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1.
Sediment from the sewage sludge dump site area in the New York Bight contains bacteria resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to determine if antibiotic resistance could be transferred from donor to recipient Escherichia coli strains inoculated into glass vessels containing sediment and seawater obtained near the dump site. Temperature was maintained at 10°C, the mean winter temperature of benthic water at the dump site. Transconjugants (recipients which inherit donor genes for tetracycline resistance) were isolated from the seawater and sediment within one hour after inoculation and were found in all subsequent sediment samples for one month. Donor and recipient E. coli remained viable in the sediment for at least one month. Our results indicate that sewage sludge polluted sediment may serve as an environment conducive to conjugal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes.  相似文献   

2.
Analysis of water samples from the New York Bight area and Narragansett Bay reveals that a small fraction of the total Pu (probably Pu (III + IV) species) is continuously removed to the sediments at a rate similar to that of the particle-reactive isotope228Th. A more “soluble” Pu species appears to be released at times from the sediments to the water column in these nearshore regions. Sediments in shallow areas of the New York Bight south of Rhode Island and Narragansett Bay have high Pu inventories and relatively deep penetration of this element, although the net sediment accumulation rate is generally low (<0.03 g/cm2 yr). The high Pu inventories can be explained if both sediment resuspension and sediment mixing are assumed to be the major controlling factors for the effective transfer of Pu from the water column to the sediments. By simultaneous modelling of the depth distribution of three tracers which operate on vastly different time scales:234Th (half-life 24 days),210Pb (half-life 22 years) and239,240Pu (introduced into the environment during the past 30 years), bioturbation rates ranging from 4 to 32 cm2/yr in the surface mixed layer (5–10 cm thick) and from 0.3 to 2.5 cm2/yr in the layer below (up to 40 cm thick) and net sediment accumulation rates of approximately zero to 0.14 g/cm2 yr were calculated for these areas.  相似文献   

3.
Sediments of the New York Bight were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and found to be heavily contaminated by such substances. The highest concentrations are adjacent to an offshore sludge dump zone, implying that the primary source of PCBs is sewage sludge in the area under consideration. Widespread transport of PCBs out of the bight is not evident as the area of contamination is limited to areas of mud accumulation. The PCB profile in a core of these mud facies can be historically correlated to the commercial production of PCBs.  相似文献   

4.
Concentrations of silver, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc were measured in five species of finfish collected from the New York Bight and two from Long Island Sound. With few exceptions the trace metal contents were similar for the various species examined and also for a single species when comparing catch locations. Metal levels also were similar to concentrations reported by two other investigators who studied fish from the North Atlantic.  相似文献   

5.
The distribution of faecal coliform densities found in New York Bight sediments indicated that sewage sludge material has contaminated areas extending 11 km north and 37 km south from the disposal site. A high degree of confidence for enumerating faecal coliforms in marine sediments was demonstrated by standard water methodology since 82.3% of the faecal coliform group isolated were Escherichia coli. This study also indicated that marine sediments could be stored 4 days at 4°C without appreciable changes in the faecal coliform count, and that, in situ, faecal coliforms would persist longer when sediment temperatures were low.  相似文献   

6.
Polyorganosiloxanes (silicones) have been measured in the sediments of the New York Bight. Range: 50 ppm organic silicon, dry weight basis, to below detection limit. Silicones are 37.9% silicon. Silicones correlated well (r > 0.90) with other organic constituents in the same sediment samples which have been used to characterize sewage inputs to the sediments. Silicones are offered as a totally synthetic, specific, chemical tracer for anthropogenic additions to the environment.  相似文献   

7.
Particle-reactive radionuclides were determined in sediments from the inner New York Bight to trace transport and storage of fine-grained sediments and associated reactive materials. Seven sediment ? cores 20–50 cm in length were analyzed for water content, loss on ignition (LOI) and excess210Pb; three of these were also analyzed for239,240Pu. Excepting some depth horizons in a core from a dredge-spoil dumpsite, every sample analyzed contained excess210Pb. Variations in the concentration of excess210Pb with depth in the sediment at all stations correlated strongly with LOI, which apparently traces that fraction of the sediment which is active in removing reactive elements from the water column. In the cores analyzed for239,240Pu, every sample contained finite Pu, and Pu concentrations correlated strongly with excess210Pb.The radionuclide distributions may be simply viewed as products of steady-state sediment accumulation or of mixing. Geochemically reasonable accumulation rates are very high (0.5–2.6 g/cm2 y) and could probably only be sustained by offshore transport of dumped materials. At the other extreme the relationships between excess210Pb and LOI are compatible with rapid mixing of a210Pb carrier phase (traced by LOI) into the pre-existing substrate with little or no actual accumulation. Other non-steady-state processes, such as sediment gravity flow, could also explain the observed distributions.Measured sediment inventories (dpm/cm2) of excess210Pb and Pu at these stations are greatly in excess of those supportable by direct atmospheric deposition: lateral supply is required. Incorporation of sedimentary fines into the sand substrate could make the inner New York Bight an important repository of reactive materials.  相似文献   

8.
A microbiological study of an historically active dredge spoil disposal area in Long Island Sound showed no obvious long-term effects on the bacterial populations of water and sediment. Observations were made 4 years after the last deposition of dredge spoils. Determinations included total and faecal coliforms and numbers, hydrolytic types, and taxonomic groupings of ‘total’ heterotrophic bacteria. Comparisons with water and sediment from other areas of the sound indicated that the dump site was not bacteriologically unique.  相似文献   

9.
The quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons being discharged to the Hudson Raritan estuary have been estimated, in tonnes day?1, from data in the literature as: sewage discharges (35), oil refinery discharges (1.3), non-oil refinery industrial discharges (17), oil spills (1.5), atmospheric deposition (0.002), urban and rural run-off (37). Losses have been estimated in a somewhat similar manner as: permanent deposition in sediments (11), dredging (5.8), advection (6.5), bed sedimentary transport (0.007), decomposition in water and sediments (42), evaporation (0.4), movement of surface slicks (0.4). The results are approximate but suggest that petroleum hydrocarbons originate principally from sewage as well as urban and rural run-off and only moderate proportions are discharged through the estuary mouth. However, this discharge combined with that due to dredging spoil disposal operations results in a considerable quantity of petroleum hydrocarbon entering the adjacent New York Bight.  相似文献   

10.
Microorganisms resistant to 1–500 ppm cadmium were isolated over an 11 month period from sediments at the sewage sludge, dredge spoils and industrial acid waste disposal sites, as well as at an estuarine outflow to the New York Bight apex. Tests for antibiotic resistance in these isolates revealed that 94% of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics and that 91% of the original isolates could be characterized by multiple drug resistance. Different selective pressures may account for the various genera and antimicrobial resistance patterns observed. The possibility of extrachromosomal linkage of cadmium and streptomycin resistance is discussed.  相似文献   

11.
Dumping grounds in New York Bight receive very large quantities of sewage sludge. Lobsters and rock crabs collected in or near the dumping grounds sometimes show various pathological conditions of the shell and gills. In this study the histopathology of ‘shell disease’, the causative agents and its effects on respiration are discussed in connexion with a possible association with the disposal of solid wastes into the ocean.  相似文献   

12.
Estimates of suspended sediment yield over the past 800 years have been derived from a whole-basin study of lake sediments in Llyn Geirionydd, North Wales. Magnetic and physical sediment properties were used to correlate a suite of cores to a master chronology based on 210Pb and 14C dates. The sources of sediment within the catchment were identified by comparing the magnetic and heavy metal properties of sediments, soils, and stream sediments. Mean suspended sediment yields range from 6 to 18 t km?2 yr?1 with high yields in the periods 1765-1830 and 1903-1985 corresponding to mining activities in the catchment. The impact of earlier deforestation, agricultural expansion, or climatic change on sediment yields is low, although there is evidence that agricultural activities increased levels of peak stream discharge. Afforestation in the 20th century does not appear to have significantly increased sediment yield. Sediment sources have remained fairly constant through time; they appear to be widespread and dominated by stream channel sides rather than point sources, except during the mining phases when spoil material has dominated the sediment load. Sediment loads to the lake today are still dominated by sediment derived from unvegetated spoil heaps.  相似文献   

13.
A preliminary study of sediments and overlying water samples obtained at the approximate centre of the sewage sludge bed in the New York Bight, revealed significant numbers of coliforms resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals. Some of the isolates were shown to transfer antibiotic resistance during conjugation with a recipient strain of Salmonella gallinarum. The selection of bacterial populations resistant to antimicrobials may be significant in the ecology of this impoverished area, and requires further study.  相似文献   

14.
Diseased fish showing erosion of the fins have been recorded from polluted waters in several parts of the world. This article gives the results of a year's survey of fin erosion among fish in oceanic and estuarine waters of New York Bight. The pristine Great Bay was chosen as a control for the heavily contaminated Sandy Hook-Raritan Bay system. Almost all fin erosion was confined to demersal flat fish, particularly the winter flounder, a species which spends a long time in polluted estuaries near Sandy Hook.  相似文献   

15.
Lipolytic and proteolytic bacteria were isolated from sediments at two sampling stations in the New York Bight Apex and one sampling station each in Sandy Hook Bay and Great Bay, New Jersey. The stations in the Bight Apex and Sandy Hook Bay have received industrial wastes and sewage for several decades, while Great Bay has received little of such materials. Proteolytic counts were 2–4 times higher and lipolytic counts generally 4 times higher in the polluted areas. Of the isolates taken from casein and lipid plates, 76% were Gram-negative rods; 80% of the latter were identified as Vibrio and Pseudomonas. The vibrios comprised more than 60% of the isolates from Station 4 (Great Bay) and Station 1 (Bight Apex), and were tested for their ability to break down casein, lipid, starch, and chitin. From Station 1, 75% of the Vibrio were active in degrading one or more substrates in addition to the substrate of the initial isolation medium; from Station 4, 52% of the Vibrio were active.  相似文献   

16.
This paper compares and contrasts data on the chemical characteristics and acute toxicities of the waste from nine applicants (representing 20 sewage treatment facilities) currently disposing of municipal sewage sludge at the 12-Mile dumpsite located in the New York Bight Apex. Each of the chemical analytes examined for the 20 facilities was highly variable, both within and among facilities. Toxicity tests conducted by the applicants revealed that, in the majority of tests, Mysidopsis bahia was the most sensitive of the three species tested. Five facilities that receive large volumes of industrial waste were found to contribute over 75% of the total toxic load to the dumpsite.  相似文献   

17.
The proportional contributions of stream bank and surface sources to fine sediment loads in watersheds in New York State were quantified with uncertainty analysis. Eroding streamside glacial drift, including glaciolacustrine deposits, were examined to help explain variations in the proportional contributions made by bank erosion. Sediment sources were quantified by comparing concentrations of the bomb‐derived radionuclide 137Cs in fluvial sediment with sediment from potential source areas such as agricultural soils, forest soils and stream banks. To compare sediment sources in streams containing abundant deposits of fine‐grained glacial drift with watersheds that lacked moderate or extensive streamside deposits, samples were taken from 15 watersheds in the region. The mean contribution of bank erosion to sediment loads in the six streams with glaciolacustrine deposits was 60% (range 46–76%). The proportional contribution of bank erosion was also important in one stream lacking glaciolacustrine deposits (57%) but was less important in the remainder, with contributions ranging from 0 to 46%. Data from this study on the varying contributions of bank erosion and data from past studies of sediment yield in 15 watersheds of New York State suggest that eroding streamside glacial deposits dominate sediment yield in many watersheds. In other watersheds, past impacts to streams, such as channelization, have also resulted in high levels of bank erosion. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
During 1985, nine municipalities disposed of sewage sludges at the 12-Mile dumpsite within the New York Bight Apex. In April 1985 the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a final denial of petitions to re-designate the 12-Mile Site and concommittantly requested the municipalities to submit schedules for transfering their operations to the 106 Deepwater Municipal Sludge Disposal Site (DMSDS) to receive these wastes. With the shift to this new site long term municipal sludge disposal will occur beyond the Continental Shelf for the first time in the United States.Negotiations between EPA and the municipalities in 1985 resulted in a schedule for beginning use of the 106-Mile Site in March 1986. The complete phase-out of sludge dumping in the New York Bight Apex is scheduled to end 15 December, 1987. The key decision (fleet capacities, dumping volumes, etc.) leading to the final negotiated schedules are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Incidence of shell disease in shrimp is as high as 30% in certain localities in the New York Bight. Gross examination and histopathological preparations revealed cracking and pitting of the exoskeleton, common characteristics of crustacean shell disease, followed by necrosis of underlying tissue. Aquarium studies, which included tests of the effects of an antibiotic, indicated a possible infectious etiology. The disease may be related to pollution of the habitat by organic wastes including cellulose.  相似文献   

20.
Groundwater microbial community samples are traditionally collected using pumping techniques optimized for groundwater chemistry assessment, although the impact of groundwater pumping parameters on apparent bacterial community structures (BCSs) is not really known. We therefore studied the impact of pumping lift, flow regime, and tubing material on BCS, which were analyzed by terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP). Ruzicka dissimilarity coefficients were calculated between T‐RFLP profiles to assess disparities between BCS. Variations in pumping lift, flow regime, and tubing material did not affect the apparent BCS in experiments using a homogenous water system under laboratory conditions showing that the conditions within the tube had no detectable effect on BCS. However, pumping groundwater from aquifer monitoring wells at different flow rates in the field revealed a significant impact on the apparent BCS. Water samples collected from fine sediment were the most affected by the pumping flow rate.  相似文献   

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