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1.
《高原气象》2018,(6)
青藏高原地区地表能量通量的估算与验证对高原及其周边地区能量和水循环研究具有重要意义,地表能量平衡系统SEBS(Surface Energy Balance System)模型为研究高原非均匀地表区域地表能量通量提供了一种行之有效的方法。基于中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站(简称那曲站)、中国科学院纳木错多圈层综合观测研究站(简称纳木错站)和中国科学院珠穆朗玛大气与环境综合观测研究站(简称珠峰站) 2008年辐射资料、大气边界层塔站观测资料,结合MODIS卫星数据,利用SEBS模型估算地表能量通量,并用站点地表能量通量观测资料进行验证。结果表明,模型估算的感热通量和土壤热通量与站点实测值具有较好的一致性,且感热通量和土壤热通量的估算精度明显优于潜热通量;感热通量的估算精度最高,那曲站、纳木错站和珠峰站的均方根误差分别为54. 98,37. 37和27. 10 W·m~(-2);而模型估算的潜热通量验证结果偏差较大和站点实测数据存在"能量不闭合"问题相关。鉴于在地表能量通量观测中广泛存在"能量不闭合"的问题,利用波文比校正方法校正站点实测潜热通量。研究表明波文比校正方法可以明显改善地表通量观测数据"能量不闭合"的问题,那曲站、纳木错站和珠峰站的能量闭合率分别提高了19. 4%,21. 4%和19. 1%;与原始站点实测潜热通量相比,校正后的潜热通量与SEBS模型估算结果一致性较好,3个站点潜热通量的均方根误差分别减少了6. 78,33. 48和29. 30 W·m~(-2)。 相似文献
2.
利用2005年7月盘锦芦苇湿地生长旺季的小气候梯度系统30 min观测资料和开放式涡动相关系统10Hz原始观测资料,比较并分析了廓线法、波文比能量平衡法与涡动相关法计算的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量。结果表明:廓线法与波文比能量平衡法计算的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量与涡动相关法得到的芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量具有较好的相关性,但是涡动相关法存在能量不平衡。分析盘锦芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量的日变化发现,能量平衡各分量基本上以正午为中心,呈倒“U”型分布。用波文比法计算得到的芦苇湿地生态系统日感热通量最大值为164.25 W.m-2,日潜热通量最大值为294.18 W.m-2。降雨之后,芦苇湿地生态系统水热通量都有所增加,尤其是潜热通量增加显著,且峰值出现时间提前。 相似文献
3.
根据1998年南海季风试验西沙海面铁塔梯度观测资料，利用总体（Bulk）系数法和多层结通量廓线法对西沙海面的海-气通量进行了估算，得出两种方法估算的潜热通量、感热通量基本一致。总体系数法估算的潜热通量比多层结通量廓线法略大1～3 W·m-2，感热通量小0～1.5 W·m-2。一般而言，季风爆发期间潜热输送逐渐增加；季风爆发前期夜间潜热通量比季风爆发后期大；季风爆发后期，白天潜热通量明显大于爆发初期和中期。感热通量季风爆发前海面向大气输送，爆发后期大气向海面输送。动量通量和摩擦速度随风速增加。 相似文献
4.
卫星遥感结合数值模式估算金塔绿洲非均匀地表能量通量 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对遥感在面上计算的特点,将模式模拟的气象要素区域分布替代以往使用的单点观测值作为遥感估算蒸散发模型的初始场,引入到SEBS(Surface Energy Balance System)模型中,利用EOS/MODIS遥感资料对金塔绿洲非均匀下垫面地表能量通量进行了估算。对比估算结果与实测值表明,引入数值模拟结果后,绿洲地表感热通量的估算误差平均减小了5.8%,潜热通量的误差平均减小了5.5%,说明数值模拟结果的引入比较成功。通过分析地表通量的区域分布特征表明,数值模拟结果的引入在一定程度上更加细致地刻画了荒漠绿洲能量平衡的分布特征,在戈壁荒漠地区,潜热通量非常小,而绿洲集中的地区及水库附近出现了潜热通量的极大值。 相似文献
5.
白洋淀水陆不均匀地区能量平衡特征分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
应用2005年9月在河北白洋淀地区进行的大气边界层综合观测实验资料, 对水陆不均匀地表条件下的白洋淀地区陆地的能量平衡特征进行了分析。结果表明: (1) 该地区存在能量不闭合现象。涡动相关法得到的感热、 潜热之和仅为有效能的75%, 其中涡动相关法得到的潜热通量为Bowen比法得到的潜热通量的70%, 而涡动相关法得到的感热通量为Bowen比法得到的感热通量的77% 。 (2) 地表潜热通量和感热通量随着净辐射的变化而变化。但潜热通量明显比感热通量大, 净辐射主要消耗于地表的水汽蒸发。 (3) 该地区白天的Bowen比平均在-0.4~0.4之间, 总体平均为0.131。受天气条件影响较大, 有明显的日变化, 午后15:00以后近地面层会出现逆温, Bowen比变为负值。 (4) 能量闭合程度有一定的日变化, 随着太阳高度角的增大而增大。 相似文献
6.
利用位于青藏高原东侧理塘大气综合观测站2008年观测资料,分析了高寒草甸下垫面上地表通量的时间变化特征,确定了温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差在不稳定情况下随稳定度变化的通量方差关系,应用通量方差法对感热、潜热和CO2通量进行了计算,并与涡旋相关系统的观测结果进行了比较。结果表明：地表通量月平均日变化呈较为规则的日循环特征,季节变化特征也很明显,雨季（5-9月）潜热大于感热,干季则以感热为主,CO2通量以6-9月值最大。在不稳定条件下,温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差随稳定度的变化均满足-1/3规律,其通量方差相似性常数分别为1.2,1.4和0.9。通量方差法估算出的通量值与涡旋相关观测得到的通量值有较好的一致性,但感热通量的效果优于潜热通量和CO2通量。该方法高估了感热通量尤其是潜热通量,而低估了CO2通量。采用直接观测的感热通量值计算潜热通量和CO2通量可改善计算结果。 相似文献
7.
关于棉田感热通量和潜热通量的几种计算方法 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
根据棉田的实测资料,选用四种常用的计算感染热通量的潜热通量的方法进行分析,发现空气动力学方法Ｉ和伯温比－能量平衡法的计算结果较一致,梯度扩散法略小,而布德科方法计算的潜热通量偏高、感热通量过低,因此得出结论：在计算棉花等作物的冠层通量时,选用空气动力学方法Ｉ最合适,其次是梯度扩散法。 相似文献
8.
利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2002—2015年自动气象塔(AWS_Tower)和2011—2014年涡动相关系统(EC)的观测资料,基于地表能量平衡组合法和涡动相关法计算那曲高寒草地下垫面湍流通量。利用涡动相关法对地表能量平衡组合法计算的感热通量、潜热通量进行校正,并将校正规律外推得到一个长时间连续的地表通量序列,分析那曲高寒草地下垫面感热通量、潜热通量的长时间变化特征以及地面热源与气候影响因子的关系。结果表明,该序列地表能量闭合度在春、夏、秋以及全年接近1,而冬季辐射观测值偏小导致能量闭合度正偏差较大为1. 34。近14年中,感热通量在年际变化上呈上升趋势;潜热通量呈显著减弱趋势,造成地面热源呈减弱趋势。地面热源与风速、地表温度、土壤湿度以及净辐射通量资料的关系显著。其中地面热源全年对净辐射通量响应显著,对地表温度在春、秋以及冬季响应显著,与土壤湿度在春、夏以及秋季响应明显,与风速在春季响应特征较为突出。季节变化上,感热通量在4月达到全年最大值,在7月为最小值;潜热通量在7月为全年最大值,在1月为最小值。 相似文献
9.
10.
西北地区一次沙尘暴过程的地表热通量特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用NCEP日平均全球再分析网格点资料,对我国西北地区晴天日与沙尘暴日地表感热通量及潜热通量的差异进行了对比分析.结果表明:沙尘暴爆发前和爆发时,地表感热通量迅速增大,潜热通量急剧减小,地面空气处于一种干热状态,为一热源区,有能量的散失. 相似文献
11.
The Bowen-ratio profile method for calculating total carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat flux density above a corn crop was used by measuring temperature, water vapor, and CO2 concentrations at several heights in the aerodynamic boundary layer of the crop. The ratio (α) of sensible heat flux density to carbon dioxide flux density as well as the Bowen ratio (β) were used in the computations. The two ratios, α and β were determined graphically from the slopes of linear plots of temperature vs CO2 concentration and vs water vapor. Each of the energy flux densities was computed from the two ratios and net radiation minus soil heat flux density. An analysis of probable error was performed on the Bowen-ratio profile method to evaluate the accuracy of the flux density estimates. Less than 10% error was found for latent heat flux density and less than 15% for carbon dioxide flux density under normal midday conditions for the instrumentation used. However, the carbon dioxide flux density error increased to over 40% when the sensible heat flux was small. 相似文献
12.
介绍了2004年在广州番禺进行的陆气相互作用观测试验。观测研究表明:新型的超声风温仪虽然带有雨滴防护沙网, 但雨滴对超声观测的误差影响显著, 尤其是对u, w方向。雨天情况下
13.
Summary The Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance (BREB) and the aerodynamic method were used to estimate turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent
heat flux over an irrigated agricultural area (IAA) and over two dry agricultural areas (DAA1 and DAA2). These turbulent fluxes
were analysed and particular attention paid to two specific areas. First, a quantitative analysis of sensible and latent heat
fluxes obtained by the BREB method was carried out, taking into account different soil type, vegetation and surface conditions.
The results showed that in IAA latent heat flux was higher than sensible heat flux, except in summer months, while in DAA1
and DAA2, sensible heat flux was higher except in the months when the vegetation was at the stage of maximum development.
Second, sensible and latent heat fluxes estimates from the BREB method were compared with those obtained from the aerodynamic
method. In this comparison factors such as soil type, soil vegetation cover, homogeneity or inhomogeneity of terrain and mesoscale
effects such as orography and wind patterns were taken into account. The results show that in conditions of light wind, the
two methods only concur if the condition of horizontal homogeniety is fulfilled. The influence of inhomogeneity seems to decrease
and agreement between methods improves, if the wind is stronger and the effects of meso and synoptic scales are predominant.
Received May 18, 1999/Revised March 15, 2000 相似文献
14.
Jens Bange Peter Zittel Thomas Spieß Jörg Uhlenbrock Frank Beyrich 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,119(3):527-561
The low-level flight method (LLF) has been combined with linear inverse models (IM) resulting in an LLF+IM method for the determination of area-averaged turbulent surface fluxes. With this combination, the vertical divergences of the turbulent latent and sensible heat fluxes were calculated from horizontal flights. The statistical errors of the derived turbulent surface fluxes were significantly reduced. The LLF+IM method was tested both in numerical and field experiments. Large-eddy simulations (LES) were performed to compare ‘true’ flux profiles with ‘measurements’ of simulated flights in an idealised convective boundary layer. Small differences between the ‘true’ and the ‘measured’ fluxes were found, but the vertical flux divergences were correctly calculated by the LLF+IM method. The LLF+IM method was then applied to data collected during two flights with the Helipod, a turbulence probe carried by a helicopter, and with the research aircraft Do 128 in the LITFASS-98 field campaign. The derived surface fluxes were compared with results from eddy-covariance surface stations and with large-aperture scintillometer data. The comparison showed that the LLF+IM method worked well for the sensible heat flux at 77 and 200 m flight levels, and also for the latent heat flux at the lowest level. The model quality control indicated failures for the latent heat flux at the 200 m level (and higher), which were probably due to large moisture fluctuations that could not be modelled using linear assumptions. Finally the LLF+IM method was applied to more than twenty low-level flights from the LITFASS-2003 experiment. Comparison with aggregated surface flux data revealed good agreement for the sensible heat flux but larger discrepancies and a higher statistical uncertainty for the latent heat flux 相似文献
15.
S. A. Hsu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1983,25(4):417-421
Estimates of the latent heat flux at the air-sea interface made by the profile method are compared to estimates by a wind-wave interaction (WWI) method that takes into account both wind and wave characteristics. A data set that consisted of profile measurements (six levels) of wind, temperature, and humidity over the Arabian Sea was used to compare the methods, and the agreement is good. It is shown that this WWI method can be used to compute the shear velocity, and then the results can be applied in the computation of latent heat flux. The parameters used in the WWI method are wind speed and direction, air temperature and humidity, sea-surface temperature, and significant wave height and period. All these data may be obtained from standard ship observations. 相似文献
16.
X.-M. Zeng M. Zhao B.-K. Su J.-P. Tang Y.-Q. Zheng Y.-J. Zhang J. Chen 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2002,81(1-2):67-83
Summary ?In order to further understand the land–atmosphere interactions and increase the predictability of climate models, it is
very important to investigate the effects of land-surface heterogeneities. In this paper, we considered roughness-length and
stomatal-resistance heterogeneities in the regional climate model RegCM2 (Giorgi et al., 1993) that employs BATS (Dickinson
et al., 1993) as the land surface scheme. In representing the subgrid heterogeneities, a computationally efficient method,
which is a combination of the mosaic approach and the analytical type of the statistical-dynamical approach, is applied. The
method is also characterized by converting the probability distribution of fundamental variables to probability distributions
of derived quantities. By using the 3-month observational data of 1991 Meiyu season over China, we conducted coupled-model
experiments, and found that: (i) For the whole model domain, the consideration of the two heterogeneities, in which intrapatch
variability plays a very important role, greatly affects the simulations for the surface flux, wind, temperature and precipitation
fields. (ii) The temperature and heat fluxes are quite sensitive to the heterogeneities, which displays the following rule:
for a sub-region, the mean sensible heat flux decreases, the mean latent heat flux increases, and the mean surface temperature
decreases with the increase of the heterogeneities. Furthermore, the mean latent heat flux is more sensitive to the heterogeneities
than the mean sensible heat flux. (iii) It seems that the influence of stomatal-resistance heterogeneity on the latent heat
flux is greater than that of roughness-length heterogeneity. Therefore, it is necessary to appropriately represent subgrid
land-surface heterogeneities so as to improve regional climate modeling.
Received June 19, 2001; Revised January 21, 2002 相似文献
17.
A short review is given of the different methods by which latent heat fluxes (or evaporation) over oceans are determined. In more detail, the applicability of the bulk aerodynamical formula is discussed. This formula is mainly used for climatological studies of heat fluxes and for the application of satellite data. As an example, for climatological studies we selected the work of Isemer and Hasse, who did a re-processing of the so-called Bunker data set to determine heat fluxes over the North Atlantic Ocean. In order to check their results, Isemer and Hasse calculated the annual mean heat budget for each latitudinal delt and derived from it the required ocean heat transport. With the aid of inverse modelling, the derived ocean transport was compared with the observed ocean transport and some of the used coefficients (e.g. bulk coefficients for latent and sensible heat flux) were altered. Though the ocean heat transport is changed by a large amount (at the equator 0.3 PW, original Bunker data; 0 PW, Isemer and Hasse; 0.76 PW, after inverse modelling (all northwards)) the overall patterns of the fields of the energy fluxes remain almost unchanged. The bulk coefficient for latent heat flux for example is altered by 5.6%.The geophysical parameters necessary for the bulk aerodynamic method can be determined from satellite observations: SST, q0, u0. Studies are described which used data from a microwave radiometer on SEASAT and NIMBUS7 to determine latent heat flux. An error calculation shows that the obtained accuracy is between 26 and 35 W m−2. This accuracy is adequate enough to allow reasonable estimates to be made of these fluxes. More satellites are planned for launch with microwave radiometers and scatterometers which will increase the possibility of determining geophysical parameters more accurately for use in the bulk aerodynamic formula. They will provide the database from which large-scale fieldsof latent heat flux (for time scales shorter than a month or even for actual situations) can be derived. 相似文献
18.
利用“全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验(CAMP/Tibet)”中那曲地区BJ站2002年8月1日\_2003年8月31日的观测资料作为水热耦合模式(Simultaneous Heat and Water, SHAW)的强迫场,对青藏高原中部季节冻土区地表能量通量特征进行了单点模拟研究。通过对实测值与模拟结果的对比分析,发现SHAW模式能较成功地模拟该地区地表能量通量特征, 短波净辐射和长波净辐射的模拟值与观测值吻合较好, 净辐射和土壤热通量在夏半年的模拟值与观测值也吻合,但相对夏\, 秋季而言,它们在冬\, 春季的模拟值较观测值略偏大。模拟的感热和潜热通量的季节变化比较合理,由模拟的感热和潜热通量计算的Bowen比能较好地解释不同季节太阳辐射的能量转化。 相似文献
19.
20.
整体传输公式是一种常用的计算洋面海气通量的方法。在作气候平均计算时,存在两种平均方法:方法一F_1=AB及方法二F_2=AB。显然,方法一是合理的,而方法二是对方法一的近似。本文利用COADS资料针对不同的平均时间计算分析了方法二对方法一的近似程度,结果表明:利用方法二计算长期气候平均,平滑时间超过5天则对计算结果必须进行订正;对感热和潜热通量,月平均方法二在20％的精度内可代替方法一,而旬平均方法二则可在10％的精度内代替方法一;动量通量月平均和旬平均精度分别为40％和20％。因此方法二在计算月平均动量通量时必须作订正,或直接用方法一进行计算,本文同时计算比较了1972年(E1 Nino年)和1975年(非E1 Nino年)太平洋洋面的各项能量及总能量收支,发现1972年洋面能量收支年变化幅度比1975年小得多,其差别主要决定于感热和潜热的变化。 相似文献