefficients are included to model the effect of local site effects and faulting mechanism on the observed ground motions. The equations include coefficients to model the observed magnitude-dependent decay rate. The main findings of this study are that: short-period ground motions from small and moderate magnitude earthquakes decay faster than the commonly assumed 1/r, the average effect of differing faulting mechanisms is similar to that observed for horizontal motions and is not large and corresponds to factors between 0.7 (normal and odd) and 1.4 (thrust) with respect to strike-slip motions and that the average long-period amplification caused by soft soil deposits is about 2.1 over those on rock sites.  相似文献   

10.
This article presents equations for the estimation of horizontal strong ground motions caused by shallow crustal earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 5 and distance to the surface projection of the fault less than 100km. These equations were derived by weighted regression analysis, used to remove observed magnitude-dependent variance, on a set of 595 strong-motion records recorded in Europe and the Middle East. Coefficients are included to model the effect of local site effects and faulting mechanism on the observed ground motions. The equations include coefficients to model the observed magnitude-dependent decay rate. The main findings of this study are that: short-period ground motions from small and moderate magnitude earthquakes decay faster than the commonly assumed 1/r, the average effect of differing faulting mechanisms is not large and corresponds to factors between 0.8 (normal and odd) and 1.3 (thrust) with respect to strike-slip motions and that the average long-period amplification caused by soft soil deposits is about 2.6 over those on rock sites. Disappointingly the standard deviations associated with the derived equations are not significantly lower than those found in previous studies.  相似文献   

11.
我国地震动预测及地震危险性分析通常仅考虑局部场地浅层岩土层对地震动的放大效应,不能考虑较大范围的地质条件影响,如沉积盆地厚沉积层对地震动的附加放大效应通常被忽略,造成盆地内地震动及地震危险性预测结果普遍被低估。本文以地震动观测记录数据充足的日本关东盆地为例,采用地震动残差分析方法评估盆地附加放大效应,分析覆盖层厚度、盆地内空间位置、震级、震源距对地震动放大效应的影响,建立关东盆地附加放大效应经验评估模型。分析表明:关东盆地附加放大效应与反应谱周期相关,整体上从短周期的1.0逐渐增大至周期为5s时的1.5,附加放大效应与覆盖层厚度相关性较小,主要受盆地空间位置和震源距的影响;盆地北部边缘及西北部地区附加放大效应更强烈,盆地南部附加放大效应较小,这可能与盆地边缘效应密切相关。本文建立的关东盆地附加放大效应经验模型略高于BSSA14和ASK14模型的放大效应预测。相关研究结果可用于我国地震动预测、下一代地震动区划图修订等。  相似文献   

12.
Seismotectonic characteristics and its relationships with crustal structure have been analyzed in the lower Yangzi—South Yellow Sea area. The finite element method is employed to evaluate the stress-strain status of the lithosphere, and the dynamic origin of earthquakes is discussed. The moderate-weak earthquake division is tectonically controlled by three first-degree faults in the Hangzhou bay—Qinling, Tancheng—Lujiang, and the Yangzi River mouth—Jizhou island. The earthquake frequency is higher than 70% in the major hypocentral layer of the crust at a depth of 5 to 15 km of which the highest frequency particularly emerges at a depth of 10 to 15 km, and generally, the depth ranges from 5 to 20 km in the predominant hypocentral layer. The hypocentral layer is superimposed in the crustal magnetosphere with the mid-crustal low density layer. The results from the finite element analysis show that the maximum horizontal displacements appear in the hypocentral layer of the crust, and that the radial hypocentral zones on the flanks of the anomalous mantle, accompanied by the faults or fractured zones, correspond to the gradient zones of the major principal stresses and strains varying within the lithosphere. Therefore, we could consider the mechanism of the decoupling-drift of the lithosphere and the crustal sliding or detachment, from the continent to the sea, as a main dynamogenesis of the earthquakes in the area studied. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 164–171, 1992. This research was supported by the China National Post-Doctoral Research Foundation in part. Some contents on the aeromagnetic anomalies and their mathematical processes are deleted in revision.  相似文献   

13.
Although all of the main properties of a ground motion cannot be captured through a single parameter, a number of different engineering parameters has been proposed that are able to reflect either one or more ground‐motion characteristics concurrently. For many of these parameters, especially regarding Greece, there are relatively few or no predictive models. In this context, we present a set of new regionally‐calibrated equations for the prediction of the geometric mean of the horizontal components of 10 amplitude‐, frequency response‐, and duration‐based parameters for shallow crustal earthquakes. These equations supersede previous empirical relationships for Greece since their applicability range for magnitude, and epicentral distance has been extended down to Mw 4 and up to 200 km, respectively, the incorporation of a term accounting for anelastic attenuation has been investigated, while their development was based on a ground‐motion dataset spanning from 1973 to 2014. For all ground‐motion parameters, we provide alternative optimal equations relative to the availability of information on the different explanatory variables. In all velocity‐based and contrary to the acceleration‐based parameters, the anelastic attenuation coefficient was found statistically insignificant when it was combined with the geometric decay and the coefficient accounting for saturation with distance. In the regressions where the geometric decay coefficient simultaneously incorporated the contribution of anelastic attenuation, its increase was found to be much less considerable in the velocity‐based than in the acceleration‐based parameters, implying a stronger effect of anelastic attenuation on the parameters that are defined via the acceleration time history.  相似文献   

14.
In this paper, empirical ground-motion models for the vertical and average horizontal components of peak ground-motion and acceleration response spectra from shallow crustal earthquakes are derived using near-source database. These attenuation relationships were derived using a worldwide dataset consisted of corrected and processed accelerograms of 678 strong-motion records recorded with 60 km of the rupture plane of earthquakes between Mw 5.2 and 7.9. Ground motion models are functions of earthquake mechanism, distance from source to site, local average shear wave velocity, nonlinear soil response, sediment depth, depth-to-top of the rupture, hanging wall effects and faulting mechanism.  相似文献   

15.
An inversion method was applied to crustal earthquakes dataset to find S-wave attenuation characteristics beneath the Eastern Tohoku region of Japan.Accelerograms from 85 shallow crustal earthquakes up to25 km depth and magnitude range between 3.5 and 5.5were analyzed to estimate the seismic quality factor Q_s. A homogeneous attenuation model Q_s for the wave propagation path was evaluated from spectral amplitudes, at 24 different frequencies between 0.5 and 20 Hz by using generalized inversion technique. To do this, non-parametric attenuation functions were calculated to observe spectral amplitude decay with hypocentral distance. Then, these functions were parameterized to estimate Q_s. It was found that in Eastern Tohoku region, the Q_s frequency dependence can be approximated with the function 33 f~(1.22) within a frequency range between 0.5 and 20 Hz. However,the frequency dependence of Q_s in the frequency range between 0.5 and 6 Hz is best approximated by Q_s(f) = 36f~(0.94) showing relatively weaker frequency dependence as compared to the relation Q_s(f) = 6 f~(2.09) for the frequency range between 6 and 15 Hz. These results could be used to estimate source and site parameters for seismic hazard assessment in the region.  相似文献   

16.
For designing a structure to withstand the effects of strong earthquake ground motions, it is necessary to characterize the type of motion that probably affects the structure. The strong-motion accelerograms contain numerous data regarding the source, path, and receiver. Variables such as the Richter magnitude, hypocenter depth, duration of the event, and focal mechanism relate to the source. The soil parameter and distance to epicenter, relate to the path. The application of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) process in modeling an earthquake accelerogram of three different regions of Iran reveals a formulation, which relates the physical variables via a regression analysis. In order to generate time history data of a probable future earthquake, it is recommended to use the regression equations for a specific type of earthquake focal mechanism if the future earthquake mechanism and physical variables are known; otherwise, regional equations are more suitable.  相似文献   

17.
晋冀鲁豫交界地区震源位置及震源区速度结构的联合反演   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用邯郸数字台网记录到的2001—2008年间460次ML≥1.0地震的1861条P波到时数据, 采用震源位置和速度结构联合反演方法确定晋冀鲁豫交界地区(35.0°~38.0°N, 113.0°~116.0°E)地震的震源位置分布和该区域的速度结构。 结果表明: ① 经过重新定位后, P波走时的均方根残差(RMS)由反演前的1.35 s降到反演后的0.45 s。 定位偏差在EW方向上平均为0.031 km, 在NS方向上平均为0.029 km, 在垂直方向上平均为0.060 km。 ② 邢台震区的中小地震明显呈NEE向分布, 深度主要集中分布在7~14 km范围内; 磁县震区中小震分布相对复杂, 具有NEE和NWW两个展布方向, 震源深度主要集中在8~18 km范围内, 总体上晋冀鲁豫交界地区中小地震深度呈现北部浅南部深的趋势。 ③ 反演得到了晋冀鲁豫交界地区的速度结构, 在邢台地震极震区下方7~14 km处存在低速层, 与1966年邢台7.2级地震的震源深度一致;在磁县地震极震区下方13~18 km处也存在低速层与1831年磁县7.5级地震震源深度一致, 且磁县震区下方的速度结构比邢台震区更为复杂。  相似文献   

18.
多层介质中利用sPn与Pn到时差确定震源深度的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
王瑶  万永革 《地震工程学报》2021,43(6):1294-1302
为利用sPn与Pn波的走时差测定震源深度,进一步提高地震震源深度的测定精度,推导多层介质下sPn与Pn波的走时差与震源深度的关系,发现走时差与震中距无关,只与震源深度及区域地壳速度模型有关。震源在同一层中,走时差曲线的斜率不变,而当震源位于不同层中时,sPn-Pn走时差曲线的斜率不同,并呈分段直线的走时差曲线形态。地壳速度结构纵向越不均匀,多层和单层介质下利用sPn-Pn走时差计算的震源深度误差就越大,走时曲线的各分段直线斜率相差越大;探讨地壳中sPn与Pn波传播路径相同但波速不同的单层地壳速度模型,发现单层介质下波速越大,测定的震源深度越大;对于同一地区相同的地壳分层结构,测得的震源深度随着泊松比的增大而减小。基于前人给出的中国五个典型块体多层平均地壳模型,给出sPn-Pn走时差与震源深度计算公式速查表。  相似文献   

19.
The calculation of design spectra for building sites threatened by seismic ground motion is approached by considering the maximum responses of linearly elastic oscillators as indicators of ground motion intensity. Attenuation functions describing the distribution of response as a function of earthquake magnitude and distance are derived using 68 components of recorded ground motion as data. With a seismic hazard analysis for several hypothetical building sites, the distributions of maximum oscillator responses to earthquakes of random magnitude and location are calculated, and spectra are drawn to indicate the maximum responses associated with specified probability levels. These spectra are compared to design spectra calculated from published methods of amplifying peak ground motion parameters. The latter spectra are found to be inconsistent in terms of risk for building sites very close and very far from faults. A ground motion parameter defined to be proportional to the maximum response of a 1 Hz, 2 per cent damped linearly elastic oscillator is investigated; this parameter, in conjunction with peak ground acceleration, is found to lead to risk-consistent design spectra. Through these two parameters, a design earthquake magnitude and design hypocentral distance are defined, for a specified building site and risk level. The use of these parameters in the seismic hazard mapping of a region is illustrated.  相似文献   

20.
Several new empirical equations of the frequency dependent duration of strong earthquake ground motion are presented. The duration is considered as being composed of two parts: (1) the duration of stong motion as it is observed at recording stations located on basement rocks, and (2) the prolongation of this duration for stations located on sediments. The first part, called the ‘basic duration’, is modelled in terms of the Modified Mercalli intensity and (in some cases) the hypocentral distance. The depth of the sediments under the station, the distance from the station to the rocks surrounding it, and the angular measure of the size of those rocks (as seen from the station) are chosen as the parameters for modelling the prolongation of the duration. The new empirical equations are compared (a) with each other, (b) with our previous models which used similar ‘prolongation’ terms, but the ‘basic duration’ was expressed in terms of the magnitude of the earthquake and the source-to-station distance, and (c) with models with ‘intensity-type’ ‘basic duration’, but with a simplified ‘prolongation’ term (the geological conditions at the stations are modeled by lumping all the sites into three groups: basement rock, sediments and intermediate geology). This collection of models is found to have good internal consistency. The choice of the proper model depends on the availability of the earthquake and site parameters. The residuals of the empirical regression equations are found to have similar distribution functions for all the models. An explicit functional form for such distributions is proposed, and the frequency dependent coefficients are found for all the models of duration. This allows one to predict (for each set of earthquake and site parameters) the probability of exceedance of any given level of duration of strong ground motion at a given frequency.  相似文献   

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