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城市气象研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
中国数十年来在城市气象研究这一新兴学科领域开展了大量研究并获得了多方面的丰硕成果。文中从城市气象观测网与观测试验、城市气象多尺度模式、城市气象与大气环境相互影响、城市化对天气气候的影响等4个方面论述了城市气象的主要研究进展:中国各大城市已建立或正在完善具有多平台、多变量、多尺度、多重链接、多功能等特点的城市气象综合观测网;北京、南京、上海等地开展了大型城市气象观测科学试验,被世界气象组织列入研究示范项目;成功开展了风洞实验、缩尺度外场实验研究;建立了多尺度城市气象和空气质量预报数值模式,并应用于业务;在城市热岛效应、城市对降水影响、城市气象与城市规划、城市化对区域气候及空气质量的影响、城市气象与大气环境相互作用等研究领域取得长足进展。最后指出,未来需要重点从新观测技术及观测资料同化应用、城市系统模式研究、城市化对天气气候的影响机理、城市化对大气环境和人体健康的影响、城市水文气象气候与环境综合服务等方面开展科学研究与应用,为中国城市化、生态文明建设、防灾减灾和应对气候变化等国家需求提供科技支撑。 相似文献
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Urbanization Impact on Regional Climate and Extreme Weather: Current Understanding,Uncertainties, and Future Research Directions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yun QIAN TC CHAKRABORTY Jianfeng LI Dan LI Cenlin HE Chandan SARANGI Fei CHEN Xuchao YANG L.Ruby LEUNG 《大气科学进展》2022,39(6):819-860
Urban environments lie at the confluence of social,cultural,and economic activities and have unique biophysical characteristics due to continued infrastructure development that generally replaces natural landscapes with built-up structures.The vast majority of studies on urban perturbation of local weather and climate have been centered on the urban heat island(UHI)effect,referring to the higher temperature in cities compared to their natural surroundings.Besides the UHI effect and heat waves,urbanization also impacts atmospheric moisture,wind,boundary layer structure,cloud formation,dispersion of air pollutants,precipitation,and storms.In this review article,we first introduce the datasets and methods used in studying urban areas and their impacts through both observation and modeling and then summarize the scientific insights on the impact of urbanization on various aspects of regional climate and extreme weather based on more than 500 studies.We also highlight the major research gaps and challenges in our understanding of the impacts of urbanization and provide our perspective and recommendations for future research priorities and directions. 相似文献
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环境趋势和医学气象研究中的若干前沿科学问题 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
简要介绍了当前全球气候、环境变化趋势下,大气环境和气象医学研究中的若干前沿科学问题,包括环境毒理学、空气污染对人体健康的损害、城市小气候与人体健康、气象病、医学气象预报以及气候变化与人体健康等方面的研究进展。
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Urban impacts on precipitation 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Ji-Young Han Jong-Jin Baik Hyunho Lee 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2014,50(1):17-30
Weather and climate changes caused by human activities (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and urbanization) have received much attention because of their impacts on human lives as well as scientific interests. The detection, understanding, and future projection of weather and climate changes due to urbanization are important subjects in the discipline of urban meteorology and climatology. This article reviews urban impacts on precipitation. Observational studies of changes in convective phenomena over and around cities are reviewed, with focus on precipitation enhancement downwind of cities. The proposed causative factors (urban heat island, large surface roughness, and higher aerosol concentration) and mechanisms of urban-induced and/or urban-modified precipitation are then reviewed and discussed, with focus on downwind precipitation enhancement. A universal mechanism of urban-induced precipitation is made through a thorough literature review and is as follows. The urban heat island produces updrafts on the leeward or downwind side of cities, and the urban heat island-induced updrafts initiate moist convection under favorable thermodynamic conditions, thus leading to surface precipitation. Surface precipitation is likely to further increase under higher aerosol concentrations if the air humidity is high and deep and strong convection occurs. It is not likely that larger urban surface roughness plays a major role in urbaninduced precipitation. Larger urban surface roughness can, however, disrupt or bifurcate precipitating convective systems formed outside cities while passing over the cities. Such urban-modified precipitating systems can either increase or decrease precipitation over and/or downwind of cities. Much effort is needed for in-depth or new understanding of urban precipitation anomalies, which includes local and regional modeling studies using advanced numerical models and analysis studies of long-term radar data. 相似文献
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Summary The atmospheric concentrations of several primary species: NO, NO2, NOx, CO, SO2, reactive hydrocarbons (ROG) and other 15 atmospheric and meteorological variables have been measured at several locations in Córdoba city, Argentina since June 1995. The measurements are carried out using two mobile stations to cover several important areas of Córdoba. The objective of this work is to estimate the effects of meteorology and urban structure on the air quality levels for this city using simple statistics. We analyze the correlation between primary pollutants (CO and NOx) and site locations of the air quality monitoring stations (AQMS) during the whole 1995 field campaign. In this study we take the measured data for primary pollutants and group them by location and time of the year. The results of this work may be useful to forecast air pollution episodes. Also we can get indirect information about emissions and maybe identify source characteristics. Once the influences of topography, meteorology, and land use will be fully characterized, the existing monitoring data will be used to do air quality modeling analysis and to select monitoring locations. The use of mobile stations instead of stationary ones at this stage is justified because of limited funding. Therefore, it is a valid option to decide in the future the additional instrumentation required to characterize completely the atmospheric urban area.With 5 Figures 相似文献
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Determining whether air temperatures recorded at meteorological stations have been contaminated by the urbanization process is still a controversial issue at the global scale. With support of historical remote sensing data, this study examined the impacts of urban expansion on the trends of air temperature at 69 meteorological stations in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province over the last three decades. There were significant positive relations between the two factors at all stations. Stronger warming was detected at the meteorological stations that experienced greater urbanization, i.e., those with a higher urbanization rate. While the total urban area affects the absolute temperature values, the change of the urban area (urbanization rate) likely affects the temperature trend. Increases of approximately 10% in urban area around the meteorological stations likely contributed to the 0.13℃ rise in air temperature records in addition to regional climate warming. This study also provides a new approach to selecting reference stations based on remotely sensed urban fractions. Generally, the urbanization-induced warming contributed to approximately 44.1% of the overall warming trends in the plain region of study area during the past 30 years, and the regional climate warming was 0.30℃ (10 yr)-1 in the last three decades. 相似文献
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气候观测环境代表性和观测资料质量是开展大尺度气候变化监测和研究的前提。为了解我国干燥区气象观测环境变化和台站代表性，作者对河西走廊和北疆九个国家级气象站观测环境开展了调研。本文介绍了调研了解到的情况，并结合先前研究结果，从气候变化监测和研究的视角，讨论了西北干燥区地面观测站代表性问题。目前我国西北地区气象站地面观测，对于干燥区的城市和绿洲区域气候及其变化，具有较高的代表性，但对更广大的荒漠和半荒漠背景气候及其变化，代表性仍显不足。作者发现，早先研究中指出的北疆等地区城镇站地面气温序列负向城市化影响，应与观测场周围局地甚至区域尺度绿洲扩大有直接联系，较难反映绿洲以外干燥区地带性气温变化。针对地面观测环境调研所发现的问题，文章最后提出了几点建议，希望对未来国家基准气候站网设计和建设提供一定参考。 相似文献
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北京城市热岛效应的流动观测和初步研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用车载气象观测仪器结合GPS定位、连续数据采集系统的流动观测方法研究了北京城区内不同城市地表覆盖物对城市局地小气候的影响和气象要素分布,发现城市下垫面分布与城市的温度和湿度有密切关系,一般在城市建筑物密集、水体和植被少的区域具有较高的气温和较低的相对湿度,在建筑物稀疏和植被、水体较多的区域则相反。观测结果表明,流动观测方法是对常规气象观测资料的有益补充,也是城市气候观测中的一种有效方法。 相似文献
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大气边界层物理与大气环境过程研究进展 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
总结了近5年来中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室(LAPC)在第二代超声风速温度仪研制、城市边界层研究、复杂地形大气边界层探测与数值模拟、湍流机理研究、大气污染模式发展与应用等领域的主要进展,其中,第二代超声风速温度仪的野外对比测试结果表明其主要性能完全达到了国际先进水平;北京城市化发展使得北京325 m气象塔周边近地面流场已经具备了典型城市粗糙下垫面的流场特征,近地面夏季平均风速呈现非常明显的逐年递减趋势;北京沙尘暴大风时期湍流运动主要是小尺度湍涡运动,而大风的概率分布偏离高斯分布,风速较大的一侧概率分布呈指数迅速衰减,大风中风速很大的部分具有分形特征;珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区两次综合强化探测实验是迄今为止在青藏高原大型山地中实施的针对山地环流和物质／能量交换最为全面和连续的大气过程探测实验;白洋淀地区的观测研究表明,非均匀边界层具有一般边界层不具备的特点,无论是边界层结构还是湍流输送方面,水、陆边界层之间存在一定的差异,凸显其地表非均匀性的作用;为了解决不同尺度、不同类型的大气污染问题和实际应用,研制或发展完善了多套大气污染模式系统,包括全球大气化学模式、区域大气污染数值模式、城市大气污染数值模式和微小尺度(如街区尺度)范围内污染物输送扩散模式。 相似文献
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卫星气象的现状及展望 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文讨论了气象卫星遥感技术的现状及展望,以及在未来十几年内气象卫星可能提供遥感信息的前景。由于卫星技术的发展以及信息处理能力的提高,遥感信息将会对于气象及有关学科的发展有所推动,本文预期了它对于天气预报、气候与长期预报、大气探测(包括云雨)、大气污染、海洋环境及陆地冰雪研究的促进效果。气象卫星遥感提供了地球环境综合性研究的可能性,本文也讨论了这样一个发展趋势。最后,概述了我国卫星气象事业的发展概况。 相似文献
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China has been experiencing widespread air pollution due to rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent decades.The two major concerns of ambient air quality in China are particulate matter(PM) and tropospheric ozone(O_3). With the implementation of air pollution prevention and control actions in the last five years, the PM pollution in China has been substantially reduced. In contrast, under the conditions of the urban air pollution complex, the elevated O_3 levels in city clusters of eastern China, especially in warm seasons, have drawn increasing attention. Emissions of air pollutants and their precursors not only contribute to regional air quality, but also alter climate. Climate change in turn can change chemical processes, long-range transport, and local meteorology that influence air pollution. Compared to PM, less is known about O_3 pollution and its climate effects over China. Here, we present a review of the main findings from the literature over the period 2011–18 with regard to the characteristics of O_3 concentrations in China and the mechanisms that drive its interannual to decadal variations, aiming to identify robust conclusions that may guide decision-making for emissions control and to highlight critical knowledge gaps. We also review regional and global modeling studies that have investigated the impacts of tropospheric O_3 on climate, as well as the projections of future tropospheric O_3 owing to climate and/or emission changes. 相似文献
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为研究城市人体舒适度变化和城市化进程的关系,明确影响人体舒适度的主要城市因子,该文首先利用1981—2010年长江三角洲地区上海、南京、杭州、合肥的气象数据,研究气候舒适度及其变化趋势,并研究了影响人体舒适度的主要城市因子。研究结果表明:上海、南京、杭州、合肥冷不舒适日数均呈减少趋势,热不舒适日数均呈增加趋势,舒适日数变化不大。城市化综合水平与冷不舒适日数倾向率之间达到显著相关水平,与热不舒适日数倾向率之间相关不显著。影响长江三角洲地区人体舒适度的最主要城市因子为总人口数量,其次为建成区面积、总用电量、公共交通实有车辆、人均绿地面积等。 相似文献
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在全球气候变化和城市化进程加快的背景下,城市气象灾害及其影响越来越突出,呈现和传统气象灾害不一样的特征和演变规律。国内外都非常重视城市气象灾害的研究,强调气候变化的驱动和多学科综合研究是一种趋势。中国城市气象灾害有暴雨、低温冰冻、高温热浪等多种类型,对城市的社会、经济等方面产生了重要影响,因此很多学者十分关注城市气象灾害及其城市经济和社会影响研究。随着新型城市气象灾害潜在风险增加,城市气象灾害引致城市环境的脆弱性和人文社会学科引入城市气象灾害研究,将是城市气象灾害研究中的新兴领域,中国未来城市气象灾害研究也需要引起更多关注。 相似文献
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选取鄂尔多斯市东胜区为代表区域。基于该区域1961-2006年定时地面气象观测资料,2002-2006年08时、20时各标准层探空以及2001-2006年主要污染源源强、1961-2006年社会经济数据、2002年卫星遥感反演资料、2003-2020年城市总体规划资料等,利用区域边界层模式模拟方法,分析鄂尔多斯市城市化进程对局地大气环境的影响。结果表明:东胜区发展后(2020年)气温低于现状(2002),使城区中心气温与周边地区气温差异变小,对城区大气环境的改善较为有利。东胜城区扩展后,在污染严重的冬季,气流辐合区域减少,辐散能力增强,对减轻城区污染和改善大气环境有利。城区拓展后由于下垫面等布局发生变化, 气流场变化较大,但从污染物的扩散能力来看,按规划发展后城区污染轻于现状。 相似文献