共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
北京地区区域性形变场与近期强震危险性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
分析1998－2000年期间水准和GPS测量给出的北京地区区域性形变场的背景值及其与定点断层形变观测值的关系。结果表明：（1）该地区的大面积垂直形变速率及速率梯度值在华北地区的通常 数值之下，也低于若干大地震前的相应异常特征值；（2）该区由GPS方法显示的大面积水平形变速率也属于较低水平；（3）定点观测的断层形变速率（垂直向和水平向）与区域性的背景值相当；（4）根据大面积形变场的 断层形变异常水平，预计近期（1－3年内）北京地区不会发生较强地震。 相似文献
2.
陆顺永 《地震工程与工程振动》1996,(4)
提出了基础－地基系统具有频变参数的质－弹－阻模型，在这个模型中，系统的刚度Ｋ＝Ｋ０－Ｋ１ω２和阻尼系数Ｃ＝Ｃ０＋Ｃ１ω随系统振动频率而变化。文章以竖向振动为例，给出了用稳态激振下的动力反应测量值确定系统参数Ｋ０、Ｋ１，Ｃ０，Ｃ１的方法；讨论了基础频变刚度系统与附加质量系统的等效范围和差别。 相似文献
3.
3 广义线性时间不变系统
3.1 一般概念
前面已经对简单的RC电路进行了详细的讨论，其中所涉及的许多概念对更复杂的系统依然有效。下面将讨论更一般的线性时间不变系统（LTI系统）及与地震观测系统有关的频率响应函数。
表3.1给出了如何将RC滤波器中的概念推广到一般的LTI系统。例如，如果将RC滤波器的微分方程（2.3）改写为：
RC(t)＋y（t）－x（t）＝α1(d)/(dt)y（t）＋α0y（t）＋
β0x（t）＝0 ，
（3.1）
则可以看出它是N阶LTI系统
∑Nk＝0αk(dk)/(dt)y（t）＋∑Lk＝0βk(dk)/(dt)x（t）＝0 的一种特殊情形。
（3.2） 相似文献
4.
地壳形变测量用于地震预报的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文给出一个用形变资料预报大陆地震的基本模式；①用大面积形变资料进行地震背景的，确定地震危险区，并综合各种手段对危险区震情的发展进行监测；②在重点监视区内布设形变监测台网，寻找形变敏感点，利用形变测量手段（如跨断层短水准。短基线测量手段等）捕捉中短期地震前兆信息，进行中短期震情预测，为短临形变监测手段提供依据。③建立固定形变监测台站进行连续形变的观测（如连通管、倾斜仪、伸缩仪、应变仪等），捕捉临震 相似文献
5.
陆顺永 《地震工程与工程振动》1996,16(4):30-36
提出了基础－地基系统具有频变参数的质－弹－阻模型，在这个模型中，系统的刚度Ｋ＝Ｋ０－Ｋ１ω＾２和阻尼系数Ｃ＝Ｃ０＋Ｃ１ω随系统振动频率而变化。文章以竖向振动为例，给出了用稳态激振下的动力反应测量值确定系统参数Ｋ０，Ｋ１，Ｃ０，Ｃ１的方法；讨论了基础频变刚度系统与附加质量系统的等效范围和差别。 相似文献
6.
根据Ｂｒｕｎｅ（１９７０）提出的震源位错模式，用发生在滇西地震实验场区鹤庆ＭＳ＝５．３中强地震的地震数字化监测资料，计算了Ｓ波谱，测定了鹤庆地震序列的震源参数．在此基础上研究了地面运动峰值速度参数（ｒ．ｖ）对地震应力降Δσ的依赖性．由地震标定关系给出（ｒ．ｖ）∝Δσ２／３，导出了用峰值速度参数求地震应力降的３个关系：ｌｇ（ｒ．ｖ）＝ｄ１＋（１／３）ｌｇＭ０＋（２／３）ｌｇΔσ；ｌｇ（ｒ．ｖ）＝ｄ２＋（１／３）ＭＬ＋（２／３）ｌｇΔσ；ｌｇΔσ＝－１．０＋１．５ｌｇ（ｒ．ｖ）．假定对大小地震的平均应力降取３．０ＭＰａ，由鹤庆地震序列的观测资料定出常数ｄ１＝－３．８８和ｄ２＝－０．３８．序列震源参数测定结果给出，地震矩为１０１１～１０１５Ｎ·ｍ，破裂半径ａ＝２００～６００ｍ．根据峰值速度测定的应力降Δσ＝０．１～１０ＭＰａ，平均为３．７ＭＰａ．用这些标度关系求出的应力降结果与Ｂｒｕｎｅ模式求应力降的结果比较一致．本文的研究结果还表明，地面运动峰值速度参数对地震应力降的依赖性比对地震矩的依赖性更强． 相似文献
7.
8.
香山绝对点的重力非潮汐变化 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
1988年3月－2001年3月中国地震局和中国计量科学院合作用NIM－Ⅱ仪器在香山地震台进行58次绝对重力测量，其中44次同时量测了地下水水位。本文从角度研究了香山点重力变化的机理。主要结论：（1）地下水活动是重力变化的主要局部干扰源，它与重力观测值分段相关，可用一个5次多项式进行改正；（2）局部地壳形变的影响甚小，可略而不计；（3）地震活动导致重力值发生短期变化，最大幅度达0．333μms^-2;(4）1989－2001年重力值近于线性地下降了0．191μms^-2,平均速率为－0．0147μms^-2/a属全球性或区域性重力变化。 相似文献
9.
形变观测是地球物理观测的重要手段之一,以能够清楚地观测地球固体潮汐为发展目标,对地震监测预报具有重要作用。为进一步加强山西省地震监测及预测预报工作,全面了解和掌握1985年以来山西省形变观测资料的变化,探讨形变台网观测资料在监测预报中发挥的重要作用,系统梳理山西地区形变观测资料变化,对山西省历史及目前运行的形变学科仪器、数量等进行全面摸排,为该区形变观测工作提供参考。结果表明,山西形变观测已有一定规模,并具有以下特征：(1)观测仪器设备种类多,监测手段全,但仪器标准化程度不高;(2)观测资料具有一定的映震能力;(3)观测环境较复杂,应进一步做好观测环境保护。 相似文献
10.
连续形变观测的异常综合指数SAD 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
主要介绍了连续形变异常信息的综合指数SAD值的有关研究。在连续形变观测单项异常分析方法和参量研究的基础上，异常综合指数SAD较全面地综合了多种前兆参量和方法及同一测点的多台仪器观测信息，并顾及了不同台站之间的不同观测情况，所获得的结果较真实，更具可信度。可作为判定台站连续形变观测综合异常程度的判定值。此外，还对华北及川滇地区几次强震前SAD值的变化进行了分析。结果表明，强震前半年时段,地区的连续形变观测点的SAD值会有一个显增高（SAD值从平时的0．1－0．3的变化范围，增高到0．5以上）的前兆过程。特别是震中及邻近地区100多公里范围内的测点，SAD值出现显的高值异常（达0．6以上），未来强震则发生在SAD值在0．6以上的分布地区。异常综合指数SAD值反映了监测区内与强震有关的连续形变前兆性异常程度和危险程度，可用于对未来强震的预测。但需要有合理的观测布局及一定的观测密度作为前提。 相似文献
11.
12.
M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
14.
《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,(4)
正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and 相似文献
15.
O. Martins 《水文研究》1988,2(1):19-29
Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO3 > SO4 > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals. 相似文献
16.
Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong. 相似文献
17.
Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Hitoshi Hasegawa Hisao Ando Noriko Hasebe Niiden Ichinnorov Tohru Ohta Takashi Hasegawa Masanobu Yamamoto Gang Li Bat‐Orshikh Erdenetsogt Ulrich Heimhofer Takayuki Murata Hironori Shinya G. Enerel G. Oyunjargal O. Munkhtsetseg Noriyuki Suzuki Tomohisa Irino Koshi Yamamoto 《Island Arc》2018,27(3)
Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia. 相似文献
18.
A. C. LIAKOPOULOS Dr. Eng. 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):69-110
ABSTRACT The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content. Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data. Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme. Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate. 相似文献
19.
Church repair swarms and earthquakes in Rhodes Island, Greece 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
20.
GHODRAT TORABI 《Island Arc》2012,21(3):215-229
Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO 2 (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al 2 O 3 (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na 2 O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K 2 O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area. 相似文献