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1.
Contested Space,Contested Livelihoods: A Review of Mongolia's Pastureland Management and Land‐Tenure Reform 
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下载免费PDF全文 Holly R. Barcus 《Geographical review》2018,108(1):138-157
In the early 2000s, the discovery of significant minerals wealth in the Gobi Desert marked the beginning of Mongolia's economic boom. Rapid GDP growth however challenges long‐held assumptions about place and land rights, leading to contested and sometimes contradictory outcomes, which are embedded in evolving perceptions and realities of land‐tenure rights, development rights, and local livelihood sustainability. Framed within the debates surrounding natural resources development and the contradictions in scale and user rights, this essay identifies three distinct periods of land‐tenure debate in Mongolia. In each period, pastureland management debates are influenced by different narratives, including those of development economists, scholars, NGOs, and local voices. This essay draws on an extensive review of policy documents and contemporary literature to consider the multiscalar implications of rapid national growth on internal population redistribution, land‐use rights, and the underlying importance of place. 相似文献
2.
Christina Griffin 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2020,41(1):23-39
This article examines the interaction between conditions of vulnerability and a potato crop boom in Central Java's highlands. While partaking in agricultural endeavours on volcanic slopes can bring substantial economic rewards, the local benefits associated with these livelihood activities are often overlooked by disaster scholarship. Drawing on a period of fieldwork conducted in the Dieng Plateau, a region characterized by a series of craters that periodically erupt mud and poisonous gas, this article demonstrates how a potato crop boom has evolved despite, and in part because of, the underlying volcanic hazard. By integrating the sustainable livelihood and agrarian change literatures, the article concludes that the potato boom has provided significant economic opportunity, and through this, a means to reduce vulnerability. Yet, despite these economic gains, the agrarian shift described herein has also introduced new vulnerabilities as farmers have become dependent on a resource intensive crop. These findings demonstrate how theories of agrarian transformation can complement livelihood perspectives in disaster research, and provide greater detail into the local and regional processes that encourage people to often-profitably farm hazardous land. 相似文献
3.
Max D. Woodworth 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):630-638
China's coal industry has been plagued by fragmentation among thousands of producers, low productivity, environmental damage, and high accident rates. Coal-industry reforms have sought a “strategic westward movement” through which to achieve resource consolidation under larger firms and upgraded production in northern and western China. This article examines Ordos Municipality and Yulin Municipality to assess the role of differently scaled political and economic processes that have driven a regional coal boom. It finds that the regional coal boom in north-central China discloses persistent difficulties in controlling producers and modernizing the sector. 相似文献
4.
Godwin Uyi Ojo 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2012,33(1):49-62
Since its emergence as a research field in the 1980s, political ecology has provided a useful tool to explicate violent environments, notably as hallmarks of natural resource‐dependent economies. Practitioners regularly address what might be called ‘charismatic’ natural resources such as oil and other precious minerals to describe contestation over access and control of natural resources. Yet, where this focus exists, the political ecology of less economically valuable or ‘noncharismatic’ resources is thereby obscured. Thus, Nigeria's dependency on oil production has generated much scholarly attention with its unstable political economy described as a rentier state. In contrast, this paper draws on extensive field experience and knowledge about the country to assess in a preliminary manner some of the dimensions and ramifications of a less well known second‐tier natural resource commodity that is gaining attention as part of a possible national economic diversification strategy. Using the case of bitumen, a viscous hydrocarbon mainly used in road surfacing and roofing work, I assess the trajectory of this relatively overlooked resource, thereby opening a window onto the political ecology of a noncharismatic resource. In contrast to the ubiquitous violence in the oil‐based Niger Delta, I suggest that bitumen political ecologies, while also provoking political conflict and debate, nonetheless seem to being marked by new power dynamics that might augur a less violence prone path in terms of Nigeria's political economy of natural resource production. 相似文献
5.
Edmund Nickless 《Natural Resources Research》2018,27(2):143-158
The last 50 years saw a dramatic increase in living standards and improvement in the quality of life for many of the world’s poorest. Mortality rates fell, life expectancy rose and per capita incomes swelled. That improvement has been underpinned by technological development and the ubiquitous use of metal and mineral resources. To maintain such progress while addressing climate change and a rising world population, sustainable sources of raw materials will be required, in both developed and developing countries. Delivering the UN Agenda 2030 with its seventeen Sustainable Development Goals and implementing the Paris Agreement of December 2015 will require technologies that consume both traditional and new minerals. Metal recycling and technological change will contribute, but mining must continue and grow for the foreseeable future. Of the 200 or so countries in the world, 60 are open to large-scale mining but 140 are not. New resource governance linkages are needed between existing institutional frameworks so that continuity of global mineral supply is assured over coming decades. Such arrangements would oversee responsible sourcing of minerals, directions of mineral exploration and sustainability of mining and ore processing, raising of consumer awareness and sharing the wealth generated by mining more fairly. 相似文献
6.
北京市高尔夫旅游资源空间分布特征及影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
高尔夫旅游不仅是中国旅游资源体系中的重要组成部分,也是旅游产业从观光型向休闲度假型调整的重要支撑点。选取北京市作为研究区域,对18洞及以上共51处标准高尔夫旅游资源空间分布特征及影响因素进行研究,得出以下结论:①在区域经济发展水平的影响下,北京市高尔夫旅游资源发展可分为两个阶段:1985-2000年缓慢发展阶段,2001-2011年蓬勃发展阶段。②北京市高尔夫旅游资源的空间分布形态已经出现多中心特征,由空间点状集聚分布转向扩散化并形成线状网络体系。③从球场面积的空间容量分布来看,北京市高尔夫旅游资源呈现出空间不均衡的集聚特征格局。中心城区球场密度大,但空间容量规模低;外围新兴区域球场密度相对较低,但开发强度高,空间容量规模大。总体上看,区域地形特征、重要水系分布、交通区位条件、配套服务设施、关联产业开发、土地价格、规划及政策引导等各种要素,通过综合作用机制共同影响北京市高尔夫旅游资源空间分布特征。 相似文献
7.
中国城市低碳绿色发展的格局及其差异分析--以地级以上城市GDP值前110强为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据低碳绿色城市的发展目标、关键问题和重点领域,从经济低碳化、社会低碳化、资源低碳化、设施低碳化、环境友好化、环境绿色化6个方面构建了低碳绿色指数的综合评价指标体系。运用主客观组合赋权法,对我国GDP值前110强地级以上城市的低碳绿色发展格局及其差异进行了分析。结果表明：低碳绿色发展水平普遍不高,城市之间存在差异;低碳绿色指数在空间格局上是东高中低、西部居中,沿海高于内地;不同区域、规模、财富、职能的低碳绿色指数及各分指数之间都存在一定的差异;人口规模、贫富水平分别与低碳绿色指数间均是弱相关关系;人口城市化、土地城市化、第二产业比重、服务业比重、能源强度分别与低碳绿色指数间依次是无、弱负、极弱负向、弱、中等负向的相关关系;低碳绿色发展各个方面不够平衡,一些欠缺有待弥补。 相似文献
8.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(3-4):93-97
Abstract The College Board's decision to add human geography to its Advanced Placement (AP) program is an exciting development for teachers at all levels who are concerned about the state of geographical understanding in North America today. Yet as discussed in an earlier edition of this journal (Murphy 1998), the successful implementation of AP human geography is contingent upon meeting formidable pedagogic challenges. These challenges are the product of the discipline's relatively low profile in many high schools (particularly in the United States), the lack of extensive geographical training on the part of most high school teachers, and the scarcity of good geographical reference materials in many classrooms and libraries. 相似文献
9.
《Urban geography》2013,34(8):879-897
Indonesia contains about 200 provincial cities with populations between 50,000 and one million, yet they have attracted far less scholarly attention than the country's few million-plus cities. Recent democratization and decentralization have brought to light patterns of communal and local mobilization in these cities, centered on elections and other political events, that have not been seen in Indonesia since the 1950s and early 1960s. Provincial cities have talked back to the central state in ways that belie their supposed passivity as expressed in the term "urban involution." This study attempts to build a synthetic and historical explanation for those patterns by examining the social embeddedness of the state in the provincial city. Most of Indonesia's towns and cities, particularly beyond Java, became urban only through the formation of the modern colonial state from the mid- to late 19th century onward. After decolonization began in 1945, the expanding but chronically underfunded bureaucracy became an arena for contestation among the emerging middle classes in these urban centers, which lacked manufacturing. The new provincial classes were politically significant because of their numbers and their mobilizing skills rather than their wealth. They successfully seized the state at the local level. The central state, anxious to establish political stability, appeased them with substantial political transfer rents, particularly during the oil boom years of the early to middle New Order. 相似文献
10.
中国冰川旅游发展潜力评价及其空间开发策略 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
从区位交通、资源环境、基础开发及经济社会四个方面出发,构建了中国冰川旅游发展潜力评价指标体系,运用模糊评价赋值与层次分析法,对中国冰川区32个地州市冰川旅游发展潜力进行了综合评估,提出了相应的空间开发策略。结果表明：（1）区位交通潜力较高地区集中于冰川进入性和通达性较好的省会城市及周边地州市,以及具有明显地缘优势的区域... 相似文献
11.
中国绿色发展时空演变轨迹与影响机理研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
绿色发展战略既是实现区域经济社会与资源环境耦合协调的重要内容,也是推进区域人地协调的重要路径。研究运用投影寻踪评价模型（PPM）以及基尼系数、变异系数、空间自相关和空间计量等方法分析中国30个省市区绿色发展时空演变轨迹与影响机理,得出以下结论：① 构建涵盖“绿色增长-绿色福利-绿色财富”三个维度的绿色发展系统,三个维度的协同一致和均衡发展是绿色发展的本质特征和内在要求;② 中国绿色发展指数呈逐年上升趋势,但增长速度较低,绿色发展虽然取得了显著成效,但问题与压力依然严峻。绿色增长和绿色福利指数均呈现增长趋势,年均增长率分别为5.77%、11.74%,绿色财富指数整体相对较低且增长缓慢,一定程度上反映了绿色财富指数增长的艰巨性和长期性;③ 绿色发展及其构成指数的区域差异呈逐渐缩小趋势,但差异程度依然较大,总体呈东部地区>东北地区>西部地区>中部地区的特征,绿色财富与绿色发展及其他构成指数空间分布错位,高高、低低空间集聚特征明显;④ 城镇化水平、产业结构、人口密度、科技创新、市场化、国际贸易是影响中国绿色发展的主要因素。研究从塑造生态文化理念、发展生态高效产业、提升资源环境承载能力和优化空间治理体系等方面提出对策建议,对中国生态文明建设和绿色发展推进具有一定的借鉴参考价值。 相似文献
12.
As mining expands throughout the world, a growing body of literature is focusing on the relationship between mining and well-being in locations where resource extraction occurs. Although many topics such as employment and migration have been researched, the impacts of mining on income inequality have received less attention from scholars. Income inequality is a highly debated topic and the Gini coefficient (GC) one of the most popular indicators used to measure and discuss it. In this paper we estimate GCs for all sub-State regions of Australia and analyse their changes during the ‘mining boom decade’ (2001–11) across mining and non-mining regions. Our results show that, on average, income inequality increased by around 4.8 per cent in mining regions, compared to 8.7 per cent in the average non-mining region. However, the results also show important variation in changes of GC across mining regions, suggesting that the industry is likely to affect the distribution of local incomes in different ways. The method we propose to estimate GCs for regional areas and the results obtained across mining and non-mining regions provide important insights for future research and for regional policy makers, especially those concerned with the socio-economic impacts of industries such as mining across regions. 相似文献
13.
干旱区绿洲城镇化进程与水资源效益的时空分异研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选择Global Morans I和Getis-Ord Gi*两个空间关联指数和协调发展度函数探讨新疆1990、1995、2000年和2005年水资源效益的空间格局和冷热点区域演化,在此基础上对水资源效益和城镇化的协调性进行分析。结果显示:①新疆各县市水资源效益在空间上明显呈以天山北坡为核心的集聚分布状态。②新疆水资源效益冷热点区域的演化呈现出不同的演变轨迹。③新疆水资源效益与城镇化协调发展程度的空间格局演变相对稳定,协调发展程度高的区域呈现扩张趋势,协调发展程度低的区域数量收敛态势明显。二者的协调类型可分为同步协调型、水资源效益滞后型、城镇化滞后型、逐步磨合型和低级协调型5种。 相似文献
14.
基于旅游系统理论的中国乡村旅游发展模式探讨 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
基于旅游系统理论分析中国乡村旅游发展模式,能更全面的识别我国乡村旅游发展的驱动要素及其相互作用机理。在概述旅游系统理论、乡村旅游系统及其驱动因素的基础上,归纳了我国乡村旅游的发展模式类型与特点,即需求拉动型模式、供给推动型模式、中介影响型模式、支持作用型模式以及混合驱动型模式,并且选取北京昌平康陵村、山西皇城村、安徽黟县西递村、西藏林芝扎西岗村等典型案例,对乡村旅游系统及驱动机制、利益主体等方面进行了研究,为我国乡村旅游资源的开发、乡村旅游政策制定提供支持与借鉴。 相似文献
15.
Regina Neudert Insa Theesfeld Alexandre Didebulidze Naiba Allahverdiyeva Volker Beckmann 《社会与自然资源》2020,33(3):347-367
AbstractConflicts in the management of renewable natural resources are situations in which actors have diverging opinions on issues of natural resource use. In the literature, among the causal factors for conflicts discussed are resource wealth or scarcity and the role of governance. The evidence, however, is contradictory. In order to analyze the role of governance in more detail, we propose a combined analysis of property rights and conflicts. In this way, an improved understanding of the causes of local conflicts over renewable natural resources can be achieved. We use comparative case study data from pasture management in the Caucasus region, first, to classify conflicts according to the bundle of property rights approach and, second, to explore how the causal factors resource scarcity and current governance contribute to those conflicts. 相似文献
16.
Torben Birch-Thomsen Søren P. Kristensen 《Geografisk tidskrift / udgivet af Bestyrelsen for Det Kongelige danske geografiske selskab》2013,113(2):23-37
Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 105(2):23–37, 2005 As a reaction to the 'top-down 'approach to rural development during the 1970's and 1980's, and in line with the increased focus on ‘putting farmers first’ (bottom-up) through local participation, new and integrated approaches to natural resource management (NRM) have been launched to generate sustainable development. This paradigmatic change has greatly influenced land use planning. Some of the implications involved in this change are discussed in this paper and based on empirical data from Tanzania and Botswana. In this paper we will discuss three critical issues related to land use planning for sustainable NRM: the complexity of livelihood strategies at the local level, the role of different stakeholder interests and the importance of spatial scale considerations. The discussion emphasizes the importance of understanding that the different and often erratic resource endowment of the rural households influences the strategies these households follow in order to meet their overall needs, rather than ‘simply’ maximizing agricultural yields. Furthermore, the importance of spatial scale, in relation to both different stakeholder interests and their needs will be discussed. The paper highlights the need to take community heterogeneity into consideration in land use planning if sustainable NRM is to be achieved in the future. 相似文献
17.
Thomas Poulet Juan Felipe Giraldo Erick Ramanaidou Agnieszka Piechocka Victor M. Calo 《Basin Research》2023,35(2):572-591
The Hamersley Basin in Western Australia is one of the world's largest iron ore-producing regions, hosting two types of ore in banded iron formations: the high-grade martite-microplaty haematite and the supergene martite-goethite ores. With the high-grade ores almost entirely mined in the last decade, the supergene ores have more recently become the dominant resource of interest. Consequently, understanding the genesis of these martite-goethite deposits is a critical step for exploration. Yet, although various models exist, there is still no consensus on how these mineral resources formed, complicating the prediction of resource volume and location. Here, we show that the paleo-stratigraphic permeability anisotropy (with higher permeability along strata than across) controls the supergene mimetic enrichment transport process and, subsequently, the mineralisation distribution. We introduce a flow model that implicitly represents strata with a potential function that orients the permeability tensor accurately. The numerical solver uses automatic mesh adaptivity to deliver robust solutions. By accurately reproducing the mineralisation patterns in specific deposits, we identify and quantify the paleo-water table level and permeability anisotropy ratio as the two main controlling parameters for the mineralisation distribution. These insights provide new timing constraints for the mineralisation and the physical process of iron enrichment, suggesting much more potential mineralisation volume in the paleo-reconstructed zones than previously anticipated. These flow models allow us to draw geological conclusions with few a priori assumptions required for the genetic model in which the transport component is dominant. The predictive power of this methodology will allow targeted drilling to narrow down the prospective areas and lower exploration costs. Furthermore, the methodology's generality applies to other commodities in sedimentary basins involving supergene processes and will improve our understanding of various genetic models. 相似文献
18.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(2):66-73
Abstract An increased use of artistic literature as a resource in both teaching and research is evident in geography. With the growing interest of some scholars in the behavioral aspects of geography, traditional resources are being supplemented with more humanistic, subjective information sources. In historical geography, for example, literature is a particularly suitable resource for studies of man's role in past geographies and of human perception of past environments.1 Specialists in regional geography and area studies also have shown a growing appreciation of such sources.2 A parallel and related development has occurred in geographic education. In many different courses, but particularly in those dealing with regions, literature has become a recommended resource. The purposes of this paper are (1) to review the relevance of the novel as a resource for geographers and (2) to suggest that a current novel, Centennial, by James A. Michener,3 particularly warrants consideration for use in courses on the historical geography of the United States. 相似文献
19.
中国石化产业空间组织的演进历程与机制 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
本文研究了中国石化产业空间组织的演进及格局,探讨了其影响因子及作用机制。研究认为,中国石化产业空间组织经历了内陆分散布局、沿海局部快速集聚及沿海全面加速扩张三个阶段。经过60年发展,中国已形成了“十大石化产业基地”.原材料、市场和政策因素是影响中国石化产业空间组织的三大主导因素,各因素在不同阶段的作用强度存在差异。在石化产业发展的早期,原材料是影响石化产业布局的主要因素,在此因素的影响下,中国石化产业主要布局在原油丰富的东北和西北地区。改革开放以来,随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,市场成为影响石化产业空间布局的主导因素,中国石化产业开始向沿海局部地区布局。2000年以来,在原材料、市场、政策等多种因素驱动下,石化产业加速向沿海地区集聚,沿海石化产业带初步形成,无序扩张态势初现端倪。 相似文献
20.
绿洲经济不发达的成因分析与战略思考——以新疆为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
干旱区在世界和我国都占有较大面积,绿洲作为干旱区经济活动的主阵地,绿洲经济的发展对世界和我国都具有重要作用。通过对我国新疆绿洲经济特性的研究,深入分析了绿洲经济不发达的形成机制,指出绿洲的孤立、封闭更有甚于水资源不足对其经济发展的影响,要加强绿洲与外界的经济联系、区域组织管理和现代绿洲经济体系的建立。在此基础上,提出了环境与经济要协调发展、发展目标和措施要与绿洲自身状况相适应、培养内生机制、建立绿洲高科技工业园等战略框架。 相似文献