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1.
土壤含水层处理系统(soil aquifer treatment,SAT)是一种重要的人工回灌地下水方式。以再生水为回灌水源时,水中含有的“三氮”可能会对回灌区地下水造成污染风险。研究各种因素对在SAT中去除再生水中“三氮”的影响具有重要意义。本研究中,通过高200 cm、内径50 cm土柱试验,研究了SAT系统中粒径、干湿比(落干期与淹水期的比值)、在系统表层增加生物炭及渗透流速对实际再生水“三氮”去除效果的影响。结果表明,在干湿比1∶1条件下,实际河道细砂和中细砂柱底部出水中NH 4-N平均去除率分别为73%和66%,去除机理主要为吸附和硝化作用,NO 2-N基本被去除。系统中硝化作用导致NO 3-N浓度升高,出水中NO 3-N浓度平均增长了3.0%4.1%。在深度115 cm以上, 中细砂柱内比细砂柱内的硝化作用更强,这导致了更高的NH 4-N去除率和更低的NO 3-N去除率。延长落干期后(干湿比3∶1),系统具有了更强的复氧能力,促进了硝化作用,使得NH 4-N的平均去除率提高了20%,而NO 3-N的降低了3%4%,增加了NO 3-N污染风险。在中细砂层添加5%重量生物炭后,吸附性能增强,使其对NH 4-N平均去除率增加了20%32%,但对NO 3-N影响不明显。渗透流速与NH 4-N的去除和NO 3-N的增加均呈负相关。综合分析可得出,影响SAT系统去除“三氮”的最主要因素是干湿比和渗透流速,在回补水源中NH 4-N浓度较高时,可考虑在SAT系统表层添加生物炭以增强其去除效果。 相似文献
2.
江汉平原东部地区地下水硝态氮和氨氮污染严重,地表水-地下水相互作用强烈,季节性水文条件变化极其显著.选取典型试验场地,对试验场内沉积物(0~25 m)氮形态进行测定,并对地下水氮含量及其他水化学指标进行连续性监测.研究表明:沉积物NO 3--N含量较高(25.8~119.48 mg/kg),是可交换态氮的主要组成部分,NH 3-N含量与TOC和TN均呈一定的正相关性,表明NH 3-N含量主要受沉积物中埋藏有机质的控制.试验场深度较深(≥2 m)地下水氮的含量和形态对地下水位波动有明显响应:雨季开始,地下水位抬升,含水介质还原性增强,NO 3--N生成受抑制且通过反应消耗,矿化作用加强,导致NH 3-N成为氮的主要赋存形态;雨季结束,地下水水位下降,含水介质的氧化性增强,NO 3--N的生成受到促进,硝化作用增强而反硝化作用减弱,导致NO 3--N的浓度增加.近地表人类活动(外源输入)对试验场浅表地层(＜2 m)地下水氮形态有明显的影响.自然或者人为因素引起的水文条件变化导致地下水流场的变化,从而改变含水介质固有的氧化还原环境,是导致试验场氮季节性变化的主要原因. 相似文献
3.
闽东三沙湾是最典型的多河流汇入的封闭型海湾,是世界上最大的大黄鱼网箱养殖基地和全国最主要的渔业养殖基地之一,多次调查却发现该湾藻类生产量远低于其他海湾,呈现"营养多藻类少"独特的生态特征,但都没有深入讨论其机制.本研究2018-2020年采用定点和大面走航方式,调查了5项营养盐(活性硅酸盐(SiO 3-Si)、硝酸氮(NO 3-N)、亚硝酸氮(NO 2-N)、氨氮(NH 4-N)、活性磷酸盐(PO 4-P))的潮汐运动及空间分布,结果发现:(1)流域输入导致SiO 3-Si、NO 3-N落憩浓度大于涨憩浓度,并从岸向湾内随盐度增加而线性减少.(2)湾内养殖和自然生态系统输出导致NO 2-N、NH 4-N、PO 4-P涨憩浓度大于落憩浓度,洪季浓度大于枯季浓度,从岸向湾NO 2-N随盐度增加而非线性增加,NH 4-N、PO 4-P随盐度增加而平均分布等异常现象,但沿岸排污口附近NH 4-N、PO 4-P呈落憩浓度大于涨憩浓度.(3)湾内养殖和沿岸排污输入的高浓度NH 4-N、PO 4-P,是三沙湾水质严重污染和富营养化的主要原因,湾内养殖引起的高浓度NO 2-N是引起三沙湾"营养多藻类少灾害多"这一独特的生态特征的主要因素. 相似文献
4.
地下水NO－ 3污染是石家庄市地下水管理面临的一个主要问题。本次研究通过地下水及其潜在补给源的氮同位素和水化学调查，确定和识别石家庄市地下水NO－ 3污染程度和污染源。地下水中的无机氮化合物主要以NO－ 3形式存在，浓度变化在 2．65～152．1 m g／L之间，均值为（54．88± 31）m g／L（ n＝44），48％的样品浓度超过国际饮水标准（50 m g／L）。地下水样品的NO－ 3－ 15 N值域＋4．53‰～＋25．36‰，均值＋9．94‰±4．40‰（ n＝34）。34个样品中，22个样品（65％）的氮同位素值大于＋8‰；与1991年相比，氮同位素组成指示地下水NO－ 3的主要来源已由当时矿化的土壤有机氮变为现在的动物粪便或污水；结合Cl－分析，南部地下水NO－3还受到东明渠污水的影响。其余12个样品（35％）的氮同位素值变化在＋4‰～＋8‰之间，其中 15 N值较大的（＋6‰～＋8‰）指示来自土壤有机氮，较小的（＋4‰～＋6‰）指示来自氨挥发较弱、快速入渗的化肥厂污水。根据上述研究结果，提出了改善石家庄市地下水管理的措施。 相似文献
5.
The Loire River, with one of the largest watersheds in France, has been monitored just outside the city of Orleans since 1994. Physico-chemical parameters and major and trace elements were measured between 2-day and 1-week intervals according to the river flow. The sampling site represents 34% of the total Loire watershed with 76% silicate rocks and 24% carbonate rocks. Elements are transported mainly in the dissolved phase with the ratio of total dissolved salts (TDS) to suspended matter (SM) ranging between 1.6 and 17.4. Chemical weathering of rocks and soils are thus the dominant mechanisms in the Loire waters composition. The highest TDS/SM ratios are due to dissolved anthropogenic inputs. The database shows no link between NO3− content and river flow. The Na+, K+, Mg2+, SO42−, and Cl− concentrations are seen to decrease with increasing discharge, in agreement with a mixing process involving at least two components: the first component (during low flow) is concentrated and may be related with input from the groundwater and sewage station water, the second component (during high flow) is more dilute and is in agreement with bedrock weathering and rainwater inputs. A geochemical behaviour pattern is also observed for HCO3− and Ca2+ species, their concentrations increase with increasing discharge up to 300 m3/s, after which, they decrease with increasing discharge. The Sr isotopic composition of the dissolved load is controlled by at least five components — a series of natural components represented by (a) waters draining the silicate and carbonate bedrock, (b) groundwater, and (c) rainwaters, and two kinds of anthropogenic components. The aim of this study is to describe the mixing model in order to estimate the contribution of each component. Finally, specific export rates in the upper Loire watershed were evaluated close to 12 t year−1 km−2 for the silicate rate and 47 t year−1 km−2 for the carbonate rate. 相似文献
6.
土壤氮在植物生长、土壤理化性质和微生物活动中扮演着重要的角色.为了识别盐渍化地区非饱和带氮的迁移过程,以河套灌区典型盐渍化耕地为例,通过非饱和带监测和水化学统计分析,探究了土壤剖面中氮素分布的差异性及主要影响因素.结果表明,研究区0～100 cm土层深度土壤氮含量处于较低水平,NO3-N、NH4-N和NO2-N含量平均... 相似文献
7.
冯家江是北海市区重要的生态廊道.研究冯家江流域水体中氮的空间分布特征、污染来源、影响因素,对掌握冯家江流域氮污染现状及污染防控等具有重要的现实意义.本研究应用地统计学方法分析了冯家江流域地表水及沿岸地下水中氮污染物的空间分布特征.结果表明,地表水中氮污染物呈现出"高氨氮、低硝氮"的特征,NH3-N 质量浓度平均值高达5... 相似文献
8.
对华北平原桓台县584个潜水水样的硝态氮含量进行了测定,应用地统计学方法对数据进行了分析,结果表明潜水硝态氮含量符合对数正态分布.采用Kriging方法对未观测点进行了估值,并绘制了等值线图,按照国家地下水质量标准划分的5个等级,利用GIS空间分析方法分别统计了各个乡镇潜水中硝态氮各等级的面积.同时把各乡镇单位面积化肥、人畜排泄、污水灌溉以及总的氮素年投入量与其潜水中硝态氮的平均含量分别进行了相关性分析,发现污水灌溉投入的氮素和各类氮素的总投入与潜水中硝态氮含量均有显著的相关关系,结果表明,污水灌溉对当地潜水硝态氮含量的影响很大,同时在对区域潜水硝态氮贡献的成因分析时必须考虑区域氮素的总投入. 相似文献
9.
Several series of one-dimensional heat and moisture flow tests were performed to examine the moisture and temperature distributions in the buffer material compacted to a dry density of 1.67 Mg m −3 and water content of 17.7%. In all tests, water was allowed to infiltrate into a horizontal soil column from one end under a constant hydrostatic head of 276 kPa. Also the specimens were heated from the other end by the heater to a constant temperature. It is experimentally demonstrated that the moisture moves from both ends toward the mid part of the soil column due to both thermal gradient from one end and hydraulic gradient from the other end. It was observed that, in spite of no overall volume change, local volume change occurs in the system. The measured temperatures along the length of the specimen indicate that temperature distributions stabilize within a short period of time. The time required for the temperature to stabilize decreases as the heater skin temperature increases. The diffusivity parameters are calculated using the measured moisture and temperature profiles combined with the finite difference method. Powell's optimization algorithm was used to determine the material parameters. Good agreements between experimentally measured and calibrated volumetric water content shows that the diffusion parameters can be expressed in a linear function of the volumetric water content and temperature. 相似文献
10.
Bathymetric surveys during the 1991–2000 decade in two ice-contact, proglacial lakes on the eastern sector of Bering piedmont lobe captured the buildup effects of the 1993–1995 surge. Following ice-front advance of 1.0–1.5 km into Tsivat and Tsiu Lakes, the basins were significantly altered by surge-related sedimentation including the impact of a subglacial outburst into Tsivat Lake. The subsequent changes in basin shape, size, and morphology were monitored by six bathymetric surveys. Measured changes in water depth serve as a proxy for determining increments of sediment accumulation. Upwelling, ice-front vents fed by subglacial tunnels transported suspended fine sediment directly into the lake system. The rate of suspension settling within both lakes varied from 0.6 to 1.2 m year−1 prior to the surge. Suspended load during surge years increased sixfold from 1.7 to 13.9 g l−1, accompanied by increased sediment accumulation of 2.2–3.1 m year−1. Vent-related aggradation and subsequent filling of Tsivat Lake caused sediment bypassing to Tsiu Lake, where encroachment by delta growth contributed to a postsurge rate of bottomset accumulation of 3.0 m year−1. The total sediment influx from subglacial sources is represented by the sum of bathymetrically determined accumulation, plus an estimated volume of sediment that remained suspended, thus passing through the lake system. Total sediment flux along the eastern Bering piedmont lobe from 1991 to 2000 is approximately 227 million cubic meters. 相似文献
11.
Once landslide movement has been initiated, the sliding mass tends to move toward a more stable position. However, landslides that have occurred in some Tertiary volcanic rocks in Japan show recurrent movement. A possible reason for this behavior is that the mineral composition and properties of slip-surface materials results in better ‘lubrication’ along the slip surface as movement continues. In order to determine the causes, five landslides in Japanese Tertiary volcanics with different movement histories were studied. Based on geological investigation, the results presented in this paper were obtained by studying the development process and formation of slip surfaces and clays in landslides in these volcanics. For rocks of similar types and mineralogies the clay content of slip-surface materials can be directly related to the displacement and history of slide movement. This study indicates that the type of slip surface ranges from: (1) striation type (showing only striations on bedrock without clay), to (2) brecciated type (clayey breccia), (3) mylonite type (clay with breccia), and to (4) clay type (clay without breccia). If the slip surface occurs in tuff or tuffaceous materials and is subjected to increasing slide movement, the smectite content in the slip-surface clay increases, while the silicate mineral content decreases. Furthermore, the smectite content is observed to increase within the same landslide from the head to the toe portion of the landslide (direction of groundwater flow). The groundwater along the slip surface (above the impervious zone) contains an increased concentration of Ca++ ions. As the concentration of HCO3− ions exceeds 40 mg/l, an environment is created that promotes the formation of smectite. This process indicates that there is an active ion exchange within the groundwater near the slip surface that forms smectite. Thus, the formation of smectite in the slip surface requires the presence of tuff and a sufficient concentration of HCO3− ions in the groundwater. The study results presented here indicate that frictional resistance decreases as clay content increases. The reason for repeated movement of Japanese landslides in Tertiary tuffs or tuffaceous rocks at or in the immediate vicinity of the slip surface is attributed to: (1) an increase in clay materials along the slip surface as the slide movement is repeated and (2) the presence of groundwater that promotes the formation of smectite. As is commonly known, smectite is one of the clay minerals that has lowest frictional resistance. 相似文献
12.
浅层地下水是任丘市重要的水资源之一,为研究其水化学特征及其形成机制,本文在实地调查取样分析化验的基础上,以水文地球化学理论为指导,借助多元数理统计的方法,从多个角度揭示了研究区浅层地下水的形成演化过程:①通过离散分析,认为研究区各主要离子变异系数较大,说明研究区浅层地下水受人为影响明显,水化学特征复杂.②通过相关分析,... 相似文献
13.
黄河冲积扇平原浅层地下水砷含量超标情况严重,豫北平原的主体是黄河冲洪积扇平原.全面了解豫北平原浅层地下水氮循环驱动下砷的富集模式,对地下水资源的可持续利用和居民健康至关重要.本文采集豫北平原513组浅层地下水样品,采用原子荧光光谱法测定砷含量,原子吸收光谱和离子色谱等方法进行全分析及微量元素分析,对该地区高砷地下水的水... 相似文献
14.
再生水在北京被广泛用于补给河道,2007年底至2017年共有2.3×108 m3再生水补给至潮白河顺义段。其污染物本底值较高（Cl?浓度约62~122 mg/L）,通过河床入渗补给到周边的含水层中,对周边地下水产生一定影响,尤其是浅层地下水。为了定量评价再生水补给河道对周边浅层地下水的影响,基于10年（2007—2017）的地下水监测数据,建立了再生水补给河道周边的地下水水流和溶质运移模型,模拟了受水区浅层地下水的水位和Cl?浓度的变化,分析了浅层地下水水量、Cl?负荷和NO 3-N负荷的变化。结果表明,再生水补给河道后的前2年（2007—2009）,河道周边浅层地下水水位迅速抬升了3~4 m,之后在再生水的持续补给下保持稳定。但受深层地下水开采影响,2007—2014年研究区整体浅层地下水的水量仍在下降。2014年底实施地下水压采措施后,浅层地下水水量从2014年底的3.76×108 m3恢复到了2017年底的3.85×108 m3。周边浅层地下水中的Cl?浓度从再生水补给前的5~75 mg/L变化到了补给后的50~130 mg/L,之后保持稳定。浅层地下水水质受再生水影响的范围从2008年底的11.7 km2扩大到2017年的26.7 km2,影响区内的Cl?负荷从2008年底的1.8×103 t增加到2017年底的3.8×103 t,NO 3-N负荷从2008年的29.8 t下降到2017年的11.9 t。尽管研究显示影响范围外的浅层地下水质受再生水影响不明显,但潜在的咸化和污染的隐患不容忽视,需要在后续研究中进一步明确。 相似文献
15.
生物降解地下水石油烃会改变地下水环境的水化学组成,因此可以通过分析污染晕中电子受体、生物降解代谢产物以及重要的地球化学参数量值变化获得生物降解的地球化学证据。本次在对某石油污染场地地质、水文地质条件、污染源污染方式调查基础上,根据地下水样测试结果,详细分析了地下水石油烃污染分布特征、污染晕中指示生物降解作用的电子受体、代谢产物以及重要地球化学参数的空间变化规律,研究结果表明:污染场地内存在氧还原、硝酸盐还原、硫酸盐还原等生物降解作用,其中硫酸盐还原是污染场地地下水石油烃生物降解的优势反应; 在沿地下水流向上,TPH浓度、HCO 3-浓度和碱度逐渐降低,Eh、电子受体(DO、NO 3-、SO 42-)浓度逐渐升高; 在垂直于地下水流向上,从中心向两侧各组分也呈相似的变化规律。 相似文献
16.
灌溉等人为活动会造成外源物质的输入,如硝酸盐、有机质等,从而引起浅层地下水环境发生周期性波动。为研究农业灌溉对沉积含水层中碘迁移富集过程的影响,选取代表性富碘沉积物,通过室内实验模拟了灌溉活动外源物质输入条件下,盆地地下水系统中碘迁移释放的（生物）地球化学过程。实验结果表明：厌氧条件下,外源有机质输入可促使微生物利用有机质作为电子供体,还原固相铁矿物相,进而造成搭载于铁氧化物/氢氧化物表面的碘释放,以碘离子形式在地下水中富集;而在NO 3-输入情况下,微生物会优先利用NO 3-为电子受体,至硝酸盐被全部消耗后,Fe（Ⅲ）可进一步被还原为Fe（Ⅱ）。研究结果表明,人为活动造成浅表环境外源物质的输入可直接影响浅层地下水中碘的迁移释放过程。伊利石黏土矿物吸附的铁氧化物矿物相可能为浅层环境中碘的主要搭载介质,微生物作用下,铁氧化物/氢氧化物的还原溶解是高碘地下水形成的主控因素。 相似文献
17.
取徐州奎河的生活污水进行饱和灌溉实验,由埋设在田间的一对蒸渗仪(地下水位保持在1m)观测,结果表明:污水中含量高达5035mg/L的氨氮进入土壤后,大部分被土壤胶体所吸附,迁移能力差,一般不会直接污染地下水。但污水在下渗时,能淋溶土壤中积存的NO 2-和NO 3-离子,使它们在地下水中的含量迅速增加。污灌以后,随土壤含水量、氧化还原电位和Ph值的变化,氨化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用依次成为氮素转化的主要机制。污灌10d之内,由于淋溶和硝化作用产生的NO 2-、NO 3-会造成浅层地下水的严重污染。 相似文献
18.
为查清济南市新旧动能转换先行区浅层地下水NO 3-污染问题,对研究区7种污染源类型64件浅层地下水样品水质结果进行统计分析后认为:受人类活动影响,地下水中NO 3-含量的高低往往与几种特定的水化学类型存在对应关系。4类主要污染源类型浅层地下水NO 3-含量一般顺序为:垃圾渗滤液>禽畜养殖>生活污水>农业种植。垃圾渗滤液下渗导致的NO 3-污染对应的主要地下水化学类型为HCO 3·Cl -Na·Mg型,粪便渗滤液及尿液下渗主要对应产生HCO 3·SO 4-Na·Mg型、生活污水入渗对应产生HCO 3·Cl -Na·Ca型,农业种植区主要对应HCO 3-Na·Ca型。离子相关性分析表明,NO 3-含量与Ca 2+、Cl -存在相关关系。研究区以农业种植为主,大量氮素化肥和石灰等土壤改良剂的使用是导致浅层地下水NO 3-与Ca 2+相关的主要因素。NO 3-与Cl -在地下水中同属较稳定离子,由长期的人类活动排放、入渗积累或蒸发浓缩富集,是一个地区人类活动密集程度和历史长度的综合反映,提出了NO 3-与Cl -质量浓度联合评价地下水污染的基本方法。 相似文献
19.
Feasibility of storing LNG in a lined rock cavern was evaluated using a pilot cryogenic rock cavern constructed in Daejeon, Korea. The pilot program included hydrogeological and engineering characterization of the rock mass around the cavern, design and construction of a drainage system, and pilot operation of the cryogenic cavern. An appropriate drainage system is most important to protect the containment system of LNG from thermal shocks due to ice lenses and hydrostatic pressure of groundwater. As a part of the pilot program, this study focused on the evaluation of hydraulic and engineering properties of the rock mass around the cavern. For this purpose, engineering logging of the rock cores, single and cross-hole hydraulic tests, and recharge/drainage tests were performed using seven drilled holes with different trends and plunges. Three main joint sets were found from the logging of the rock cores, acoustic borehole televiewer, and window mapping. The orientations of the three major joint sets were 60/209, 40/171, and 29/331, which can provide the main groundwater flow paths. Mean RQD values ranged from 56 to 88, which were classified as fair and good, although varying with depth along single boreholes. Hydraulic conductivity from the single and cross-hole hydraulic tests estimated in the order of 10 −6 or 10 −7 m/s and corresponding transmissivity ranged between 10 −5 and 10 −6 m 2/s. Permeable intervals identified from the hydraulic tests were mostly located above the cavern roof. Below the roof, the permeable zone was difficult to observe. According to the hydraulic communication tests performed for some designated intervals, hydraulic connection between boreholes was highly varied with depth or location, which indicated a very different distribution of water conducting joint sets along the boreholes. When water was injected at R1 with constant or varying flow rates, monotonous and stable seepage was observed at observation boreholes. From this, some stable drainage was expected even in relatively heavy rainfalls. When designing the drainage system of the cavern, the drainage holes should be orientated to maximize frequency of encountering the major joint sets and the permeable intervals identified from this study. 相似文献
20.
以江苏奎河为例,观测研究奎河污染物COD Cr、NH 4+-N、NO 3--N、Cl-入渗进入地下水中发生物理、化学及生物变化的时空分布规律,分析河道沿岸土壤对污染物的去除能力.结果表明:河床的土壤对污染物COD Cr具有很高的去除率,对NH 4+-N亦有较高的去除率.河道中的NO 3--N在入渗过程中虽有一定的去除率,但由于NH 4+-N、NO 2--N等污染因子转化成NO 3--N,因此该浓度不一定会明显降低.Cl-是保守性污染因子,入渗过程中虽有一定的去除率,但仍对沿岸地下水环境产生影响.因此,当污染河道中污染因子是保守性物质时,必须考虑对沿岸地下水源地的影响. 相似文献
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