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1.
In this study, the presence of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) in sandy soils are detected using a TDR probe system and the eigendecomposition method of analysis. As a demonstration, five NAPLs with different physicochemical properties (acetone, benzene, heptane, trichloroethylene, and xylene; Table 1) were used. Samples were prepared in such a way that the soil pore fluid has different contents of deionized water and NAPLs. For each experiment, a pulse signal with known characteristics was used and reflected signals were captured by an oscilloscope and analyzed using the eigendecomposition method. Autoregressive modeling and singular value decomposition were used to calculate the eigenvalues. The most significant eigenvalues were identified based on their power spectrum. The relative eigenvalue of the first mode (Eow), which is a measure of the power carried by the signal, was calculated and correlated to NAPL type and content, and octanol water partition coefficient (log Kow). The results indicated that for the same NAPL content, as log Kow increases, Eow decreases due to increase of hydrophobicity. For the same log Kow, as the organic content in soil pore fluid increases, Eow increases due to decrease of dielectric properties of the pore fluids. 相似文献
2.
根据含水层中水、表面活性剂和DNAPLs的运移规律和相互作用机理, 建立三维多相流数值模拟模型, 用以模拟表面活性剂强化的DNAPLs污染含水层的修复过程.将所建立的模型应用于一个被PCE污染的非均质含水层中, 并分别对污染物的污染过程以及修复过程进行模拟.研究结果表明: 数值模拟模型给出了表面活性剂强化含水层修复过程中非水相流体迁移转化的数学描述, 能够在短时间内、参数有限的条件下真实地刻画DNAPLs在含水层中的运移规律, 并能有效地模拟表面活性剂的修复过程.此外, 模拟结果显示, 由于表面活性剂对PCE的增溶增流作用, 有效地提高了PCE在水中的溶解性和迁移性, 其修复40 d的去除率达到63.5%, 与抽出处理法(去除率为31.8%)相比修复效果明显增强. 相似文献
3.
Partitioning tracer method for quantifying the residual saturation of refined petroleum products in saturated soil 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The effective site assessment is crucial to the successful remediation of the subsurface contaminated with light nonaqueous
phase liquids (LNAPLs). Recent studies showed that large spatial volumes of the subsurface contaminated with LNAPLs could
be investigated with the partitioning tracer method. This study investigated the applicability of the partitioning tracer
method for detecting and quantifying refined petroleum products in a saturated aquifer containing alluvial soil or weathered
granite soil. In the batch-partitioning experiments, the partition coefficients of alcohol tracers between the petroleum mixture
and water were measured, and they were found to be increased in proportion to the boiling points of the alcohol tracers when
the molecular weights of the alcohol tracers were similar. The sorption isotherm experiments indicated that a considerable
amount of 4-methyl-2-pentanol was sorbed into Jumunjin sand (JS) or weathered granite soil (WGS). In the column experiments,
it was confirmed that the partitioning tracer method could be used as a method for detecting the presence of the petroleum
mixture in saturated soil, and the residual saturation of the petroleum mixture in the soil column prepared by firstly contaminating
with the petroleum mixture and secondly saturating with water was measured higher than that in the soil column prepared by
firstly saturating and secondly contaminating. The highest accuracy of estimation using the partitioning tracer method was
found for 2-ethyl-1-butanol and the lowest accuracy was found for 4-methyl-2-pentanol. 相似文献
4.
Subcooled liquid solubility is the water solubility for a hypothetical state of liquid.It is an important parameter for multicomponent nonaqueous phase liquids(NAPLs) containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs),which can exist as liquids even though most of the solutes are solid in their pure form at ambient temperature.So far,subcooled liquid solubilities were estimated from the solid water solubility and fugacity ratio of the solid and(subcooled) liquid phase,but rarely derived from experimental data.In our study,partitioning batch experiments were performed to determine the subcooled liquid solubility of PAHs in NAPL-water system.For selected PAH,a series of batch experiments were carried out at increased mole fractions of the target component in the NAPL and at a constant NAPL/ water volume ratio.The equilibrium aqueous PAH concentrations were measured with HPLC and/or GCMS. The subcooled liquid solubility was derived by extrapolation of the experimental equilibrium aqueous concentration to a mole fraction of unity.With the derived subcooled liquid solubility,the fugacity ratio and enthalpy of fusion of the solute were also estimated.Our results show a good agreement between the experimentally determined and published data. 相似文献
5.
Quantification of the saturation degree of nonaqueous phase liquid in the vadose zone using hydrocarbon partitioning tracers 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Partitioning tracer tests, as an alternative to the core sampling method, were conducted to quantify the degree of saturation
of water and nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) in the vadose zone. Hydrocarbon gases, which have less effect on global warming
than conventional tracers, were used as partitioning tracers. Column tests using CH4, C3H5, and C4H10 as non-partitioning and partitioning tracers were performed to determine the retardation factor and partition coefficient
of the tracer into water and NAPL. The retardation factors of these tracers were estimated to be in the range of 1.0–7.0 based
on breakthrough curves of the tracers. The partition coefficient of C3H5 to water and diesel phase was calculated to be 0.57 and 8.45, respectively. For a heavier tracer, C4H10, the partition coefficient to the water and diesel phases was 1.2 and 40.5, respectively. The average value of water and
diesel saturation estimated from column tests agreed well with known values in unsaturated soil. A residence time longer than
7.5 h within soil pores was found to provide local equilibrium partitioning of the tracer to the diesel phase. The concentration
of tracer had no effect on the partitioning process. 相似文献
6.
包气带土壤组成对三氯乙烯的吸附影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
有机质和矿物质是包气带土壤中的主要吸附介质,其吸附特性直接影响有机污染物在环境中的迁移、转化等过程。分别采用分析纯石英砂和典型粘土矿物高岭石模拟土壤的原生矿物和粘土矿物,利用批实验的方法研究土壤中各组成部分对三氯乙烯(TCE)的吸附行为。土壤有机质的吸附行为通过全土样和矿物质的对比得出。结果表明,粘土矿物是吸附氯代烃的主要矿物质,原生矿物对氯代烃的吸附量很小;土壤有机质含量和土壤吸附量之间有很好的正相关性;土壤有机碳含量与土壤粘土矿物含量的比值是影响吸附行为的另一重要因素,比值越小,Koc值越大,土壤对TCE的亲和力就越强。由于自然界中的土壤有机质大都与矿物质形成有机质-粘土矿物结合体,据此推测有机质-矿物质结合体会影响有机质的组成和形态,从而对其吸附行为有重要作用。 相似文献
7.
8.
以江汉平原典型场区周边农田土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤重金属元素Cd、Pb、As、Hg的总量和赋存形态特征,选用修正单项污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、风险评估编码法(RAC)和次生相与原生相比值法(RSP)四种评价方法开展了土壤重金属的污染风险评价,并对评价结果进行了对比讨论。分析结果表明:（1）基于总量的两种方法对比,潜在生态风险指数法优于修正单项污染指数法。（2）基于形态的两种方法对比,RAC法的评价结果比RSP法更为合理。（3）基于总量和形态方法对比,潜在生态风险指数法和RAC法各有其优缺点,潜在生态风险指数法能直观反映重金属在土壤中的富集信息和环境危害性,而RAC法则可以利用形态来阐明重金属在土壤环境中的行为特性和生态活性。因此,在进行土壤重金属污染风险评价时,综合考虑重金属种类、累积程度、生物毒性和生物可利用性等参数指标,才能更加科学准确地评估重金属在土壤中的环境风险。综合上述评价结果,江汉平原典型场区周边农田土壤重金属元素Pb、As污染程度较低,对周边环境无影响;重金属元素Hg累积程度不高,但由于其具有较高的生物毒性,对周边环境存在潜在威胁;重金属元素Cd是研究区最主要的污染因子,对周边环境影响大,亟需采取相应措施减轻Cd带来的风险。 相似文献
9.
泉州城市表层土壤重金属的赋存形态及污染评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文采用改进的BCR连续提取法研究泉州市区表层土壤中17种重金属的形态分布特征,并运用地积累指数Igeo法、潜在生态危害指数法、次生相与原生相分布比值法(RSP)评价土壤中重金属元素的潜在生态危害。结果表明,Li,Ti,Fe,Sc,V,As,Sb,Sn主要以残渣态存在;Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Bi在可氧化态中占有大比例,但仍以残渣态为主;Pb以可还原态为主;Mn,Cd,Co在可还原态和残渣态中占有较大比例。根据地累积指数法和RSP,泉州土壤受到不同程度的Sc,Co,Ni,Cu,Cd,Sb,Pb污染;潜在生态危害指数表明泉州市城区受到轻微生态危害。 相似文献
10.
多孔介质中毛细压力、饱和度和相对渗透率的确定方法 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
目前石油溢出或者地下储油罐泄漏等原因引起的土壤和地下水非水相流体（NAPLs）污染问题越来越引起人们的关注，由NAPLs、水和气所组成的两相或三相系统中的多相流问题亦是当前的研究热点。其中毛细压力（h），饱和度（S）和相对渗透率（k）是多孔介质多相流研究中的三个重要参数，在多相流室内试验研究中是主要的物理监测量，而且三者之间基本关系式的确定是多相流模拟时进行流动控制方程求解的前提条件。本文从室内试验和模型关系两个方面综述了土壤中NAPLs、水和气所组成的多相流系统中毛细压力、饱和度和相对渗透率以及它们之间相关关系的确定方法。 相似文献
11.
重非水相液体(dense nonaqueous phase liquid,DNAPL)污染土壤和地下水的问题已引起广泛关注,研究其在不同粒径多孔介质及其界面的运移特征形态是确定污染区域、修复治理土壤和地下水环境的前提。文章通过室内试验研究多孔介质界面对DNAPL运移与分布特性的影响。首先在二维砂槽上进行DNAPL污染物的入渗试验,试验过程中用数码相机拍照,将DNAPL扩散过程以图像的形式记录下来;然后用AutoCAD对图片进行处理,绘制出DNAPL迁移过程的锋面变化图。结果表明:DNAPL入渗过程中,迁移主要受到重力作用与毛细作用的控制,毛细作用力随着介质粒径的增大逐层减小,重力作用逐渐起主导作用使污染物入渗速度逐层增大;介质结构影响DNAPL的迁移形态,介质粒径逐层增大,DNAPL污染物的渗流面与指进扩散宽度逐层减小,扩散方式由面状变为指状;在不同粒径介质界面介质结构发生突变时,DNAPL迁移锋面线曲率也相应变大,此时DNAPL的迁移呈现“凸”型特征,另外,不同的界面横向扩散的滞留宽度不同,随着介质粒径的增大,界面的横向扩散宽度相对变短。 相似文献
12.
为拓展粉煤灰的资源化利用,以宁夏宁东能源化工基地鸳鸯湖电厂粉煤灰为研究对象,使用扫描电镜、能谱分析和X射线衍射等测试方法对粉煤灰理化特性进行表征和分析,并采用酸消解法、DTPA浸提法和Tessier五步提取法,对粉煤灰中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)和砷(As)6种重金属的全量、有效态、不同形态含量进行了测定。采用风险评价编码法(RAC)、次生相与原生相比值法(RSP)和潜在生态风险指数法评估粉煤灰重金属生态风险。结果表明:(1) 粉煤灰微观结构良好,密度小,速效钾和速效磷含量丰富。(2) 粉煤灰中6种重金属元素全量和平均值均超过宁夏地区土壤环境背景值,但未超过其他农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(基本项目),超标倍数大小顺序为Pb、Cu、Cr、As、Cd、Ni。6种重金属元素有效态含量均未超过宁夏地区土壤环境背景值和其他农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。(3) RAC评价结果表明,As具有极高生态风险,Cd、Cu和Ni具有中高风险,Cr、Pb分别为低风险和无风险。RSP评价结果表明,重金属As为轻度污染,Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd均为无污染。潜在生态风险指数法结果表明,粉煤灰中6种元素全量和有效态潜在生态危害指数(RI)处于Ⅰ级,轻微生态危害水平,其中Cd是生态风险的主要贡献元素。因此,粉煤灰可以作为煤矿胶结充填材料进行大规模资源化利用。 相似文献
13.
Analytical closed-form solutions for assessing pumping cycles,times, and costs required for NAPL remediation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
R. Chesnaux 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(7):1381-1388
An analytical solution is given to evaluate the number and duration of pumping cycles required for the remediation by pumping
of contaminants, both single component and multi-component non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), when no free product is present
in the system. The method can be applied in a homogenous medium if the contamination zones have been delineated and residual
total NAPL concentrations assessed. Based on the principle of the NAPL partitioning in unsaturated or saturated porous media,
analytical closed-form solutions are provided for both cases of remediation by pumping in saturated and unsaturated conditions:
“pump-and-treat” and “soil vapor extraction”. In each case we determine the number of pumping cycles required to reach the
residual required concentration of NAPL (for example, according to health-based standards), considering one or more chemicals
simultaneously present in an aquifer. The method requires information on the aquifer saturation state and the properties of
the chemicals of interest. Calculations are based on the assumption of equilibrium partitioning of chemicals between the pore
water, the soil solids, and the soil gas (in the case of unsaturated conditions), and no presence of a NAPL phase. 相似文献
14.
Comprehensive analysis of heavy metals in soils from Baoshan District, Shanghai: a heavily industrialized area in China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The potential for soil heavy metal contamination in high risk areas is a crucial issue that will impact the environment. Soil samples were collected in 2003 and 2007 to investigate heavy metal contamination characteristics and pollution changes in the industrialized district of Baoshan (Shanghai, China). Both multi-statistic and geostatistic approaches were used and proved to be useful in the interpretation of the analytical results. The potential for soil contamination in the high risk areas presents a crucial issue that will impact the environment. The results indicate that soil in the Baoshan District is alkaline. Additionally, the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil increased between 2003 and 2007. The study results indicated that the concentration of the metals lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium(Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in the soil has great discrepancy, especially of Pb and Cr. The concentrations of Pb and Cr in the soil show significant difference between two observed years (p?<?0.05). The concentration of most of these metals was higher in 2007 than 2003. Only the concentrations of Cd and As were not higher in 2007. Traffic and industrial contaminants were the likely source of Pb and As; Hg largely came from agricultural contamination, household garbage and industrial contamination; Cd, Cr, Zn and Cu mainly originated from industrial activities. Multivariate statistical analyses showed that human activities mainly contributed to heavy metal contamination. Spatial distribution confirmed this by showing that areas with the highest metal concentrations occurred where there were high levels of industrial activity and traffic. Potential ecological risk assessment results showed that high risk zones were highly correlated with spatial analysis. The study estimated that in 2007, 85.2?% of the district could be categorized as high risk, which is 77.4 times more than that in 2003. 相似文献
15.
大量试验结果表明,在农田灌溉过程中,土壤含水率及水势变化具有入渗排气、渗吸增能、吸脱水减能和缓慢脱水减能的阶段性特征。当土壤处于水分亏缺状态急需补充水分(土壤吸水)时,土壤水势梯度大于1.0 cmH2O/cm;当土壤水分得到充分补给达到过水(土壤含水率不变,且水通量不为零)状态时,土壤水势梯度等于1.0 cmH2O/cm;当土壤中水分过剩而处于脱水(流出大于流入水量)状态时,土壤水势梯度小于1 cmH2O/cm。由此,根据上述特征指导农田灌溉调控节水,其中土壤层下部(深度15~60 cm)的水势梯度等于或小于1.0 cmH2O/cm可作为监测及预警节水灌溉的阈值。 相似文献
16.
Su Kong Ngien Norhan A. Rahman Roland W. Lewis Kamarudin Ahmad 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2012,36(10):1330-1349
A numerical model describing the flow of multiphase, immiscible fluids in a deformable, double‐porosity featured soil has been developed. The model is focused on the modelling of the secondary porosity features in soil, which is more relevant to groundwater contamination problems. The non‐linear saturation and relative permeabilities were expressed as functions of the capillary pressures. The governing partial differential equations in terms of soil displacement and fluid pressures were solved numerically. Galerkin's weighted‐residual finite element method was employed to obtain the spatial discretization whereas temporal discretization was achieved using a fully implicit scheme. The model was verified against established, peer‐reviewed works, and the assumption that the immiscible fluids (non‐aqueous phase liquids) will flow preferentially through the secondary porosity features in soil was validated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Podzols that have developed on glacial and periglacial features provide the opportunity to reconstruct glacial evolution after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) using different soil indices. Analysing 17 soils classified as podzol, we used the crystallinity ratio of free iron oxides (CRF) on both the A and Bs horizons, and absolute ages for the same landforms containing the soil profile, to create dating curves. Two equations were generated: age = 4566.9 × ln (CRF) + 1760 (1), and age = 3907 × ln (CRF) + 3508.2 (2). The reliability of the curves was evaluated with the Feo/Fed ratio, and with the difference of ages calculated using both equations. Equation (2) is considered more reliable because the A horizon may be influenced by new pedogenesis on the pre-existing podzol, leading to the development of a new type of soil. By dating the soils, we reconstructed the glacial history of the three main upper branches of the LGM Adda Glacier in the Central Italian Alps, specifically the Stelvio Pass area (ST), Gavia Pass area (GV), and the Val Viola valley (VV). Seven glacial advances were identified at 16.7–14.7 ka (phase I), 12.3 ka (phase II), 11 ka (phase III), 10–9.7 ka (phase IV), 9 ka (phase V), 7.5 ka (phase VI) and 5.3 ka (phase VII). The first five phases are chronologically similar to the main Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene phases recorded in the Central European Alps. The last two Holocene phases, which are both longer in duration than the Little Ice Age, are recorded in ST and GV. Interestingly, these phases generally are not recorded in the rest of the Central European Alps, where the late Holocene glaciers were smaller than their present size. 相似文献
18.
Ioana Santos Eduardo Ferreira da Silva Carla Patinha Ana Cláudia Dias Amélia Paula Reis 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(5):1649-1660
The aim of this study is to assess the potential health risk posed by As and Pb in the soils of the Pintor mine area. The site was never remediated but a residential area is being constructed in the mine land, next to the smelters, a fact that raised some concern about the probable risk posed by potentially harmful elements in the soil to the health of the residents. 132 samples were collected and analyzed by ICP-MS to determine total metal concentrations. The soluble fraction of As in the soil was obtained using 1 M NH4 Acetate, pH 4.5. To assess the probable risk, total concentrations are compared with the soil guideline value established for the UK. Exposure through soil ingestion is probable in and around the residential area that has higher As and Pb concentrations, and therefore is classified as area with a potential health risk. 相似文献
19.
Following the accidental subsurface release of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), spatial variability of physical and chemical soil/contaminant properties can exert a controlling influence on infiltration pathways and organic entrapment. DNAPL spreading, fingering, and pooling typically result in source zones characterized by irregular contaminated regions with complex boundaries. Spatial variability in aquifer properties also influences subsequent DNAPL dissolution and aqueous transport dynamics. An increasing number of studies have investigated the effects of subsurface heterogeneity on the fate of DNAPL; however, previous work was limited to the examination of the behavior of single-component DNAPL in systems with simple and well-defined aqueous and solid surface chemistry. From a DNAPL remediation point of view, such an idealized assumption will bring a large discrepancy between the designs based on the model simulation and the reality. The research undertaken in this study seeks to stochastically explore the influence of spatially variable porous media on DNAPL entrapment and dissolution profiles in the saturated groundwater aquifer. A 3D, multicomponent, multiphase, compositional model, UTCHEM, was used to simulate natural gradient water flooding processes in spatially variable soils. Porosity was assumed to be uniform or simulated using sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) and sequential indicator simulation (SIS). Soil permeability was treated as a spatially random variable and modeled independently of porosity, and a geostatistical method was used to generate random distributions of soil permeability using SGS and SIS (derived from measured grain size distribution curves). Equally possible 3D ensembles of aquifer realizations with spatially variable permeability accounting of physical heterogeneity could be generated. Tetrachloroethene (PCE) was selected as a DNAPL representative as it was frequently discovered at many contaminated groundwater sites worldwide, including Thailand. The randomly generated permeability fields were incorporated into UTCHEM to simulate DNAPL source zone architecture under 96-L hypothetical PCE spill in heterogeneous media and stochastic analysis was conducted based on the simulated results. Simulations revealed considerable variations in the predicted PCE source zone architecture with a similar degree of heterogeneity, and complex initial PCE source zone distribution profoundly affected PCE recovery time in heterogeneous media when subject to natural gradient water flush. The necessary time to lower PCE concentrations below Thai groundwater quality standard ranged from 39 years to more than 55 years, suggesting that spatial variability of subsurface formation significantly affected the dissolution behavior of entrapped PCE. The temporal distributions of PCE saturation were significantly altered owing to natural gradient water flush. Therefore, soil heterogeneity is a critical factor to design strategies for characterization and remediation of DNAPL contaminated sites. The systematic and comprehensive design algorithm developed and described herein perhaps serves as a template for application at other DNAPL sites in Thailand. 相似文献