共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
舟曲"8.8"特大泥石流灾害治理之我见 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
甘肃舟曲三眼峪和罗家峪"8.8"特大泥石流灾害,是新中国建国以来人员伤亡和财产损失最为严重的一次泥石流灾害事件.灾后,三眼峪和罗家峪内山坡和沟道仍堆积大量松散固体物质,寨子沟、老鸦沟、硝水沟和龙庙沟泥石流潜在危险大,流域水土流失加剧,环境承载力差,现有防灾能力不足,白龙江舟曲段河道淤塞严重,未来泥石流发生不可避免.基于此,提出以防灾减灾为着眼点,以治灾和消灾为立足点,全面提高舟曲城区泥石流防灾能力,与白龙江河道整治、城区防洪设施建设改造和区域生态环境保护相结合的灾害防治指导思想.泥石流治理应遵循全面规划、综合治理,以工程治理为主、生态环境保护与工程治理相结合,以拦为主、确保足够拦沙库容、拦排结合,以治沟为主、治沟和治坡相结合的基本原则.建议以历史上出现的最大规模灾害,即"8.8"泥石流作为三眼峪、罗家峪泥石流的设防标准,对寨子沟、老鸦沟、硝水沟和龙庙沟采取100 a一遇的泥石流设防标准,采取拦排措施与生物措施相结合的综合治理方案.通过稳坡坝、护岸坝、拦沙坝、抗滑桩和挡墙、泥石流停淤场、泥石流排导工程、河道疏浚等工程措施和植物措施,构建完整的泥石流防治体系,确保舟曲县城和下游人民生命财产的安全. 相似文献
2.
用于狭陡沟谷泥石流防治的坝基钢管桩初探——以小岗剑沟泥石流治理工程为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川绵竹小岗剑泥石流应急治理工程1#拦砂坝的基础设计、施工工艺、泥石流过流运用为依据,探讨了狭陡沟谷重力式拦砂坝钢管桩基础的设计和施工技术。针对狭陡型泥石流沟道的特殊地形及其带来的设计施工方法、材料和设备运输受限的问题,分析了钢管桩基的适用性和有效性,通过结构组成、布置构造和分析方法的创新,探索了复合桩基的实施要点,提出了钢管桩基受力分析的"折算断面法"。1#拦砂坝为重力式板基,下部碎石土持力层设钢管桩群,桩间土压力灌浆构成复合桩基,用于提高地基承载力并阻止坝下冲刷淘蚀。根据2012年汛期过流时坝下沟道剧烈冲刷引起的坝基淘刷与临空状况,进一步探讨了有关钢管桩基础设计优化等问题。 相似文献
3.
泥石流库堆积层静水压力荷载是指作用于坝体(主要是实体坝)的静水压力,它是拦砂坝设计及其运行中的重要荷载之一,其值的大小直接决定坝体尺寸、工程投资和运行中的稳定性,历来为泥石流工程设计所关注。因此观测研究泥石流堆积层中的静水压力荷载具有实际意义。 相似文献
4.
5.
泥石流在坝前堆积固结的过程发生泥石流浆体中固体颗粒沉降和孔隙水压力消散,它直接影响了坝基扬压力大小和变化,对坝体稳定性造成影响。本文通过自制实验模型装置模拟不同密度泥石流作用在坝前的沉积渗透过程,观测不同密度泥石流坝前沉积特征和浆体细颗粒沉降速率,并通过水压传感器测得坝前沉积底部孔隙水压力和坝基扬压力随沉积时间的变化过程,最后结合不同密度泥石流沉积特征分析了泥石流沉积过程对扬压力衰减过程的影响。研究结果表明:稀性泥石流沉积过程中具有明显的颗粒分选性,且浆体细颗粒沉降速率与泥石流密度表现出线性负相关性;泥石流沉积底部孔隙水压力随沉积时间呈指数衰减趋势,拟合指数函数系数与上部浆体细颗粒沉降速率满足线性正相关性;沉积过程中坝基扬压力与坝前沉积底部孔隙水压力具有相同的对数衰减趋势,两者呈线性正相关性。本研究着眼于拦砂坝扬压力产生机制,研究了泥石流坝前颗粒沉积和水力扩散过程对坝基扬压力变化过程的影响,为拦砂坝扬压力计算提供了新的视角,具有一定的工程和理论意义。 相似文献
6.
7.
川西北高原山地灾害垂直地带性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
由于形成山地灾害的多种自然因素具有垂直地带性,尤其作为主要动力因素的水,超过一定高度后由液态成为固态,从而也造成了山地灾害的垂直地带性,从高到低可分为冰雪型、冻融型和流水(含地下水)型等三个山地灾害垂直带,高低两带之间主体界线在川西北高原地区为4900m和3500m。各带均有其特有的山地灾害,其中冰雪型山地灾害主要有冰崩、雪崩、冰面湖崩决等;冻融型山地灾害有冻融土流、冻融滑塌、冻融坍塌、融冻泥流、寒冻岩屑流和冰湖溃决等;流水型山地灾害有滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、山洪、泥石流坝和滑坡坝溃决等。认清这些灾害分布的垂直地带性,对于在相应地带进行资源开发和经济建设时,避免、减轻或妥善处治其危害具有重要的现实意义。 相似文献
8.
广东省泥石流灾害主要分布于粤西、粤东、粤北西部和珠江三角洲北部地区.根据对泥石流历史数据的统计分析研究发现,广东省泥石流灾害虽然发生频率低,但造成的经济损失巨大,明显高于滑坡、崩塌灾害,且呈现频率低、规模大、成灾快、损失严重、时空分布集中、危害范围广等特点.文中最后提出了广东省泥石流防治对策:提高防灾意识,做好防灾规划;注重对低频泥石流的防范;因地制宜采取防治措施;加强预防监督,社绝人为灾害. 相似文献
9.
拦挡坝的破损研究是困扰泥石流治理工程的主要难点之一,分析总结拦挡坝破损原因,优化其设计理念十分重要。本文对陇南市武都区16条沟道的65道泥石流拦挡坝破损形式及导致坝体破损的相关条件进行详细调查和统计分析。结果表明:(1)拦挡坝破损形式主要有以下几种(按破损概率由大到小排序),依次为副坝破损、坝肩破损、溢流口破损、基础破损、冲毁(失去功能)、勾缝破损;(2)根据拦挡坝破损特征统计分析,确定其破损主要与泥石流性质、圬工材料、坝体高度、坝体选址、坝肩保护、基础保护和库容淤积等情况有关;(3)导致拦挡坝破损的主要原因总结为对沟道机理认识不足、坝体自身存在缺陷和保护措施不当。在此基础上,从理论研究、工程管理、拦挡坝体系设计、新技术新方法应用等方面着手,提出了拦挡坝防治工程优化对策。 相似文献
10.
山洪和泥石流中夹带的漂木在拦砂坝开口处易造成严重堵塞,使坝体对后续流体的分选效果减弱或失效,甚至进一步威胁坝体安全,因此探讨漂木在拦砂坝前的堵塞堆积规律和影响因素对于工程结构设计具有重要意义。考虑漂木长度L、溢流口开口宽度b、漂木量Vw及流体流量V等因素对漂木形成堵塞的影响,通过实验研究了山洪中漂木在拦砂坝前堵塞堆积规律。实验发现漂木在拦砂坝溢流口的堵塞堆积形态主要有三种:溢流口搭桥型,交错咬合型,坝前停积型。漂木堵塞率在L/b1时基本保持不变,在1L/b3时,随着L/b增大先增大后减小,在L/b=2左右达到最大;漂木拦截率在L/b2呈线性增大,在2L/b3保持基本稳定。漂木大量堵塞在溢流口或滞留在库容区中后部都能形成较高的漂木拦截率。漂木体积含量Vw/V在L/b1时对漂木堵塞率和拦截率基本无影响,在1L/b3时,对漂木堵塞率和拦截率的影响呈增大趋势,随着L/b的增大,增大趋势越明显,在L/b=2时基本呈线性增长。 相似文献
11.
PETER G. KNIGHT CARRIE E. JENNINGS RICHARD I. WALLER ZOE P. ROBINSON 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2007,89(3):203-215
Advance of part of the margin of the Greenland ice sheet across a proglacial moraine ridge between 1968 and 2002 caused progressive changes in moraine morphology, basal ice formation, debris release, ice‐marginal sediment storage, and sediment transfer to the distal proglacial zone. When the ice margin is behind the moraine, most of the sediment released from the glacier is stored close to the ice margin. As the margin advances across the moraine the potential for ice‐proximal sediment storage decreases and distal sediment flux is augmented by reactivation of moraine sediment. For six stages of advance associated with distinctive glacial and sedimentary processes we describe the ice margin, the debris‐rich basal ice, debris release from the glacier, sediment routing into the proglacial zone, and geomorphic processes on the moraine. The overtopping of a moraine ridge is a significant glaciological, geomorphological and sedimentological threshold in glacier advance, likely to cause a distinctive pulse in distal sediment accumulation rates that should be taken into account when glacial sediments are interpreted to reconstruct glacier fluctuations. 相似文献
12.
干热退化山地不同类型侵蚀沟生物生态工程治理试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
冲沟是生态环境治理和控制泥石流活动的关键地段。结合云南南涧县城后山泥石流生物生态工程治理试验示范研究,总结出由土石混砌与土木筑造结构的生物谷坊,浆筑结构拦坝和谷坊等组成的沟道侵蚀治理方法,并成功地进行了相应的生物坝系建设,筛选出大叶桉,赤桉,马鹿花,台湾相思,马占相思,新叶合欢,夹竹桃等一批适宜干热生境和沟道植被恢复及防护林建设的植物种类,同时采取冲沟与谷坡同时整治,生物治理与调蓄水措施相结合的坡面治理方法。结果表明,这些生物生态工程措施对于防止沟床侵蚀,抑制泥石流活动和护床固坡效果显著。 相似文献
13.
谷坊坝是泥石流治理的重要工程措施之一。化石板沟泥石流治理工程共设13座谷坊坝,组成梯级谷坊坝群;坝体主要分布在泥石流形成区和流通区,混凝土结构,轴向两端嵌入沟道两侧基岩0.5～1 m。通过对比化石板沟谷坊工程修建前后沟床纵坡比降、沟道两侧斜坡稳定性及泥石流侵蚀速率等方面的差异,证明谷坊工程能够有效拦蓄松散固体物质、稳固沟床和岸坡、降低沟道纵坡比降、降低泥石流流速和耗散流体能量、抬高沟道上游泥石流侵蚀基准面。研究发现,化石板沟谷坊坝群共拦截固体物质2.76×104 m3,仅占流域物源总量574.9×104 m3的0.5%,占近期可供给泥石流活动的物源量85×104 m3的3.3%;稳固沟床松散物质4.37×104 m3,仅占流域物源总量的0.76%,占近期可供给泥石流活动的物源量的5.2%;稳固沟道两侧坡体松散物质134.07×104 m3,占流域物源总量的23.3%,泥石流物源减少;回淤的沟道比降为原比降的60%～75%,相同频率下泥石流流速、峰值流量降低,沟道侵蚀速率下降,泥石流输沙量减少35%～57%;上游泥石流支沟侵蚀基准面抬升0.3～0.5 m。泥石流呈现从粘性到稀性,再到含沙水流的趋势发展。 相似文献
14.
Periglacial and Fluvial Factors Controlling the Sedimentation of Pleistocene Breccia in NW Poland 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Piotr Weckwerth Małgorzata Pisarska‐Jamroży 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2015,97(2):415-430
Breccias were investigated on the terrace of the Toruń‐Eberswalde ice‐marginal valley at Rozwarzyn (NW Poland). Breccia layers include soft‐sediment clasts with diameters between 2 and 256 mm and soft‐sediment megaclasts with diameters from 256 mm to 7 m. The shape of the soft‐sediment clasts and megaclasts (derived from frozen sediments) in the breccia is diverse: from angular and irregular in the case of debris‐flow breccias to slightly rounded and tabular in fluvial breccias. These two types of breccias were developed during the Late Weichselian when the periglacial climate favored extensive lateral erosion by currents of frozen braided channels in the ice‐marginal valley. The dual presence of breccias of fluvial and debris‐flow origin in channel deposits is unique for Quaternary sediments. Zones of breccias existed in the channels where scours and obstacle marks related to megaclasts developed. The study of breccias shed new light on the fluvial processes in ice‐marginal valleys during the Pleistocene and can be considered as diagnostic for fluvio‐periglacial conditions. 相似文献
15.
16.
17.
To reduce the hazards from debris flows in drainage basins burned by wildfire, erosion control measures such as construction of check dams, installation of log erosion barriers (LEBs), and spreading of straw mulch and seed are common practice. After the 2002 Missionary Ridge Fire in southwest Colorado, these measures were implemented at Knight Canyon above Lemon Dam to protect the intake structures of the dam from being filled with sediment. Hillslope erosion protection measures included LEBs at concentrations of 220–620/ha (200–600% of typical densities), straw mulch was hand spread at concentrations up to 5.6 metric tons/hectare (125% of typical densities), and seeds were hand spread at 67–84 kg/ha (150% of typical values). The mulch was carefully crimped into the soil to keep it in place. In addition, 13 check dams and 3 debris racks were installed in the main drainage channel of the basin.The technical literature shows that each mitigation method working alone, or improperly constructed or applied, was inconsistent in its ability to reduce erosion and sedimentation. At Lemon Dam, however, these methods were effective in virtually eliminating sedimentation into the reservoir, which can be attributed to a number of factors: the density of application of each mitigation method, the enhancement of methods working in concert, the quality of installation, and rehabilitation of mitigation features to extend their useful life. The check dams effectively trapped the sediment mobilized during rainstorms, and only a few cubic meters of debris traveled downchannel, where it was intercepted by debris racks.Using a debris volume-prediction model developed for use in burned basins in the Western U.S., recorded rainfall events following the Missionary Ridge Fire should have produced a debris flow of approximately 10,000 m3 at Knight Canyon. The mitigation measures, therefore, reduced the debris volume by several orders of magnitude. For comparison, rainstorm-induced debris flows occurred in two adjacent canyons at volumes within the range predicted by the model. 相似文献
18.
首先论述了四种沙石体运动模式,还通过理论推导,求解沙石体运动的加速度、末速度和平均速度的计算公式,最后分析了沙石体在多级变坡斜面上加速运动的速度计算方法。 相似文献
19.
John F. Shroder Michael P. Bishop Luke Copland & Valerie F. Sloan 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2000,82(1):17-31
The origin and mobilization of the extensive debris cover associated with the glaciers of the Nanga Parbat Himalaya is complex. In this paper we propose a mechanism by which glaciers can form rock glaciers through inefficiency of sediment transfer from glacier ice to meltwater. Inefficient transfer is caused by various processes that promote plentiful sediment supply and decrease sediment transfer potential. Most debris‐covered glaciers on Nanga Parbat with higher velocities of movement and/ or efficient debris transfer mechanisms do not form rock glaciers, perhaps because debris is mobilized quickly and removed from such glacier systems. Those whose ice movement activity is lower and those where inefficient sediment transfer mechanisms allow plentiful debris to accumulate, can form classic rock glaciers. We document here with maps, satellite images, and field observations the probable evolution of part of a slow and inefficient ice glacier into a rock glacier at the margins of Sachen Glacier in c. 50 years, as well as several other examples that formed in a longer period of time. Sachen Glacier receives all of its nourishment from ice and snow avalanches from surrounding areas of high relief, but has low ice velocities and no efficient system of debris removal. Consequently it has a pronounced digitate terminus with four lobes that have moved outward from the lateral moraines as rock glaciers with prounced transverse ridges and furrows and steep fronts at the angle of repose. Raikot Glacier has a velocity five times higher than Sachen Glacier and a thick cover of rock debris at its terminus that is efficienctly removed. During the advance stage of the glacier since 1994, ice cliffs were exposed at the terminus, and an outbreak flood swept away much debris from its margins and terminus. Like the Sachen Glacier that it resembles, Shaigiri Glacier receives all its nourishment from ice and snow avalanches and has an extensive debris cover with steep margins close to the angle of repose. It has a high velocity similar to Raikot Glacier and catastrophic breakout floods have removed debris from its terminus twice in the recent past. In addition, the Shaigiri terminus blocked the Rupal River during the Little Ice Age and is presently being undercut and steepened by the river. With higher velocities and more efficient sediment transfer systems, neither the Raikot nor the Shaigiri form classic rock‐glacier morphologies. 相似文献
20.
ICE‐MARGINAL SEDIMENT DELIVERY TO THE SURFACE OF A HIGH‐ARCTIC GLACIER: AUSTRE BRØGGERBREEN,SVALBARD
PHILIP R. PORTER GEIR VATNE FELIX NG TRISTRAM D.L. IRVINE‐FYNN 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2010,92(4):437-449
Enhanced delivery of water‐saturated, ice‐marginal sediments to the glacier surface is a response to glacier thinning that has the potential to increase both levels of sediment transfer through the glacier hydrological system and total basin sediment yields. Preliminary observations made during summer 2007 at Austre Brøggerbreen, Svalbard, confirm that ice‐marginal debris flows in the upper reaches of the glacier are actively delivering sediments to the glacier surface, which may then be flushed into the glacier's hydrological system. During a four‐day observation period, several stochastic pulses in water turbidity were observed at a single portal where solely supra‐ and englacial drainage emerge at the glacier margin. The erratic suspended sediment fluxes were hypothesized to originate from ice‐marginal sources. Quantitative analysis of continuous turbidity and discharge data confirm that discharge is not driving these turbidity pulses and, combined with observational data, that the most likely origin is the delivery of water‐saturated sediments to the glacier surface from ice‐marginal, debris flows with subsequent transfer to the portal via the glacial drainage system. These observations illustrate the potential importance of the paraglacial component to the overall sediment cascade of deglaciating basins and highlight the need for careful interpretation of turbidity records, where stochastic pulses in turbidity may be attributed to sources and processes other than ice‐marginal sediment inputs. 相似文献