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Non-linear response of the soil is investigated by comparing the spectral ratios (uphole/downhole) using weak and strong motions. Data from seven vertical arrays in Japan are analysed in this study. The frequency-dependent transfer function of soil is calculated as a ratio of the spectrum at uphole to the spectrum at downhole, considering the horizontal component of shear wave. In spectral ratio analysis auto- and cross-spectra are employed. The reduction in the predominant frequency of the transfer function with increases in excitation level reflects the non-linear response of the soil. Results of analysis demonstrate a significant non-linear ground response at six sites with surface PGA exceeding 90 gal. However, the results of one site show the linear response up to 130 gal surface PGA. Furthermore, the in situ strain-dependent soil behaviour is examined through the shear modulus – shear strain relationship. When compared, the actual and laboratory results of the shear strain – shear modulus relationship are in agreement. Additionally, a good consistency between the tendency of reduction in shear modulus ratio with shear strain increases, and reduction of predominant frequency with ground motion increases, confirms the significance of non-linearity in site effects study. 相似文献
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本文介绍一种前兆观测方法——壤中气汞定点观测。作者近年来在研究和推广水汞观测的同时,在四川、河北、北京等地开展了壤中气汞定点观测试验。在此据试验结果初步探讨壤中气汞与地震活动的关系及应用前景,还将介绍采气、测定方法,以供有关同志参考。 相似文献
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Accurate estimations of water retention and detention are needed to simulate surface runoff and soil erosion following a rainfall event in a catchment. Several equations to estimate the amount of surface depressional storage, the fraction of the soil surface covered by water and the amount of rainfall excess needed to start surface runoff have been developed by Onstad (1984). The random roughness and slope gradient are needed for those estimations. Surface micro-elevation data have been gathered by a photographic method. The random roughness was determined from those elevation measurements. Several factors which have an impact on the soil surface roughness were taken into account. The main sources of influence are the type of land use, the crop stage within the growing period and tillage direction. Analyses of variance indicated that the variation in the RR-index could be explained mainly by type of land use, orientation and field type. The temporal variation was relatively small. Gradient data have been determined from a digital elevation model, constructed by digitizing contours. Combining the random roughness and the steepness of slope, the amounts of surface water retention and detention could be estimated. Knowledge of water retention and detention will improve the estimations of runoff and soil erosion modelling in catchments, such as those made with the LISEM model. The agricultural systems examined in this study have similar random roughness values in summer. Different soil erosion rates for several types of land use can not therefore be explained by the random roughness. 相似文献
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在自然界中,当含自由氧的水与硫化物或游离硫接触后就可形成硫酸。此硫酸如流至别的地方与岩石和土壤接触,则就会影响土壤和岩石的力学性质。另外硫细菌生活于煤田酸性水中,或生活于硫化物或硫矿床中,它可帮助把硫和硫化物氧化为硫酸。 相似文献
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Grace S. BRUSH 《国际泥沙研究》1999,(2)
IHISTORICALRECORDSSoilerosioniscloselyrelatedtorainfallandgreatlyenhancedbydeforestationforagricultUreandurbansuburbandevelopment.Amongtheeffectsofsoilerosionarethelossoftopsoilandaconsequentdecreaseincropproductivity.Erodedsoilisalsodepositedintoaquaticsystems,thuslesseningwaterqualityandleadingtodepletionoftheaquaticfoodresource.Italsocausessiltationofwaterwaysmakingthemineffectiveforcommercialtransportaswellasincreasingtheriskoffloods.Theimpactofsedimenterosionanddepositiononhumanso… 相似文献
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海河隐伏活断层探测中土壤气氡和气汞测量及其结果 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
在海河隐伏断裂的探测中,利用FD-3017RaA测氡仪和XG-4型测汞仪开展了土壤气氡和土壤气汞的测量工作。根据12条断层气测线的测量结果,结合人工地震探测资料,对断层气异常位置与断层位置的关系进行了分析;运用断层气异常强度与断层活动性的关系对海河断裂的活动性进行了研究,给出了海河断裂天津段的位置和活动性分段。研究结果表明,断层气方法不仅能给出断层的初步位置,而且能够用于断层的活动性初步分段,但断层气方法所给出的断层位置应是一个条带。经与人工地震探测结果对比分析,断裂位于这个条带内;根据土壤气氡测量结果,可将海河断裂分为东、西两段,且东段的活动性要强于西段。这种强、弱之分仅是一种相对结果,在判定断层是否为活断层方面还存在一定困难 相似文献
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The distribution of water content in time and space at the soil surface has been investigated on a small farmland catchment (1.3 km2 ) from four field surveys corresponding to different moisture statuses. For each survey, about 400 samples were collected at the soil surface at a depth of 5 cm along ten axes parallel to the greatest slope. The relationship between the measurements and the topography has been analysed. The structure of the data is well explained by a topographic index referring to the downslope conditions and defined as the elevation difference between the sample point and the stream point corresponding to the outlet of the water pathway derived from the digital elevation model (DEM). This index can be considered as an hydraulic head, at least for saturated conditions. A threshold for this index allows two domains within the catchment to be distinguished; an upper domain where the water content is nearly constant and varies slowly, and a lower domain where moisture status increases and is highly variable. The spatial distribution of these two domains is well correlated to the spatial distribution of the soils. Thus, both topography and the spatial distribution of soil appear to control the spatial distribution of surface water content at the 1-km2 scale. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
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等幅循环荷载作用下土的动剪模量和阻尼 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文根据我国南方8个场址81个试样的动三轴试验资料，对土在等幅循环荷载作用下，其动模量和阻尼与应变幅值的关系进行了分析研究，并与现场测试结果进行对比，分析结果，本文提出一种广义双曲线模型，能更满意地描述各类寺应力应变关系，该模型保持了形式简便，参数物理意义明确等优点，文中还分别对砂土和粘土，给出了模型中参数的统计关系式，这些表达式能明显的映粘性土和非粘性土的特性及其差别。 相似文献
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饱和土介质中地震波在水、气分界面上的反射与透射 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于修改的Biot模型,研究地震波在气饱和土中的传播特性以及地震波在饱和土中气、水界面上的反射和透射. 从理论上分析气饱和土与水饱和土的特性差异,根据界面连续条件推导了反射系数与透射系数的一般计算式;通过数值算例分析了气饱和土中波的传播特性,并分析了饱和土中P1波入射气、水界面时反射系数和透射系数与入射角及频率的关系. 结果表明,波在气饱和土中的传播与水饱和土中有较大差异; 频率和入射角度对反射系数与透射系数均有较大影响;并获得了波传播的某些新认识. 这对地震工程的波动勘测技术和场地反应分析具有理论及实际意义. 相似文献
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Tongxin ZHU 《国际泥沙研究》2002,17(4)
1 INTRODUCTION Soil crusting, or soil sealing, is one of the common phenomena in agricultural lands or semi-arid and arid soils. Due to the breakdown of soil aggregates by raindrops, soil surface develops a very thin, often less than a few millimeters, dense layer. Many studies indicated that such a thin layer significantly reduces infiltration capacity and increases surface runoff (i.e. McIntyre, 1958; Edward and Larson, 1969; Agassi et al., 1985; Bradford et al., 1986; Romkens et al.,… 相似文献
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Boyd A. HUTCHISON 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):34-42
ABSTRACT During the spring of 1961, evaporation from snow and soil surfaces was measured in the central Rocky Mountains near Fraser, Colorado. Measurements were made in natural forest openings at 9,000 feet elevation. Evaporation from wet soil surfaces greatly exceeded evaporation from nearby snow. There was little evidence of transfer of vapor from soil to nearby patches of snow, but as areas of bare, wet soil increased and evaporation amounts from such surfaces increased, evaporation from snow decreased. It was concluded that, as greater amounts of water evaporated from soils, the vapor pressure of the air was raised sufficiently to reduce evaporation from snow. Since transfer of vapor from soil to snow appeared small at best, evaporation losses from snow and soil surfaces essentially constituted a total moisture loss from the area. 相似文献
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ALEXIS Alain LE BRAS Gilbert Researcher Laboratoire de Genie Civil de Names Saint-Nazaire IUT de Saint-Nazaire Saint Nazaire France PHD Student Laboratoire de Genie Civil de Names Saint-Nazaire IUT de Saint-Nazaire Saint Nazaire France Tel. 《国际泥沙研究》2000,(3)
I INTRODUCTIONHigh water coment soils are often at the centre of delicate industrial and environmental problems,particularly concerning the behaviour of port or estuary mud, and deposits at sea.In soil mechanics, an understanding of the behaviour of soils is based upon the concept of effectivestress proposed by Terzaghi (1936) and defined by the difference betWeen the total stress and the porepressure. Theoretical studies (Aleds et al., 1992) highlight the effective stress as the main co… 相似文献
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This study uses evidence for the long-term (35 years) pattern of soil redistribution within two agricultural fields in the UK to identify the relative importance of tillage and overland flow erosion. Spatially distributed long-term total soil redistribution data for the fields (Dalicott Farm and Rufford Forest Farm) were obtained using the caesium-137 (137Cs) technique. These data were compared with predicted patterns of soil redistribution. Recent studies have demonstrated that the redistribution of soil by tillage may be described as a diffusive process. A two-component model was, therefore, developed which accounts for soil redistribution by both overland flow and diffusive processes. Comparison of the predicted patterns of overland flow erosion alone with the observed (137Cs-derived) data indicated a poor agreement (r2 = 0.17 and 0.11). In contrast, a good agreement exists between the predicted pattern of diffusive redistribution and the observed data (r2 = 0.43 and 0.41). These results give a clear indication that diffusive processes are dominant in soil redistribution within these fields. Possible diffusive processes include splash erosion, soil creep and tillage. However, the magnitude of the diffusion coefficients for the optimum predicted pattern (c. 350–400 kg m−1 a−1) demonstrates that tillage is the only process capable of explaining the very significant soil redistribution which is indicated by the 137Cs data. Consideration is given to the implications of these results for both soil erosion prediction and landscape interpretation. 相似文献
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Ground-penetrating radar is a technique which offers a new way of viewing shallow soil and rock conditions. The need to better understanding overburden conditions for activities such as geochemical sampling, geotechnical investigations, and placer exploration, as well as the factors controlling groundwater flow, has generated an increasing demand for techniques which can image the subsurface with higher resolution than previously possible. The areas of application for ground-penetrating radar are diverse. The method has been used successfully to map ice thickness, water depth in lakes, bedrock depth, soil stratigraphy, and water table depth. It is also used to delineate rock fabric, detect voids and identify karst features. The effective application of the radar for the high-resolution definition of soil stratigraphy and fractures in bedrock is highlighted. The basic principles and practices involved in acquiring high quality radar data in the field are illustrated by selected case histories. One example demonstrates how radar has been used to map the bedrock and delineate soil horizons to a depth of more than 20 m. Two case histories show how radar has been used to map fractures and changes of rock type to 40 m range from inside a mine. Another case history demonstrates how radar has also been used to detect and map the extent of groundwater contamination. The corroboration of the radar results by borehole investigations demonstrates the power and utility of the high-resolution radar method as an aid for interpolation and extrapolation of the information obtained with conventional coring programmes. With the advent of new instrumentation and field procedures, the routine application of the radar method is becoming economically viable and the method will see expanded use in the future. 相似文献