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1.
G. T. Csanady 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):18-19
A brief survey is given of the sources, the methods of injection into the atmosphere, and the mechanisms of deposition into bodies of water for various atmospheric pollutants which contribute significantly to the pollution of large bodies of water. Specific examples of the relative importance of atmospheric sources are included where data are available. Programs of the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service in this field of research are outlined. 相似文献
2.
城市高温热浪事件严重影响人体健康和生命安全已成共识。利用宁波市2012—2016年中暑病例数据和同期气候数据对宁波市夏半年中暑流行特征及热浪对其的影响作了相关分析。结果表明:2012—2016年,2012年和2013年中暑人数最多,并集中在6—8月,其中7月人数最多占比55. 3%;男性中暑概率明显高于女性,中暑程度主要集中在轻度中暑,31—60岁年龄段中暑人数占比最高,市区中暑人数占比要高于郊区(县);用温湿两要素结合的炎热指数和热浪公式定义宁波热浪过程,发现热浪天数和中暑人数的相关系数高达0. 898,选出7次热浪过程计算热浪中暑的相对危险度,发现除2013年以外其他年份热浪中暑的相对危险度均在10以下,2013年的3次热浪中暑的相对危险度分别为18. 1、21. 6和25. 8,这与2013年热浪出现相对频繁集中有关;同时通过这7次热浪过程的前、后段热浪中暑的相对危险度的比较,并未见明显的热浪滞后效应存在。 相似文献
3.
为研究玉米开花后的持续干旱对其生理过程及产量的影响,采用在玉米灌浆阶段持续控水的方式开展干旱胁迫试验,对主要光合参量(净光合速率P_n、蒸腾速率T_r)、光响应参数、水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency,WUE)及产量结构进行观测和计算,分析它们对干旱的响应特征。结果表明:玉米花后干旱可导致P_n、T_r、WUE以及最大净光合速率(Pnmax)随干旱持续时间延长而减小,干旱持续15—27 d,1200μmol·m-2·s-1光强处P_n和T_r减小幅度分别由50. 0%增大到75. 1%、71. 7%增大到83. 6%; WUE和Pnmax减小幅度分别由21. 7%增大到47. 9%,由50. 9%增大到73. 2%;玉米百粒重和茎秆重分别显著减小11. 6%和23. 2%,果穗长、果穗粗和籽粒与茎秆比没有明显受到影响,秃尖比和株籽粒重虽有大幅增大和减小,但并不显著;研究时段内干旱导致玉米减产11. 7%。 相似文献
4.
为探究玉米播种期水分胁迫及补水对玉米出苗率的影响,利用盆栽方式在玉米播种—出苗期开展水分胁迫及复水控制对比试验,分析播种日土壤相对湿度、播种后补水时间和补水量对辽西地区玉米出苗的影响。结果表明:玉米出苗率随播种日土壤相对湿度的降低,干旱持续时间的增加和补水量的减少而减小。播种后无补水,当播种日土壤相对湿度w播种为60%—70%时,出苗率达100%; w播种为50%—55%时,出苗率达66. 7—77. 8%; w播种为30%—45%时,出苗率为0。w播种为35%—45%时,持续5—20 d干旱,补水20 mm,出苗率为66. 7%—100%,较补水10 mm的出苗率为0%—77. 8%。w播种为35%—45%时,需在10—20 d内补水,所需补水量随补水时土壤相对湿度的减小而增加。研究结果可为春旱频发地区确定玉米播种后最迟补水时间和补水量下限提供有效的技术参考。 相似文献
5.
This note briefly summarizes some recent wind-tunnel tests carried out at the Atmospheric Environment Service (AES), Canada, to investigate the directional response of Gill propeller anemometers with two specific models of propeller. Tables of optimum non-cosine-response correction factors are presented for both propeller types and results of some field intercomparisons between the Gill and sonic anemometer measurements of turbulence statistics are summarized. Complete details of this work can be found in two research reports by Bowen and Teunissen (1984) and Teunissen et al. (1985) which may be obtained from either of the authors.On study leave from University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 相似文献
6.
Ted Munn founded Boundary-Layer Meteorology in 1970 and served as Editor for 75 volumes over a 25 year period. This short article briefly reviews Ted's scientific career with the Atmospheric Environment Service (of Canada), the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria and with the Institute of Environmental Studies at the University of Toronto, and as editor of this journal. 相似文献
7.
江西省大气成分观测与服务系统研究项目组 《气象与减灾研究》2005,28(3):9-16
在介绍国内外大气成分观测与研究进展的基础上，对建设江西省大气成分观测与服务系统的必要性和可行性进行了科学的分析，并从系统建设的原则、目标、内容、技术路线、监测方案，以及系统研究的主要内容和提供的产品等方面，对拟建的江西省大气成分观测与服务系统进行了全面的阐述。研究结果认为，随着江西经济建设的快速发展，建设江西省大气成分观测与服务系统，有利于了解和掌握江西大气物质成分分布特征及变化情况；有利于提高江西天气气候预报预测准确率，提升江西气象公共服务的能力和水平；可为预防大气化学灾害和控制区域大气环境质量，提供科学的决策依据，具有显著的社会、经济效益和生态效益。 相似文献
8.
H. A. Bridgman R. C. Schnell G. A. Herbert B. A. Bodhaine S. J. Oltmans 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,9(1-3):49-70
In April 1986, a well-instrumented NOAA WP-3D research aircraft conducted three flights in the Canadian Arctic tied to the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service baseline station in Alert, Northwest Territories. Two of the flights were coordinated with the National Aeronautical Establishment of Canada Twin Otter and the University of Washington C-131 research aircraft. The haze observed in the Canadian Arctic was well-aged and mixed throughout the troposphere in concentrations well below those observed during the previous weeks in the Alaskan Arctic. Over the ice, beneath the surface temperature inversion, ozone was generally depleted to near zero. Over the coast at Alert, there is evidence that topography and downslope winds reduce the strength of the inversion, thus allowing lower tropospheric gases and aerosols to mix down to the surface. At the top of the troposphere, an aerosol-depleted region was observed. In the lower stratosphere, aerosol concentrations were elevated above those observed in the troposphere. 相似文献
9.
R.L. Davis 《大气与海洋》2013,51(2):169-176
Abstract A topoclimatic classification was developed to map the frequency of damaging spring radiation frosts to six deciduous fruit varieties at a scale of 1:25,000. The methodology utilizes night‐time temperatures from climatological stations operated by the Atmospheric Environment Service (aes) ofEnvironment Canada, as well as night‐time temperatures from a temporary network of standard climate stations and mobile temperature surveys. Maps of the deviation of minimum temperature from the local aes climate station, and of spring frost risk for each fruit variety are produced. 相似文献
10.
Attempts to apply a computer model (Walmsley et al., 1980) to neutrally-stratified, boundary-layer flow over an isolated hill of moderate slope (Kettles Hill, Alberta) lead to velocity perturbation fields which probably overemphasize the impact of small-scale topographic features. Some numerical smoothing of the digitized terrain input field is found to be helpful in reducing this effect, although such a procedure is somewhat arbitrary. An extension of the original theory results in an improved representation of the effect of small-scale terrain components. These modifications are described and some results of an application of the extended model to Kettles Hill are presented.On contract to the Atmospheric Environment Service. 相似文献
11.
Solar ultraviolet fluxes were measured with a ¼> ‐metre Ebert spectrometer flown as part of an Atmospheric Environment Service balloon payload from Fort Churchill on 8 July 1974. The spectral region from 1820 to 3150Å was scanned each 7.5 s with 1.5Å resolution from 1256 to 0025 UT on 10 July. These measurements covered a range of solar zenith angles from 37° (noon) to 69° with the balloon initially at a float altitude of 28.6 km. Fluxes in the window region 1900 to 2200Å were analyzed to determine ozone content above the balloon. Values from 0.069 to 0.11 cm NTP were obtained at heights over a range from 28.6 to 25.3 km. 相似文献
12.
采用引入城市水文过程的WRF/SLUCM方案,以北京2010年7月4—6日高温热浪天气为背景,模拟了绿地灌溉、绿洲效应和人为潜热等水文过程对城市气象环境的影响。结果表明:(1)绿地灌溉、绿洲效应和人为潜热等水文过程可导致北京城区13 ∶00(7月4—6日小时平均,下同)潜热通量升高最多约100 W·m^-2 ,02 ∶00升高最多约15 W·m^-2;感热通量13 ∶00降低最多约80 W·m ^-2;02 ∶00降低最多约5 W·m^-2 。(2)城市水文过程可导致城区13 ∶00相对湿度增加最多约4%,02 ∶00约6%;地表气温13 ∶00降低最多约1.2 ℃,02 ∶00约0.4 ℃。(3)城市水文过程对北京城市热岛强度的减弱效果白天明显好于夜间,且在10 ∶00—14 ∶00出现了强度约0.8 ℃的冷岛效应。(4)水文过程会导致北京城区500 m高度以下白天大气温度最多降低0.5 ℃,相对湿度最多增加3%,但夜间影响较小。由于热对流运动的减弱,城区边界层高度降低约200 m;城区1 km高度以上水平风速增大,低层风速减小。 相似文献
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14.
Abstract In 1985, the first Doppler weather radar to operate in Canada was established by the Research Directorate of the Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) at a site in King City, north of Toronto, Ontario. The initial thrust of the research program immediately recognized the advances Doppler observations would make in the operational sector and a system was devised to satisfactorily meet both needs. This paper describes the radar system, the techniques, the data processing and innovations developed to provide immediate intelligence to the data. The system was developed by adapting mainly commercial hardware and in‐house software. The system factors that are significant for operational meteorological surveillance and analysis, the display form and formats, and the sample cases illustrating the impact of Doppler observations on both synoptic and mesocale analysis in all seasons complete the discussion. Significant factors, in both system parameters and meteorology, that impinge on the success of the Doppler radar program and its applications are summarized. There is sufficient maturity in the technology, display capabilities and meteorological knowledge to warrant network implementation. However, research and development is still needed to interpret and synthesize the voluminous amounts of available information. In particular, conceptual models of the kinematics of mesoscale systems need considerable development. 相似文献
15.
Relationships between the human skin temperature and a combination of air temperature and wind speed are obtained. These relationships have been used to estimate the climatic conditions leading to the possible freezing of unprotected parts of the face in urban air during winter.The possibility of utilizing relationships governing the heat balance of man, including nomograms and graphs constructed for estimating climatic conditions in urban areas, for isolating zones of different functional importance in the boundaries of a subdivision and of a city, and for estimating the efficiency of various architectural designs in improving the microclimate, are discussed.Originally published inTrudy Main Geophys. Obs.
248, 1969, pp. 74–81. Translated by A. Nurklik, Atmospheric Environment Service, Toronto, Canada. 相似文献
16.
夏季青藏高原不同层次土壤湿度时空变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于1950—2009年GLDAS Noah 2.0逐月平均土壤湿度资料,分析了夏季青藏高原各层土壤湿度的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)夏季青藏高原各层土壤湿度整体上呈自南向北递减的空间分布,但在高原中部地区中层、深层土壤湿度均有一个极值中心。(2)夏季高原中东部地区表层、浅层、中层、深层土壤湿度之间的差值(深层与中层除外)均表现为"上湿下干"的垂直分布,而中部偏西地区各层土壤湿度差值则表现为"下湿上干"的垂直分布。(3)夏季高原各层土壤湿度第一模态均呈现西南—东北反向型分布,且随着深度的增加,零线向东北移。(4)夏季高原主体各层土壤湿度的年际变化特征明显,除深层(呈现不显著增加趋势)外整体均呈现显著下降趋势,前期土壤湿度较高,后期较低。从空间趋势分布来看,除深层土壤湿度在高原中部有增大趋势外,各层土壤湿度变化趋势在高原上均以减小为主。(5)去趋势后,除深层外其他各层土壤湿度最大年际变化幅度在高原中部随着土层的增加而减小,而高原中东部则随土层的增加而增大。 相似文献
17.
Abstract An intercomparison of the Väisälä MicroCora system used in the Automated Shipboard Aerological Program (ASAP) and the Atmospheric Environment Service upper‐air system (GMD/ADRES) was conducted in May‐June 1983. Thirty‐three paired ascents were made. The ASAP system dry‐bulb temperatures averaged 0.3°C warmer. For the lowest 100 mb, the dew‐point temperature difference (ASAP ‐ GMD/ADRES) was near ‐1°C whereas for the 780–500 mb layer, the difference was 1°C. The wind component mean differences averaged were small but with a 4 m s?1 standard deviation. 相似文献
18.
利用2008年、2010年和2012年藏北高原那曲地区MODIS卫星数据和站点大气湍流观测数据,分别应用Massman反演模型和一种确定地表粗糙度的独立方法,计算并分析地表粗糙度的时空变化特征并对反演模型进行验证,分析Z0m存在着明显的季节性变化特征。2—8月伴随冰雪消融与植被生长,Z0m逐渐增大,站点Z0m最大可达4～5 cm。9月至次年2月由于高原季风的衰退期等原因,Z0m逐渐减小,站点Z0m减小至1～2 cm。异常年份的降雪是Z0m明显低于常年的主要原因。依据Z0m的由小到大可以将下垫面分为冰雪类、稀疏草地类、茂盛草地类、城镇类4类,其中茂盛草地类和稀疏草地类分别占区域62. 49%和33. 74%,为主要类别,其Z0m年变化分别在2～6 cm和1～4 cm之间。两种计算方法得出的结论相关性较好,由于平均滑动作用,反演资料较实测计算结果偏小。整体而言,利用卫星数据反演算法计算的Z0m是可行的,并可应用于改进陆面模式参数,提高模式模拟的准确性,能更好的揭示区域的热通量交换。 相似文献
19.
Abstract A sea‐ice dataset derived from passive microwave data acquired by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) is compared with a conventional sea‐ice dataset from Ice Branch, Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. The conventional set uses data from several sources including ships of opportunity, reconnaissance aircraft, satellite photographs and climate stations. The comparison was made for a 3‐year period from 1979 to 1981 over Hudson Bay, an area that is covered with first‐year ice only. For 8 of the 12 months of the year, monthly area‐average ice concentrations are within one tenth; larger differences are evident during periods of melting and freeze‐up. Extensive ponding on first‐year ice during the melt season is interpreted as open water by the SMMR algorithm, leading to significant “errors” in the passive microwave dataset. By comparing the two datasets, we were able to show the extent of ponding on the ice for a complete seasonal melt cycle. During freeze‐up the algorithm, under some conditions, provides a better estimate of the amount of ice than a conventional dataset owing to the difficulty of observing the presence of new ice. 相似文献
20.
Whether or not separation occurs in the airflow over wind-generated water waves is partly a question of semantics but also has an important bearing on the wave generation process. In the present paper we use a rather formal and perhaps narrow definition of separation and show that it does not occur where the shear stress is zero but only in conjunction with wave breaking. This is unlikely to happen except in the presence of quite strong surface drift velocities in the water. A similar connection between separation, surface drift and wave breaking has recently been established by Banner and Melville (1976).The effects of increasing wave amplitude or steepness are investigated with a numerical model of the airflow over water waves. Variations in the depth of the closed streamline region are predicted. The model is also used to investigate the possible importance of surface drift velocities.On leave 1976, Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ont., Canada. 相似文献