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云南省武定县地质灾害发育规律及其防治对策研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
武定县属抬升区,新构造运动较强烈,在野外调查的基础上,运用环境与灾害地质学的原理和方法,对境内地质灾害类型、空间分布特征及其成因和影响因素进行了分析,武定县具一定规模和危害的地质灾害点144处,北部相对集中分布,认为武定县地质灾害类型多样,活动频繁,灾情较重,并提出了防治对策,为武定县的地质灾害防治和减少人民生命财产的损失,提供了一定的参考依据. 相似文献
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Wildfires have long been an important environmental concern in Florida. Recent wildfires along the urban-rural interface of large cities in Florida have pointed to the need for an increased understanding of the physical and biological mechanisms that govern wildfire occurrence. Increased awareness of the relationships between global climate changes occurring in the tropics and their teleconnections outside the tropics dictate a reevaluation of the role of phenomena such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the risk of wildfire. One simple way of illustrating the relationship between ENSO and wildfire occurrence is the use of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on wildfire data that has been categorized according to ENSO status (El Niño, La Niña, and neutral years). This research shows that a statistically significant relationship exists between ENSO conditions and annual wildfire occurrence in Florida when ENSO conditions are treated as a potential precursor to wildfire conditions. In particular, a statistically significant relationship exists between both acreage burned and average fire size, when the data are separated into El Niño and La Niña categories according to the previous year's ENSO status. This supports the idea that the climate from previous years has a measurable effect upon fire statistics in the years following the climate measurements, and that it may be possible to create a regional fire prediction model that incorporates ENSO information. [Key words: wildfire, natural hazards, ANOVA, Florida, ENSO.] 相似文献
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遥感与GIS在东亚飞蝗灾害研究中的应用 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
蝗灾属于毁灭性的生物灾害,它和水灾、旱灾一起构成人类社会的三大自然灾害,一旦爆发,对国家粮食安全、农民增收、社会安定可造成严重的影响。将遥感与GIS结合,对蝗虫生境特征、历史蝗灾记录、蝗害发生时有关数据进行集成和分析,可提供蝗灾时空变化、蝗灾范围、蝗灾程度、灭蝗的最佳时段等重要信息。本文重点论述遥感与GIS在蝗灾中的应用,以遥感反演的温度和水分为例来讨论蝗灾前后生境的变化状况,依靠遥感等高新技术实现飞蝗灾害监测的信息化。信息化监测与防蝗站观测相结合的方法已经成为监测蝗灾发生的最有效途径 相似文献
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川滇黔接壤地区是中国自然灾害极易发区,高频度、高强度的自然灾害已经给该区域社会经济发展造成严重威胁。通过对川滇黔接壤地区主要自然灾害的实地调查和数据分析,构建地震、泥石流、崩塌滑坡、洪涝、干旱、冰雹和低温冷害等7个主要灾种的危险度评价指标体系和评价指标数据库,利用GIS空间分析功能获取研究区自然灾害危险度综合评价图。结果表明：川滇黔接壤地区自然灾害表现出“两线一区”的基本格局,即小江—安宁河深大断裂、金沙江沿线和乌蒙山区3个自然灾害高危险区。宏观地质构造和地貌形态是控制川滇黔接壤地区自然灾害分布格局的主要因素。高度危险和极度危险区威胁的国土总面积、总人口、GDP总量都占到研究区的一半以上,防灾减灾成为该地区发展中不可忽视的关键问题。研究也发现自然灾害对农村区域影响更加显著,因此在该地区社会经济发展和扶贫开发中,特别是乌蒙山区集中连片特困地区开发中要高度重视自然灾害的影响。 相似文献
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伴随着全球气候变暖,冰冻圈雪崩灾害潜在风险逐渐增加,雪崩灾害已受到社会各界的广泛关注.目前,在雪崩形成机制、抛程、动态模拟、风险评价与区划、预防与防治等领域取得了较大进展.雪崩灾害研究正在经历由野外观测到遥感手段与野外观测相结合、由定性半定量到定量、由经验估算到过程模拟、由雪崩机理研究向承灾区适应研究转变的发展过程.然而,以往研究过多集中于气候因子、积雪环境、沟道地形等雪崩形成机制研究与动态模拟,而承灾区承灾体脆弱性、暴露性及其适应性研究却相对较少.只有将雪崩始发区和承灾区作为一个整体进行系统研究,通过早期预警、预测和预报,才能使下游承灾区居民防患于未然,以防止或减小雪崩对承灾区居民和财产带来的损失. 相似文献
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川滇黔接壤地区是中国自然灾害极易发区,高频度、高强度的自然灾害已经给该区域社会经济发展造成严重威胁。通过对川滇黔接壤地区主要自然灾害的实地调查和数据分析,构建地震、泥石流、崩塌滑坡、洪涝、干旱、冰雹和低温冷害等7个主要灾种的危险度评价指标体系和评价指标数据库,利用GIS空间分析功能获取研究区自然灾害危险度综合评价图。结果表明：川滇黔接壤地区自然灾害表现出“两线一区”的基本格局,即小江-安宁河深大断裂、金沙江沿线和乌蒙山区3个自然灾害高危险区。宏观地质构造和地貌形态是控制川滇黔接壤地区自然灾害分布格局的主要因素。高度危险和极度危险区威胁的国土总面积、总人口、GDP总量都占到研究区的一半以上,防灾减灾成为该地区发展中不可忽视的关键问题。研究也发现自然灾害对农村区域影响更加显著,因此在该地区社会经济发展和扶贫开发中,特别是乌蒙山区集中连片特困地区开发中要高度重视自然灾害的影响。 相似文献
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《Urban geography》2013,34(5):417-430
This paper examines the spatial distribution of airborne releases of acutely toxic materials in 3 17 metropolitan areas in the United States. There were 1,362 incidents in urban areas between 1980 and 1989.One-third of the urban areas had no recorded releases during the decade, while 1 I% had at least one per year. Metropolitan areas were classified into high, medium, and low hazard areas based on incident frequency. A discriminant analysis was used to help differentiate these places using measures of risk and mitigation. The analysis correctly classified 81% of the metropolitan areas and found that five variables were the most important indicators of hazard: number of chemical services; number of railroad track miles; number of nondurable agricultural suppliers; population density; and number of railroad yards. Four of these variables stress the importance of risk indicators (industrial infrastructure) within a city that contribute to the potential for disaster. While we can begin to understand the hazards of place, many issues, such as the human consequences of these hazards, the sociospatial inequities in the distribution of risks and mitigation responses, and the scale and complexity of industrial facilities in contributing to the chemical hazardscape, require further exploration. 相似文献
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中国短时洪涝灾害危险性评估与验证 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
基于自然灾害风险理论、借助GIS空间分析功能、采用归一化和层次分析法,对中国全国范围尺度进行短时洪涝灾害危险性评估。通过对洪涝灾害危险性因子分析,分别提取当天降雨量、前三天降雨量、地形高程、地形标准差、河湖网络等因素作为评估因子,提出了各因子危险性指数计算方法,以及全国洪涝灾害危险性指数计算模型公式,根据统计分析危险指数的最小值、最大值,结合历史灾情,利用阈值分割法确定危险等级分割值为0.3、0.45及0.6,将洪涝灾害危险等级划分为高危险、中危险、低危险与无危险四个等级,从而建立类似于天气预报模式的全国洪涝灾害危险性评估模型,并以2009年9月14日为例进行了洪涝灾害危险等级评估的实际应用。最后,本文提出了基于昨日灾情的危险性评估结果验证方法,通过整理同期昨日灾情资料构建灾情数据库,对2009年汛期的洪涝灾害危险性评估结果分别从数量和面积两个角度,基于县和地市两级行政区划作为验证单元进行验证。验证结果表明,洪涝灾害危险性评估结果无论是从数量上还是从面积上看均具有较高的正确率,与实际灾情基本吻合。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT. Within the hazards‐ and disaster‐research community consensus exists as to factors that magnify or attenuate the effects of extreme natural events on local places. But less agreement and understanding exist concerning the methods or techniques for comparing hazard vulnerability within or between places, especially small‐island developing states. Using two Caribbean nations, Saint Vincent and Barbados, as study sites, we asked which island has the greater level of hazard vulnerability, and why. Results indicate that, although neither island has a large portion of its population living in extremely hazardous locations, Barbados has many more residents in risk‐prone areas. The methods used in this research provide valuable tools for local emergency managers in assessing vulnerability, especially through the delineation of highly vulnerable hot spots. They can also help donor organizations interested in vulnerability reduction on islands use their resources more efficiently. 相似文献
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基于EM-DAT数据库1987—2016年全球陆地气候气象及水文类（气候相关类）灾害灾情数据及居民消费者价格指数（CPI）、GDP等社会资料数据，对直接经济损失、损失占比（直接经济损失/GDP）等在不同尺度上计算分析，并量化了频次、GDP、频次与GDP联合影响对损失占比变化的贡献率。结果表明：① 全球直接经济损失随时间变化呈显著上升趋势，损失占比先上升后下降，世界防灾减灾能力不断加强，但应对巨灾能力仍然较弱；② 收入水平越高区域遭受直接经济损失越严重，但中低和中高收入区域经济损失占比明显高于低收入和高收入区域；③ 直接经济损失严重地区有欧洲、东亚、南亚、东南亚及北美洲中南部地区，而损失占比较高地区主要有东亚、东南亚和加勒比海地区；④ 初期灾次对气候气象及水文类灾害损失占比变化起主导作用但影响力逐渐减弱，GDP和频次与GDP联合影响对损失占比变化作用逐渐增强，不同收入区域存在一定差异。 相似文献
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Assessing physical vulnerability for multi-hazards using an indicator-based methodology 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Globally, many built-up areas are threatened by multiple hazards which pose significant threat to humans, buildings and infrastructure. However, the analysis of the physical vulnerability towards multiple hazards is a field that still receives little attention although vulnerability analysis and assessment can contribute significantly to risk reduction efforts. Indicator-based vulnerability approaches are flexible and can be adjusted to the different hazards as well as to specific user needs. In this paper, an indicator-based vulnerability approach, the PTVA (Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment), was further developed to be applicable in a multi-hazard context. The resulting multi-hazard version of the PTVA consists of four steps: the identification of the study area and relevant hazards as well as the acquisition of hazard information, the determination of vulnerability indicators and collection of data, the weighting of factors and vulnerability assessment and finally, the consideration of hazard interactions. After the introduction of the newly developed methodology a pilot application is carried out in the Faucon municipality located in the Barcelonnette basin, Southern French Alps. In this case study the vulnerability of buildings to debris flows, shallow landslides and river flooding for emergency planning and for general risk reduction purposes is assessed. The implementation of the methodology leads to reasonable results indicating the vulnerable buildings and supporting the priority setting of different end-users according to their objectives. The constraints of the presented methodology are: a) the fact that the method is not hazard-intensity specific, thus, vulnerability is measured in a rather qualitative and relative way and b) the high amount of data required for its performance. However, the advantage is that it is a flexible method which can be applied for the vulnerability analysis in a multi-hazard context but also it can be adjusted to the user-specific needs to support decision-making. 相似文献
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中国山地灾害研究进展与未来应关注的科学问题 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
本文首先简要回顾了山地灾害研究与防治方面的新进展：认识了山地灾害的空间分布规律,建立了山洪、泥石流、滑坡危险性评价方法;发展了滑坡稳定性分析的原理和计算方法,建立了泥石流流体应力本构关系、泥石流流速流量和冲击力计算公式、粘性泥石流起动模型,提出了山洪和泥石流规模放大效应;基于降雨和地面成灾环境要素耦合分析,发展了山地灾害气象预报方法;基于对灾害物理特性的认识,研发了一系列灾害监测预警仪器、数字流域平台与智能手机网络相结合的山洪预警系统;发展了灾害治理工程技术,形成了适合欠发达地区特点的灾害治理技术体系。在此基础上,分析了在灾害形成、运动、预测预报、防治技术和风险管理等方面还需要进一步深化研究的问题,提出山地灾害学科今后面临的任务。最后,针对国家减灾需求和学科发展目标,提出灾害对生态的响应机制、气候变化对山地灾害的影响与巨灾预测、水—土耦合的细观结构力学、灾害风险的理论与方法、基于灾害形成理论的机理预报模式、灾害防治技术规程的健全等未来应该关注的科学技术问题。 相似文献
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In Santiago de Chile, the combination of recent urbanization patterns, the growing demand for land, and climate change has created challenges, notably in terms of the amplification of hazard generation and hazard exposure. This paper analyses the changes in land use/land cover, their impact on current flood and heat hazards, and the consequences for dwelling exposure. It adopts a hazard and exposure assessment approach to flood and heat hazard that allows for evaluation of the interlinkages and consequences of interweaving processes of urbanization and climate change in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile. The results clearly show that loss of green spaces and agricultural land to built-up areas goes hand in hand with the loss of important infiltration, cooling and retention areas, all of which leads to greater hazard exposure. The paper furthermore analyses the exposed population in terms of their material housing conditions. Surprisingly, those who are more likely to live in hazard-prone areas cannot be described exclusively as “the poor”, albeit there are striking differences between flood and heat exposure. 相似文献
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Globalization would appear to be a subject that easily could be addressed in geography classrooms, yet this is not always the case. In terms of pedagogy, many geographers are concerned whether the field has been adequately engaging various components of this topic (e.g., connectivity, core-periphery), especially in terms of making the subject matter relevant to students. This article presents the results of a recent course project situated at the intersection of city-level resilience to hazards and connectivity with the global economy, utilizing SWOT analysis. The student projects demonstrated that this comparatively simple analytical tool was a useful means for exploring and integrating key topics in globalization and urban-economic geography, while also facilitating a problem-based learning environment. 相似文献
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西藏自治区是中国水能资源的战略储备库与未来重点开发区域,然而该区域地质灾害频发,给水能开发带来极大挑战,亟需系统研究。本文综合考虑西藏地区地质地貌、水文气象和植被覆盖等致灾因子,基于最大熵（MaxEnt）模型分析泥石流、崩塌、滑坡等典型地质灾害的易发性,结合水能资源分布禀赋,实现西藏地区水能开发适宜度评价。结果表明,雅鲁藏布江大拐弯羌纳—帮辛段水能开发适宜度最高,可优先开发;雅鲁藏布江上游夏如—拉孜段、怒江中游马利—林卡段、中林卡—察瓦龙段、支流伟曲河田妥—碧土段、澜沧江中游察雅—措瓦段、如美—盐井段、金沙江上段木协—戈波段、喜马拉雅山脉朋曲河流域为高水能开发高风险地区,需谨慎开发;雅鲁藏布江中游仁布—曲水段、易贡藏布忠玉—易贡段、察隅河下察隅以南段、朗钦藏布下游段为中水能开发低风险区,可根据需求局部开发或暂缓开发;其余区域水能开发适宜度较低,不建议开发。本文针对西藏地区提出一种快速有效的水能开发适宜度评价体系,可为该区域水能开发规划提供科学依据。 相似文献
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The Department of Geography at Arizona State University implemented a field exam as part of its PhD program requirements. This field exam requires students to develop an independent field‐based research project based on a general question in the student's specialty area. A survey of current and former PhD students and faculty members document how the field exam assists students in developing skills necessary for continuing graduate research and for preparing them for the rigors of academic employment. The outcomes of the exam include both long‐term, process‐related benefits and more immediate tangible rewards. For some students, the preliminary fieldwork and results redirect student interests and form the basis for their eventual dissertation. The field exam is adaptable to a diversity of geography research methods, subject areas, and graduate degree programs, while remaining grounded in the discipline's vibrant, widely respected fieldwork tradition. 相似文献
18.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):452-458
Abstract The Department of Geography at Arizona State University implemented a field exam as part of its PhD program requirements. This field exam requires students to develop an independent field-based research project based on a general question in the student's specialty area. A survey of current and former PhD students and faculty members document how the field exam assists students in developing skills necessary for continuing graduate research and for preparing them for the rigors of academic employment. The outcomes of the exam include both long-term, process-related benefits and more immediate tangible rewards. For some students, the preliminary fieldwork and results redirect student interests and form the basis for their eventual dissertation. The field exam is adaptable to a diversity of geography research methods, subject areas, and graduate degree programs, while remaining grounded in the discipline's vibrant, widely respected fieldwork tradition. 相似文献
19.
Timothy W. Collins Sara E. Grineski María de Lourdes Romo Aguilar 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2009,29(3):448-461
The purpose of this paper is to present a geographic information system (GIS)-based method for mapping risk to environmental hazards. Framed by the hazards literature, the method has been developed to specifically overcome issues of data compatibility associated with transnational contexts. The approach is elaborated in reference to a project in which risk was spatially characterized, using a suite of biophysical and social indicators, for the Ciudad Juárez (Mexico)–El Paso (USA) metropolis. Results reveal clear spatial disparities in hazard vulnerability, both within and between the two cities, based on the differential allocation of selected risk factors. The case indicates that future international analyses will be advanced by the clear definition of concepts, the systematic mining of compatible variables, and the selection of valid risk indicators based on criteria that balance the need to incorporate contextual specificity with general comparability. 相似文献
20.
莱芜铁矿区岩溶塌陷危险性评价及生态治理对策 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
矿产资源开采带来的塌陷及其环境地质灾害已给矿区可持续发展带来严重影响,加快塌陷治理,搞好环境 修复是实现自然经济和谐发展的重要前提。在对莱芜铁矿区岩溶塌陷调查的基础上,探讨了铁矿区岩溶塌陷的影 响因素和形成机理,选取第四系厚度、第四系松散岩类孔隙水含水层厚度及其与岩溶水的水力联系、灰岩顶界面岩 溶发育程度、“天窗”内塌陷坑密度5 个指标对岩溶塌陷危险性进行了定性及半定量评价;根据评价依据将研究区 内不同天窗进行危险性划分;并针对评估结果,提出了相应的治理方案。本文的研究结果可以为区域生态环境修复 规划的编制,实现区域可持续发展提供科学的依据。同时本文提出的评估方法在类似矿山地质灾害危险性评估及 治理中具有参考和借鉴价值。 相似文献