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1.
Silicate and sulfide melt inclusions from the andesitic Farallón Negro Volcanic Complex in NW Argentina were analyzed by laser ablation ICPMS to track the behavior of Cu and Au during magma evolution, and to identify the processes in the source of fluids responsible for porphyry-Cu-Au mineralization at the 600 Mt Bajo de la Alumbrera deposit. The combination of silicate and sulfide melt inclusion data with previously published geological and geochemical information indicates that the source of ore metals and water was a mantle-derived mafic magma that contained approximately 6 wt.% H2O and 200 ppm Cu. This magma and a rhyodacitic magma mixed in an upper-crustal magma chamber, feeding the volcanic systems and associated subvolcanic intrusions over 2.6 million years. Generation of the ore fluid from this magma occurred towards the end of this protracted evolution and probably involved six important steps: (1) Generation of a sulfide melt upon magma mixing in some parts of the magma chamber. (2) Partitioning of Cu and Au into the sulfide melt (enrichment factor of 10,000 for Cu) leading to Cu and Au concentrations of several wt.% or ppm, respectively. (3) A change in the tectonic regime from local extension to compression at the end of protracted volcanism. (4) Intrusion of a dacitic magma stock from the upper part of the layered magma chamber. (5) Volatile exsolution and resorption of the sulfide melt from the lower and more mafic parts of the magma chamber, generating a fluid with a Cu/Au ratio equal to that of the precursor sulfide. (6) Focused fluid transport and precipitation of the two metals in the porphyry, yielding an ore body containing Au and Cu in the proportions dictated by the magmatic fluid source. The Cu/S ratio in the sulfide melt inclusions requires that approximately 4,000 ppm sulfur is extracted from the andesitic magma upon mixing. This exceeds the solubility of sulfide or sulfate in either of the silicate melts and implies an additional source for S. The extra sulfur could be added in the form of anhydrite phenocrysts present in the rhyodacitic magma. It appears, thus, that unusually sulfur-rich, not Cu-rich magmas are the key to the formation of porphyry-type ore deposits. Our observations imply that dacitic intrusions hosting the porphyry–Cu–Au mineralization are not representative of the magma from which the ore-fluid exsolved. The source of the ore fluid is the underlying more mafic magma, and unaltered andesitic dikes emplaced immediately after ore formation are more likely to represent the magma from which the fluids were generated. At Alumbrera, these andesitic dikes carry relicts of the sulfide melt as inclusions in amphibole. Sulfide inclusions in similar dykes of other, less explored magmatic complexes may be used to predict the Au/Cu ratio of potential ore-forming fluids and the expected metal ratio in any undiscovered porphyry deposit.Editorial handling: B. Lehmann 相似文献
2.
吉林东部(延边地区)中生代以来不同方向的断裂构造发育,火山活动强烈,岩浆侵入频繁,与中生代火山-岩浆活动有成因联系的金、铜多金属矿床多处,矿化蚀变线索多见,构成了知名度很高的五凤-小西南岔近东西向火山-岩浆期后低温热液型金、铜多金属成矿带.区内中生代火山-岩浆岩的形成是上地幔岩浆上侵的结果,同时伴有成矿作用的发生,在构造有利部位形成金、金铜或铜金多金属矿体.成矿物质来源于地幔,成矿是在酸性介质中还原条件下发生的.从远源至近源,成矿分带为Au、Ag→Au、Cu、Ag→Cu、Au、Pb、Zn→Cu、(Mo、Au),成矿温度从低温至高温变化,硫化物从贫硫化物向富硫化物变化. 相似文献
3.
在皖赣沿江地区分布着大量中生代侵入岩体及其岩石包体和相关的夕卡岩矿床。本文在综合整理作者研究团队近30年来所获得的区内大部分侵入岩体及其岩石包体和夕卡岩矿床研究资料的基础上,聚焦区域中生代壳幔相互作用与多成因夕卡岩成矿过程分析,为发展壳幔成矿学打下一定基础。基性侵入岩和镁铁质岩石包体的同位素年代学和岩石地球化学资料表明,皖赣沿江地区在中生代发生了碰撞后(145~135 Ma)富铜金和造山后(130~120 Ma)富铁金幔源岩浆底侵作用和相应的壳幔混源岩浆作用。壳幔混源岩浆作用主要包括结晶分异作用、同化混染作用、岩浆混合作用和岩浆熔离作用。夕卡岩矿床地质调研和镜下观察结果显示,两期壳幔混源岩浆侵入晚古生代到早中生代围岩地层后引发了多成因夕卡岩成矿作用,形成了接触交代、层控、岩浆和复合叠加等多成因夕卡岩矿床。接触交代、层控、岩浆和复合叠加夕卡岩矿床分别以热液交代、沉积+热液交代、岩浆结晶+热液交代和沉积+岩浆结晶+热液交代矿物组合和结构构造为特征。在碰撞后酸性-中酸性侵入岩体中产有富Cu和Zn等成矿物质的元古宙变质岩包体,表明碰撞后富铜金的底侵玄武岩浆或其演化岩浆在浅位岩浆房中同化了元古宙变质基底成矿物质(铜锌等)储库导致铜进一步富集,从而形成更富铜的酸性-中酸性岩浆。在碰撞后中基性-基性侵入岩体中产有含大量Cu-Fe硫化物(黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿)和氧化物包裹体的深位和浅位堆积岩,表明碰撞后富铜金的底侵玄武岩浆在深位岩浆房中和其演化岩浆在浅位岩浆房中发生了强烈的结晶分异作用导致铜铁亏损,形成更富金的中基性-基性岩浆。酸性-中酸性侵入岩体中夕卡岩包体和夕卡岩中辉长岩-夕卡岩过渡包体的存在表明,碰撞后富铜金的底侵玄武岩浆在侵位处同化晚古生代含铜铁矿源层的碳酸盐地层导致铜进一步富集,形成更富铜的夕卡岩岩浆。更富铜的酸性-中酸性岩浆、更富金的中基性-基性岩浆和更富铜的夕卡岩岩浆是形成碰撞后时期接触交代和层控夕卡岩铜矿、接触交代夕卡岩金矿和岩浆夕卡岩铜矿的最重要控制因素。在造山后中基性-基性侵入岩体中产有含大量Cu-Fe硫化物(黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿)和氧化物包裹体的堆积岩,表明造山后富铁金的底侵玄武岩浆在深位岩浆房中发生了强烈的结晶分异作用导致铜铁亏损,从而形成更富金的中基性-基性岩浆。造山后富铁金的底侵玄武岩浆在侵位处同化晚古生代含铜铁矿源层的碳酸盐地层、早中生代铁矿源层或者早中生代铁硅矿源层,导致铁、铁和铁硅的进一步富集,分别形成更富铁的夕卡岩岩浆、基性岩浆和中基性岩浆。更富金的中基性-基性岩浆及更富铁的夕卡岩岩浆、基性岩浆和中基性岩浆是形成造山后时期接触交代夕卡岩金矿、岩浆夕卡岩铁矿、矿浆型铁矿和接触交代夕卡岩铁矿的关键控制因素。 相似文献
4.
大型-超大型岩浆硫化物矿床的形成需要满足3个基本条件:(1)大量幔源岩浆参与成矿;(2)岩浆演化导致硫化物熔离;(3)硫化物在有限空间聚集。然而,除Sudbury矿床外,全球与镁铁质岩浆有关的超大型铜镍硫化物矿床都发现于小的镁铁-超镁铁岩体中。近10年来的研究表明这些含矿岩体实际上都是岩浆通道系统的一部分,中国金川、杨柳坪、喀拉通克、红旗岭等大型和超大型Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床都形成于岩浆通道系统中,正是岩浆通道这样特殊的开放系统为大规模岩浆硫化物矿床提供了成矿条件。总结国内外最新研究结果,可以发现与成矿有关的岩浆通道系统都分布在深大断裂附近,大规模的幔源岩浆补充与地幔柱、大陆裂谷、碰撞造山后伸展等地质事件有密切的关系。尽管研究证明硫化物熔离都与地壳物质的混染有关,但矿石各种元素的品位却受母岩浆性质、硫化物熔离强度、与新注入镁铁质岩浆反应、以及硫化物本身结晶分异等多重因素的影响;含矿岩体和硫化物矿体的形态和大小都强烈地受围岩地质特征的控制。进一步明确这类矿床的地质特征、形成机制、成矿背景和成矿标志,对未来的研究和找矿工作都是非常必要的。 相似文献
5.
FU Zhongyang XU Xiaochun HE Jun FAN Ziliang XIE Qiaoqin DU Jianguo CHEN Fang 《《地质学报》英文版》2019,93(1):88-110
The Tongling ore district is one of the most economically important ore areas in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, eastern China. It contains hundreds of polymetallic copper–gold deposits and occurrences. Those deposits are mainly clustered(from west to east) within the Tongguanshan, Shizishan, Xinqiao, Fenghuangshan, and Shatanjiao orefields. Until recently, the majority of these deposits were thought to be skarn-or porphyry–skarn-type deposits; however there have been recent discoveries of numerous vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb-Zn deposits that do not fall into either of these categories. This indicates that there is some uncertainty over this classification. Here, we present the results of several systematic geological studies of representative deposits in the Tongling ore district. From investigation of the ore-controlling structures, lithology of the host rock, mineral assemblages, and the characteristics of the mineralization and alteration within these deposits, three genetic types of deposits(skarn-, porphyry-, and vein-type deposits) have been identified. The spatial and temporal relationships between the orebodies and Yanshanian intrusions combined with the sources of the ore-forming fluids and metals, as well as the geodynamic setting of this ore district, indicate that all three deposit types are genetically related each other and constitute a magmatic–hydrothermal system. This study outlines a model that relates the polymetallic copper–gold porphyry-, skarn-, and vein-type deposits within the Tongling ore district. This model provides a theoretical basis to guide exploration for deep-seated and concealed porphyry-type Cu(–Mo, –Au) deposits as well as shallow vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb–Zn deposits in this area and elsewhere. 相似文献
6.
岩浆热液出溶和演化对斑岩成矿系统金属成矿的制约 总被引：29，自引：1，他引：29
岩浆热液过渡阶段对于与岩浆热液有关矿床的形成非常重要。以往的研究多侧重于岩浆结晶阶段和低于固相线的热液阶段过程和演化 ,但对于流体从熔体出溶到熔体最后固结过程的理解却很有限。基于流体包裹体冷热台研究、单个流体和熔体包裹体原位无损成分分析技术 ,并结合挥发份和成矿元素在共存相间分配的实验和质量平衡计算模拟 ,岩浆热液出溶和演化对金属成矿制约的研究取得了很大进展。文中从岩浆中挥发份的出溶和演化、成矿元素在岩浆热液过渡体系各相之间的分配、斑岩矿床成矿流体及与金属成矿的关系、浅成热液矿床成矿流体及与金属成矿的关系几个方面进行了阐述。研究表明 :( 1)岩浆熔体不仅含有足够的挥发性组分 ,而且出溶的挥发份能够被圈闭在流体包裹体中而成为岩浆出溶热液的实物证据。 ( 2 )挥发份和成矿元素不仅在岩浆熔体和出溶的溶液间分配 ,还将在熔体与盐水溶液、熔体与气相以及盐水溶液与气相间进行分配。Cu在岩浆蒸气中比在共存的熔体中要富集数百倍 ,而Cu ,As,Au(可能作为HS配合物 )则偏向于分配进入与液体相共存的蒸气相中。 ( 3 )成矿元素在熔体 /溶液间的分配系数受控于熔体中初始水含量与饱和水含量之比值和岩浆熔体与共存出溶水溶液的w(Cl) /w(H2 O)和w(F) /w(Cl)比值。 ( 4 )斑岩 相似文献
7.
新疆北部幔源岩浆矿床的类型、时空分布及成矿谱系 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
新疆北部与幔源岩浆有关的矿床种类齐全,成矿环境复杂,时代和类型繁多,在中国乃至世界颇具特色。主要矿床类型包括铬铁矿矿床、钒钛磁铁矿矿床、铜镍硫化物矿床、铂族元素(PGE)矿床、铜镍-钒钛铁复合型矿床、含钴磁铁矿矿床、玄武岩自然铜矿床、热液型钴-多金属矿床,以及非金属矿床等。按照含矿地质体的类型,可分为6种类型:蛇绿岩型、层状杂岩型、小侵入体型、阿拉斯加型、浅成岩型和喷出岩型。这些幔源岩浆矿床可划分为3个成岩成矿系列:铜镍系列、钛铁系列和铬铁系列。钛铁系列以碱性层状岩体型钒钛磁铁矿、铁磷矿为代表,岩石具有明显的富Fe特征,属于碱性富铁质的高钛玄武岩系列;铜镍系列以小侵入体型铜镍矿、阿拉斯加型铜镍-PGE矿为代表,岩石属于铁质的拉斑玄武岩-钙碱性系列;铬铁系列主要为蛇绿岩型铬铁矿,岩石具富Mg贫Fe特征,属于镁质系列。3个系列的岩浆都具有亏损地幔源特征,可能都与地幔柱活动有关;岩浆源区富含相应的成矿元素,是形成3个系列矿床相应成矿地质体的主要条件。3个系列矿床的成矿机制可分为深部熔离/岩浆分异、就地分凝、矿浆贯入、岩浆热液等过程。根据各系列矿床之间存在的紧密联系,建立了与幔源岩浆作用有关的3个系列矿床综合模式: 亏损地幔部分熔融产生的幔源岩浆在上升过程中发生熔离/分异,分离为3个系列,由于外部物质加入在地壳深部发生分异和熔离,在不同深度富集形成铬铁矿、钒钛磁铁矿和铜镍硫化物矿床,临近地表时流体富集和分离成含矿流体,分别形成浅成岩型磁铁矿和喷出岩型自然铜矿。新疆北部各类幔源岩浆矿床从早到晚主要产于3期构造阶段/构造类型: 大陆裂解期、板块俯冲期、碰撞/后碰撞造山期(又分3个阶段: 碰撞后伸展阶段、幔柱叠加造山阶段、后碰撞结束阶段)。 相似文献
8.
铜镍硫化物矿床成矿作用及成矿模式研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
铜镍硫化物矿床是典型的岩浆矿床。其成矿岩体是由上地幔的拉斑玄武岩浆在构造动力驱动下，沿深大断裂侵入形成的含矿铁质超基性岩、铁质基性一超基性杂岩和铁质基性岩体。主矿体通常赋存在这些岩体的中下部、底部或根部。主要成矿作用有岩浆熔离作用（包括岩浆就地熔离作用和岩浆深部熔离作用）和硫化作用。其成矿模式为“以岩浆深部熔离作用为主导的脉动式”成矿，形成由多种矿体（包括岩浆就地熔离型、岩浆深部溶离贯入型、晚期贯入型及交代型和岩浆熔离硫化叠加型）构成的复式矿床。 相似文献
9.
Lianxing Gu Khin Zaw Wenxuan Hu Kaijun Zhang Pei Ni Jinxiang He Yaotong Xu Jianjun Lu Chunming Lin 《Ore Geology Reviews》2007,31(1-4):107
More than 20 sediment-hosted massive sulphide deposits occur in Late Palaeozoic basins in South China. These deposits are accompanied by a certain amount of volcanic rocks in the host sequence and are economically important for their Cu, Pb, Zn, Au and Ag reserves. The deposits and their host strata were commonly intruded by Mesozoic granitoids. Remobilisation of sedimentary ores and magmatic hydrothermal overprinting processes resulted in the coexistence of massive sulphides with vein-, skarn- and porphyry-type orebodies in the same region or within a single deposit. The ore-containing basins occur in different tectonic settings. The Lower Yangtze basin occurs on a passive continental margin, where the deposits are high in Cu and Au with minor Pb and Zn and recoverable Ag, Co and Mo. The ores have a lower concentration of radiogenic lead, and δ34S values close to zero. Fluid inclusions are highly saline and Na-rich. Fluids and metals of the Lower Yangtze Region are interpreted to have been derived essentially from deep sources including the Precambrian basement. By contrast, basins of the Nanling Region formed in an intracontinental setting developed on a folded Caledonian basement. These deposits are higher in Pb, Zn, Sn and W, as well as Cu, with recoverable Ag, Sb, Hg, U, Bi, Tl and Mo. The ores are characterised by a higher concentration of radiogenic lead and a wide variation of δ34S composition. Fluid inclusions have lower salinities and higher K+/Na+ ratios. Fluids are considered to have been sourced substantially from seawater by convection. Metals for the Nanling deposits were essentially derived from the Caledonian basement by leaching. The contrast in ore composition between these two regions appears to have been controlled by differences in basement composition of the ore-forming basins. 相似文献
10.
延边东北部地区中生代陆相火山断陷盆地处于吉黑褶皱系延边优地槽褶皱带延边复向斜内;区内中生代以来不同方向的断裂发育,火山活动强烈,岩浆侵入频繁;与中生代火山-岩浆活动有成因联系的金、铜金金属矿床多处,矿化蚀变线索也较多,构成了著名的五凤-小西南岔近东西向火山-岩浆期后低温热液型金、铜多金属成矿带;区内中生代火山-岩浆岩的形成是太平洋板块俯冲作用使大陆边缘拉张活动不断加剧,造成上地幔岩浆上侵的结果;并伴有成矿作用的发生,在岩浆岩体内外接触带的有利部位形成金、金铜或铜金多金属矿床;从远源至近源的成矿分带为Au-Ag→Au-Cu-Ag→Cu-Au-Pb-Zn→Cu(-Mo-Au);成矿作用表现出从低温至高温、从低硫到高硫的变化. 相似文献
11.
The three most crucial factors for the formation of large and super-large magmatic sulfide
deposits are: (1) a large volume of mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic magmas that participated in the
formation of the deposits; (2) fractional crystallization and crustal contamination, particularly the input
of sulfur from crustal rocks, resulting in sulfide immiscibility and segregation; and (3) the timing of
sulfide concentration in the intrusion. The super-large magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits around the world
have been found in small mafic-ultramafic intrusions, except for the Sudbury deposit. Studies in the past
decade indicated that the intrusions hosting large and super-large magmatic sulfide deposits occur in
magma conduits, such as those in China, including Jinchuan (Gansu), Yangliuping (Sichuan), Kalatongke
(Xinjiang), and Hongqiling (Jilin). Magma conduits as open magma systems provide a perfect environment
for extensive concentration of immiscible sulfide melts, which have been found to occur along deep
regional faults. The origin of many mantle-derived magmas is closely associated with mantle plumes,
intracontinental rifts, or post-collisional extension. Although it has been confirmed that sulfide immiscibility
results from crustal contamination, grades of sulfide ores are also related to the nature of the
parental magmas, the ratio between silicate magma and immiscible sulfide melt, the reaction between
the sulfide melts and newly injected silicate magmas, and fractionation of the sulfide melt. The field relationships
of the ore-bearing intrusion and the sulfide ore body are controlled by the geological features of
the wall rocks. In this paper, we attempt to demonstrate the general characteristics, formation mechanism,tectonic settings, and indicators of magmatic sulfide deposits occurring in magmatic conduits which
would provide guidelines for further exploration. 相似文献
12.
浅成-次火山岩黑云母Cu，Au成矿示踪意义 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
浅成－次火山岩是许多斑岩型和斑岩－浅成低温热液型铜、金矿床矿质和流体的重要来源，斑岩体初始岩浆的Cu,Au丰度，CI，F含量及岩浆结晶时的氧逸度是其能否最终形成含Cu,Au流体的关键因素。黑云母是浅成－次火山中酸性侵入体中最常见的铁镁矿物，含有较丰富的Cu,Au及挥发分CI，F其Fe^3 /Fe^3 (Fe^3 Fe^2 ）比值可以反映其结晶时岩浆的氧化还原状态，尤其是斑晶黑云母往往形成于岩浆流体出溶和去气作用发生之前，它能灵敏地指示其母岩浆的初始Cu,Au丰度和CI，F含量及氧化还原状态，因此，可以作为成矿物质、成矿流体来源的理想示踪矿物，并可用于浅成－次火山侵入人体的成矿潜力。在一些斑岩型铜、金矿床和斑岩－浅成低温热液型金、铜矿床分布区开展浅成－次火山侵入体黑云母的成矿示踪研究，对于解决矿床成因和指导找矿实践均具有重要意义。 相似文献
13.
N. S. Bortnikov A. V. Volkov A. L. Galyamov I. V. Vikent’ev V. V. Aristov A. V. Lalomov K. Yu. Murashov 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2016,58(2):83-103
Seven main ore-forming systems—porphyry and epithermal; orogenic related to granitic intrusions; magmatic ultramafic; volcanic-hosted massive sulfide and volcanic–sedimentary; sedimentary basins; related to alkaline magmatic activity; and placers and weathering mantles—are sources of high-tech critical metals. The following promising types of ore deposits containing high-tech critical metals as by-products are recognized: Cu–Mo porphyry, Fe–Cu–Au and Pb–Zn skarn, base-metal epithermal, volcanic-hosted massive sulfide, base-metal stratiform, various tin deposits, and placers containing rare metals including REE. The mineral resources of critical metals in Russia are compared with those known in other countries. The contents of high-tech critical metals in ores of some noble-metal deposits of the Russian Northeast are reported. It is shown that the subsurface of Russia possesses considerable mineral resource potential for hightech critical metals, which allows new enterprises to be created or production of operating enterprises to increase. 相似文献
14.
Au–Ag mineralization of the Olcha and Teploe epithermal deposits underwent thermal metamorphism due to porphyritic intrusions. The presence of Bi-bearing galena and matildite in the ores (Teploe), Cu–Te-bearing naumannite (Olcha), the occurrence of middle- and high-temperature facies of metasomatic rocks (epidote and actinolite), and temperature formation conditions are related, firstly, to the influence of granitoids on the ore process, which supplied not only Cu and Mo, but also Bi, Te, and, secondly, to the heating of host rocks containing pre-porphyritic epithermal Au–Ag mineralization. The abundance of Cu–Ag sulfides and Cu-acanthite resulted from the enrichment of later mineral phases in Cu and Ag under the substance redistribution with the formation of Ag-acanthite ores. The data considered in the paper are of practical importance for regional forecasting of metallogenic constructions, exploration, and evaluation of the epithermal Au–Ag deposits. 相似文献
15.
在前人研究的基础上,通过系统的野外考察,论证了位于赣东北德兴地区德乐中生代火山盆地中的德兴铜矿、银山银铜铅锌矿和金山金矿及蛤蟆石金矿属于同一成矿系统。德兴铜矿是典型的斑岩铜矿,成矿流体和金属元素主要来自岩浆;银山银铜铅锌矿是一个下部为斑岩铜矿、上部为浅成低温热液型银铅锌矿,成矿流体早期以岩浆为主,晚期有较多的大气降水参与,成矿物质主要来自岩浆;金山和蛤蟆石金矿是远接触带热液矿床,成矿流体为岩浆热液与大气降水的混合产物,金主要来自围岩——双桥山群浅变质岩。这3套矿床以中酸性花岗斑岩或石英斑岩（高钾钙碱质花岗岩）为核心具有明显的分带性,自中心向外或深部向浅部为：斑岩铜金钼矿、浅成低温热液型银铅锌矿和远接触带热液型金矿。这种矿床组合关系不同于已知的经典斑岩铜矿模型和斑岩铜矿一浅成低温热液金银矿床模型,因而,有必要提出一个新的模型：斑岩铜矿一浅成低温热液银铅锌矿一远接触带热液金矿模型。这套矿『末形成于中侏罗世,抑或是古太平洋俯冲板片局部重熔或撕裂重熔的产物,抑或是在活动大陆边缘岩浆弧后伸展带由地幔底侵的结果。 相似文献
16.
Anastassia Yu. Borisova Michel Pichavant Michael Wiedenbeck Frédéric Candaudap 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2006,70(14):3702-3716
The dacite pumice erupted from Mt. Pinatubo on June 15, 1991 (whole-rock, rhyolitic groundmass glasses and homogenized melt inclusions) has been analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), nanosecond and femtosecond laser ablation ICP-MS and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to evaluate its ore-forming potential. Data suggest that adakite magmas are metal-rich and concentrate ore metals during magmatic differentiation. Sulfides segregate in limited amounts under the hydrous, oxidizing conditions typical of adakitic magmas resulting in incompatible behavior for Au (6-22 ppb), Cu (26-77 ppm), and Pb, Mo, As, and Sb in melts of dacitic to rhyolitic compositions. Metal transfer from this adakite magma to the coexisting aqueous phase was favored by the peraluminous composition of the rhyolitic melt and high aqueous chloride concentrations. Mass balance calculations suggest that the pre-eruptive aqueous phase could have extracted a minimum of 100 t Au and 5 × 105 t Cu from the Mt. Pinatubo magma. Our data suggest that intrusives having adakitic signatures are genetically associated with Au-Cu and Cu-Mo mineralization, auriferous porphyry copper deposits, and epithermal gold veins. High H2O, Cl, Sr/Y, Pb/Ce, Mo/Ce, As/Ce and Sb/Ce in Mt. Pinatubo melts reflect the contribution of deep fluids derived from subducted sediments and altered MORBs in the dacite genesis. The slab-derived fluids carrying mobile elements are likely responsible for the enrichment of adakite magmas in gold, associated metals and H2O, and may explain the exceptional ore-forming potential of adakite magmatism. 相似文献
17.
Constraints on gold and copper ore grades in porphyry-style Cu–Au ± Mo deposits are re-examined, with particular emphasis
on published fluid pressure and formation depth as indicated by fluid inclusion data and geological reconstruction. Defining
an arbitrary subdivision at a molar Cu/Au ratio of 4.0 × 104, copper–gold deposits have a shallower average depth of formation (2.1 km) compared with the average depth of copper–molybdenum
deposits (3.7 km), based on assumed lithostatic fluid pressure from microthermometry. The correlation of Cu/Au ratio with
depth is primarily influenced by the variations of total Au grade. Despite local mineralogical controls within some ore deposits,
the overall Cu/Au ratio of the deposits does not show a significant correlation with the predominant type of Cu–Fe sulfide,
i.e., chalcopyrite or bornite. Primary magma source probably contributes to metal endowment on the province scale and in some
individual deposits, but does not explain the broad correlation of metal ratios with the pressure of ore formation. By comparison
with published experimental and fluid analytical data, the observed correlation of the Cu/Au ratio with fluid pressure can
be explained by dominant transport of Cu and Au in a buoyant S-rich vapor, coexisting with minor brine in two-phase magmatic
hydrothermal systems. At relatively shallow depth (approximately <3 km), the solubility of both metals decreases rapidly with
decreasing density of the ascending vapor plume, forcing both Cu and Au to be coprecipitated. In contrast, magmatic vapor
cooling at deeper levels (approximately >3 km) and greater confining pressure is likely to precipitate copper ± molybdenum
only, while sulfur-complexed gold remains dissolved in the relatively dense vapor. Upon cooling, this vapor may ultimately
contract to a low-salinity epithermal liquid, which can contribute to the formation of epithermal gold deposits several kilometers
above the Au-poor porphyry Cu–(Mo) deposit. These findings and interpretations imply that petrographic inspection of fluid
inclusion density may be used as an exploration indicator. Low-pressure brine + vapor systems are favorable for coprecipitation
of both metals, leading to Au-rich porphyry–copper–gold deposits. Epithermal gold deposits may be associated with such shallow
systems, but are likely to derive their ore-forming components from a deeper source, which may include a deeply hidden porphyry–copper
± molybdenum deposit. Exposed high-pressure brine + vapor systems, or stockwork veins containing a single type of intermediate-density
inclusions, are more likely to be prospective for porphyry–copper ± molybdenum deposits. 相似文献
18.
Given that the Duobuza deposit was the first porphyry Cu–Au deposit discovered in central Tibet, the mineralization and mineralized porphyry in this area have been the focus of intensive research, yet the overall porphyry sequence associated with the deposit remains poorly understood. New geological mapping, logging, and sampling of an early granodiorite porphyry, an inter-mineralization porphyry, and a late-mineralization diorite porphyry were complemented by LA–ICP–MS zircon dating, whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic analyses, and in situ Hf isotopic analyses for both inter- and late-mineralization porphyry intrusions. All of the porphyry intrusions are high-K and calc-alkaline, and were emplaced at ca. 120 Ma. The geochemistry of these intrusions is indicative of arc magmatism, as all three porphyry phases are enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, and depleted in heavy rare earth elements and high field strength elements. These similar characteristics of the intrusions, when combined with the relatively high (87Sr/86Sr)i, negative εNd(t), and positive εHf(t) values, suggest that the magmas that formed the porphyries were derived from a common source region and shared a single magma chamber. The magmas were generated by the mixing of upwelling metasomatized mantle-wedge-derived mafic magmas and magmas generated by partial melting of amphibolite within the lower crust.The inter-mineralization porphyry has the lowest εNd(t) and highest (87Sr/86Sr)i values, suggesting that a large amount of lower-crust-derived material was incorporated into the melt and that metals such as Cu and Au from the enriched lower crust were scavenged by the parental magma. The relative mafic late-mineralization diorite porphyry phase was formed by the residual magma in the magma chamber mixing with upwelling mafic melt derived from metasomatized mantle. The magmatic–hydrothermal evolution of the magma in the chamber released ore-forming fluid that was transported mainly by the inter-mineralization porphyry phase during the mineralization stage, which ultimately formed the Duobuza porphyry Cu–Au deposit.These porphyritic intrusions of the Duobuza deposit have high Mg# and low (La/Yb)N values, and show some high LILE/HFSE ratios, indicating the magma source was enriched by interaction with slab-derived fluids. Combined with age constraints on the regional tectonic evolution, these dating and geochemical results suggest that the Duobuza porphyry Cu–Au deposit formed in a subduction setting during the final stages of the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. 相似文献
19.
Huangling Gu Zhangxing Nie Jianghong Deng Liuan Duan Qing Hu 《International Geology Review》2018,60(11-14):1404-1434
ABSTRACTThe Guichi ore-cluster district in the Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt hosts extensive Cu–Au–Mo polymetallic deposits including the Tongshan Cu–Mo, Paodaoling Au, Matou Cu–Mo, Anzishan Cu–Mo, Guilinzheng Mo and Zhaceqiao Au deposits, mostly associated with the late Mesozoic magmatic rocks, which has been drawn to attention of study and exploration. However, the metallogenic relationship between magmatic rocks and the Cu–Au-polymetallic deposits is not well constrained. In this study, we report new zircon U–Pb ages, Hf isotopic, and geochemical data for the ore-bearing intrusions of Guichi region. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages for the Anzishan quartz diorite porphyrite is 143.9 ± 1.0 Ma. Integrated with previous geochronological data, these late Mesozoic magmatic rocks can be subdivided into two stages of magmatic activities. The first stage (150–132 Ma) is characterized by high-K calc-alkaline intrusions closely associated with Cu–Au polymetallic ore deposits. Whereas, the second stage (130–125 Ma) produced granites and syenites and is mainly characterized by shoshonite series that are related to Mo–Cu mineralization. The first stage of magmatic rocks is considered to be formed by partial melting of subducted Palaeo-Pacific Plate, assimilated with Yangtze lower crust and remelting Meso-Neoproterozoic crust/sediments. The second stage of magmatism is originated from partial melting of Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic crust, mixed with juvenile crustal materials. The depression cross to the uplift zone of the Jiangnan Ancient Continent forms a gradual transition relation, and the hydrothermal mineralization composite with two stages have certain characteristics along the regional fault (Gaotan Fault). Guichi region results from two episodes of magmatism probably related to tectonic transition from subduction of Palaeo-Pacific Plate to back-arc extensional setting between 150 and 125 Ma, which lead to the Mesozoic large-scale polymetallic mineralization events in southeast China. 相似文献
20.
Tang Zhongli 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》1999,10(1):2
Deep-seated magmatic liquation-injection deposits form a major type of magmatic sulfide deposit in China. The reserves of nickel and copper in this type of deposit may attain several hundred thousand tons (e.g.Hongqi 7 and Karatunggu) to nearly ten million tons (e.g.Jinchuan). Those deposits can be classified as large or superlarge deposits. The ore grade is relatively high, commonly with w(Ni)＞1 %.The mineralized intrusions are small in size, generally only 0.0n km2 to 0.n km2, with the largest one not exceeding a few km2. Before intruding, the primary magmas have undergone liquation and partial crystallization at depth; as a result, the magmas have partitioned into barren magma, ore-bearing magma, ore-rich magma and ore magma, which then ascended and injected into the present locations once or multiple times, to form ore deposits. The above-mentioned mineralizing process is known as deep-seated magmatic liquation-injection mineralization. The volume of the barren magma is generally much larger than those of the ore-bearing magma, ore-rich magma and ore magma. In the ascending process, most of the barren magma intruded into different locations or outpoured onto the ground surface, forming intrusions or lava flows. The rest barren magma, ore-bearing magma, ore-rich magmaand ore magma may either multiple times inject into the same place in which rocks and ores are formed or separately inject into different spaces to form rocks and ores. Such deep-seated magmatic liquation-injection deposits have a much smaller volume, greater ore potential and higher ore grade than those of in-situ magmatic liquation deposits. Consequently, this mineralizing process leads to the formation of large deposits in small intrusions. 相似文献