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1.
滇东黔西晚二叠世煤系中火山灰蚀变粘土岩的元素地球化学特征 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
对滇东?黔西晚二叠世煤系中同沉积火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸?正常沉积粘土岩和煤层共采46件样品,用多种仪器分析方法测定微量元素30余种?研究表明,煤系各层段中赋存的夹矸是由性质不同的火山灰沉积蚀变形成的,各层夹矸的微量元素含量及组合关系各有特点并在较大范围内保持良好的稳定性,可用于判定层位;正常沉积粘土岩与夹矸的原始物质性质不同,其微量元素含量和组合面貌各有自己特定的分布范围,两者易于区别? 相似文献
2.
L. A. Admakin 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2001,36(1):23-32
Lithogenetic indicators are considered for the subdivision of tonsteins (with respect to their initial composition) into orthotonsteins, which are products of the diagenesis of volcanic ash, and paratonsteins, which are products of the sedimentation of dispersed kaolinic material. Diagnostic criteria include the association of stable and pseudomorphosed protominerals, relic textures, specific features of coal bed (morphology, continuity, and distribution of tonstein interlayers in the vertical section of a coal bed), titanium modulus, and paragenesis of tonsteins with genetically related rocks of the coal-bearing formation. Geological factors, which control the distribution of the genetic types of tonstein in coal beds of different basins, are outlined. 相似文献
3.
Trace element compositions were determined (by instrumental neutron activation analysis; INAA) in 30 samples of synsedimentary volcanic ash-derived tonsteins and detrital claystones from coal seams within the late Permian coal-bearing formation of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou Provinces, China. The characteristics of trace-element geochemistry in the tonsteins can be distinguished from those of detrital claystones because of the former's unique volcanic-ash origin. The detrital claystones are characterized by their relatively high content of V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni, relatively low content of Th and U, Th/U ratio, and small negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* 0.63–0.93). Overall, these trace element characteristics are consistent with a mafic source similar to the composition of basalt rocks in the erosional region on the western edge of the study area. In contrast, the tonsteins are low in V, Ti, Sc, Cr, Co and Ni contents and have a high Th/U ratio with a distinct negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* normally in the range of 0.2–0.4), consistent with a silicic magmatic source.Within the group of tonsteins, those from the lower section (P2.1) of the coal-bearing formation are relatively high in Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and rare earth elements (REE), as compared to those from the middle and upper sections (P2.2+3). In trace-element discrimination diagrams (scatter plots) of Hf–Ta, Ti–Ta, Ti–V, Hf–Sc, Lu–Hf and Lu–Th, tonsteins from the P2.1 horizon always fall in isolated distribution areas, separate from the tonsteins of the P2.2+3 horizon. These results suggest that the source materials of tonsteins from the two separate horizons were probably derived from volcanic ash falls of two distinctly different natures. Based on a comparison of the concentrations and assemblages of trace elements between various magmatic rocks, the source materials of tonsteins from P2.1 horizon were mostly composed of calc-alkalic, silica-poor volcanic ash (similar to rhyodacitic magma), whereas those from P2.2+3 were apparently more siliceous and K-rich (rhyolitic magma). Thus, tonsteins from the two different horizons are characterized by unique geochemical properties, which remain constant over a wide lateral extent. Integration of trace-elemental compositions with mineralogical and textural observations makes possible the establishment of tonstein stratigraphy, thus, facilitating more precise and reliable coal-seam correlations. 相似文献
4.
《Gondwana Research》2001,4(3):421-426
The Rio Bonito Formation in southern Paraná basin contains a set of tonsteins interbedded with coal-seams. These tonsteins are composed mainly of kaolinite with zircon, apatite and beta-quartz paramorphs as accessory minerals, and were interpreted as volcanic ashes deposited by ash falls over pits protected by barrier islands in a barrier-lagoon system. A U-Pb dating of zircons in the tonstein A, which furnished an age of 267.1 ± 3.4 Ma (Early Permian) confirming previous age-dates based on palynology and correlating them with one of the main periods of volcanic activity in the Gondwana.The source of the pyroclastic material was attributed to the early Permian Choiyoi magmatic arc in Argentina, developed during the Sanrafaelic orogeny, and with a main peak of volcanic activity between 260 and 272 Ma. 相似文献
5.
滇东晚二叠世煤田中火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸(TONSTEIN)的锆石特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文就滇东晚二叠世含煤沉积中同沉积火山灰蚀变粘土岩夹矸和正常沉积粘土岩的锆石进行了统计学和形态学研究.该两种不同成因类型的粘土岩中锆石含量及形态面貌有显著区别.tonsteins中锆石形态参数统计规律因层位而异;同层位tonstein的锆石含量和形态参数在平面上呈有规律地变化.系统研究含煤建造剖面上各类岩石(包括tonsteins)中的锆石特征,能够用以确定物质来源、性质、成因以及以此为基本建立正常地层层序并精确对比层位,因而具有理论和实用意义. 相似文献
6.
We have surveyed the areal and stratigraphic distribution of tonsteins in Late Permian coalfields of southwestern China over an area of several hundred thousand square kilometers. We studied the relationship between tonstein distribution and sedimentary environment. Based on mineralogical and petrographic data, we have concluded that these tonsteins originated as air-fall volcanic ashes. Following accumulation in the peat swamps, in situ alteration of the vitric and lithic components took place under acidic conditions, leading to the formation of kaolinite.Based on petrologic, mineralogic, and chemical analytical data, we have determined that the application of mineralogic and geochemical criteria for tonsteins may be useful in correlating coal beds, predicting coal qualities and reconstructing related sedimentary paleoenvironmental conditions. 相似文献
7.
Nine Namurian clay bands retrieved from boreholes in the northern part of the Pennine Basin are, on the basis of their petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry, shown to be volcanic in origin and are therefore bentonites. The bentonites, which have a fragmental texture, are normally graded and show rare preservation of shard textures, representing vitric tuff deposits that have been altered subsequently to clay-dominated horizons. Crystals are a minor component of the bentonites, but biotite, in particular, is concentrated at the base of the beds. A clay mineral assemblage of mixed-layer illite–smectite with subordinate kaolinite identifies most of the samples as K-bentonites, but kaolinite dominates two samples that can be classed as tonsteins. Temporal variation of salinity within the depositional basin is suggested to explain these different clay assemblages. The major element geochemistry of the bentonites reflects their clay mineralogy and the compositions of diagenetic minerals present, the latter including pyrite, carbonates and hydroxyapatite. Enrichment of the bentonites in some trace elements (including Ba, Sr, Pb, Cu and Ni) can be related to the presence of the diagenetic minerals, but the extent to which the elements are added from external sources as opposed to being redistributed within the ash is unclear. Immobile trace element systematics suggest a rhyodacite/dacite composition for the original ash and derivation from the collision of plates, this being supported by evidence provided by the rare earth elements (REE) in one group of samples. However, in another group of samples, variations in REE concentrations may be caused by mobility of these elements during alteration. The chemistry of the Namurian bentonites contrasts markedly with that of the local Carboniferous volcanics but is comparable, in some respects, with one group of Westphalian tonsteins, although the latter are more rhyolitic in character. It is suggested that the Namurian bentonites and the Westphalian tonsteins of acid affinities originated from volcanic activity associated with a destructive plate margin in the Variscan externides and that the observed compositional trend may reflect magma evolution possibly related to the progressive east–west closure. 相似文献
8.
A unique type of Nb–Zr–REE–Ga-enriched alkali tonstein of pyroclastic origin occurs exclusively within the late Permian coal measures of southwest China. The alkali tonsteins are located within the lowest Xuanwei or Longtan formations of Wuchiapingian age, indicating that their age is later than the main episode of Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP) magmatism. The alkali tonsteins have intermediate–felsic Al2O3/TiO2 values (12.6–34.2, mean 22.0), light rare earth element-enriched chondrite-normalised patterns, negative δEu and incompatible element ratios similar to those of ELIP alkaline Nb–Ta-enriched syenites. All available evidence shows that the alkali tonsteins from southwest China originated from coeval ELIP alkaline magmatism. The enrichment of Nb–Zr–REE–Ga in alkali tonsteins is derived from the ELIP alkaline Nb–Ta-enriched volcanic ashes and may represent the last stage of mineralisation associated with the Emeishan mantle plume activity. 相似文献
9.
10.
Previous work on the mineralogy of the volcanic supra-Wyrley Yard tonstein is extended to include the opaque minerals. This has led to a better understanding of the major and trace element geochemistry of the tonstein. The complete mineral assemblage is kaolinite (dominant) with minor quartz, K-mica, zircon, apatite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, rutile, dolomite, barytes, goethite and organic matter. Information on element location in the tonstein has been obtained by using autoradiography and fission track radiography, the electron probe and by analysing separated fractions with an optical spectrograph. This has enabled the diagenetic history of individual elements to be determined, and the composition of the tonstein to be compared with igneous material. The high concentration of Th, U, Pb, Sn, Bi, Y, Be and B in the tonstein, and the low concentration of Ti, Cr, V, Ni, Cu and Co is indicative of an acidic ash. A source in the Armorican orogenic belt is postulated, based on the contrast with the basaltic Carboniferous volcanism and also the high concentrations of Sn, Pb and Zn. 相似文献
11.
中国西南龙潭早期碱性火山灰蚀变的TONSTEINS 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
系统地研究了中国西南地区晚二叠世龙潭早期TONSTEINS的时空分布。对该地区8层TONSTEINS的岩石学、矿物学以及地球化学特征的对比、分析,确认其全部为不同期次的同沉积碱性火山灰蚀变粘土岩。此一发现填补了全球含煤建造中缺失碱性火山灰沉积记录的空白,具有一定的实用价值与理论意义。 相似文献
12.
Two ash fall beds (tonstein) sampled from the post-glacial Permian deposits of the Paraná Basin have provided new U–Pb radiometric age constraints for this stratigraphic interval. The zircon grains were recovered from tonstein layers interbedded with fine-grained and carbonaceous lithologies in the middle portion of the Rio Bonito Formation. In both samples, the dominant population is interpreted as generated by explosive volcanism, as having formed immediately before the eruption. Based on 238U/206Pb, the selected zircon grains from the dominant population have weighted mean ages of 290.6 ± 2.8 Ma and 281.7 ± 3.2 Ma, corresponding to the Sakmarian and Kungurian ages in the Cisuralian epoch, respectively. These ages constrain the time of the deposition of the tonstein horizons and have important stratigraphic implications for the Late Paleozoic evolution of both the Paraná Basin and the southwestern region of Gondwana. The results presented here and the radiometric data already published suggest that deposition of the post-glacial coal-bearing deposits of the Rio Bonito Formation was probably initiated before the Early Permian. Thus, we infer that the climate had already ameliorated by this period in order to allow for the formation and accumulation of peat in this region of Gondwana. 相似文献
13.
ROBERT A. ZIELINSKI 《Sedimentology》1985,32(4):567-579
A laterally persistent kaolinitic mudstone parting (tonstein) occurring in a Wyoming coal bed of Eocene age was sampled to estimate the compositional contrast with a probable silicic ash precursor, and to determine the compositional influence of leached ash on immediately adjacent coal. With the exception of Al, and possibly Ti, the tonstein is highly to moderately leached of major elements, relative to a range of compositions estimated for silicic ash of the region. In agreement with the behaviour of geochemically similar major elements, alkali trace elements (Rb, Cs) are highly leached, transition-series metals moderately leached, and Ga is residual. Additional immobile trace elements are Zr and Hf but some other trace elements that are considered relatively immobile during low-temperature alteration (Th, Ta, Nb, REE, Y) were apparently leached by the low-Eh, low-pH, organic-rich pore fluids of the coal-forming swamp. The migrational range of many of the leached elements is highly limited by the intimate association of tonstein with enclosing organic matter. Mixtures of coal + minor tonstein that occur within 20 mm of contacts are consistently enriched in some elements relative to either tonstein or nearby coal (U, Cu), or relative to calculated mixtures of tonstein and coal in their measured proportions (Th, Y, REE, Pb, Ba, V, Ti). Direct observations by fission-track radiography and electron microprobe indicate a preference of U and Fe for the organic component of mixtures. Metal fixation is probably by adsorption on insoluble organic matter (humic acids), or by precipitation as minor sulphides in these low-sulphur coals. 相似文献
14.
Accumulation and Post-Sedimentary Diagenesis of Tonsteins 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The work is devoted to specific features of sedimentogenesis and multistage alterations of eolian volcanic ash and epiclastic clay in paleopeat bogs and their transformation into ortho- and paratonsteins, respectively. The hydrolysis of aluminosilicate minerals and volcanic glass and their alteration into monotonous submonomineral clay, which is compositionally similar to epiclastic clay, is associated with the diagenesis stage. During the catagenesis, submonomineral clay is lithified and transformed into tonsteins, which undergo recrystallization as the temperature increases. Clay minerals are replaced by illite and chlorite, while tonsteins are transformed into metatonsteins. Paragenetic relationships of clay minerals are discussed. 相似文献
15.
华北晚古生代煤系高岭岩微量元素和稀土元素地球化学研究 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
通过华北晚古生代煤系高岭岩微量元素和稀土元素研究,以及利用Ｔｉ／Ａｌ、Ｃｒ／Ａｌ、Ｚｒ／Ａｌ、Ｎｉ／Ａｌ和Ｚｒ／Ｈｆ比值,探讨了研究区煤系高岭岩形成时的地质条件和成岩物质来源。 相似文献
16.
Mechanisms controlling the activity of free aluminum (Al) in Bw1 horizons of soils developed from volcanic ash deposits in Japan were investigated by means of acid-base titrations and kinetic studies. In a Bw1 horizon, with a high content of acid-oxalate extractable Al, soil solution reached equilibrium with short-range ordered aluminosilicates in the order of days. Relatively fast kinetics of the release and precipitation of Al and Si indicate a high reactivity of short-range ordered aluminosilicates in the soil. In the Bw1 horizon of an adjacent soil, with a high content of crystalline clay minerals like halloysite and interlayered vermiculite, solution remained well undersaturated with respect to short-range ordered aluminosilicates and aluminum hydroxide. Apparent equilibrium with respect to halloysite occurred after more than 30 days. This halloysite ( (25 °C)) has a solubility that is less than that reported in the literature ( (25°C)). Our findings suggest that different reactive aluminosilicates may control the activity of free Al in sub-surface horizons of volcanic ash soils with different mineralogy. 相似文献
17.
Three Pleistocene glaciations and two Holocene Neoglacial advances occurred on volcano Ajusco in central Mexico. Lateral moraines of the oldest glaciation, the Marqués, above 3250 m are made of light-gray indurated till and are extensively modified by erosion. Below 3200 m the till is dark red, decomposed, and buried beneath volcanic colluvium and tephra. Very strongly to strongly developed soil profiles (Inceptisols) have formed in the Marqués till and in overlying colluvia and tephra. Large sharp-crested moraines of the second glaciation, the Santo Tomás, above 3300 m are composed of pale-brown firm till and are somewhat eroded by gullies. Below 3250 m the till is light reddish brown, cemented, and weathered. Less-strongly developed soil profiles (Inceptisols) have formed in the Santo Tomás till and in overlying colluvia and tephra. Narrow-crested moraines of yellowish-brown loose till of the third glaciation, the Albergue, are uneroded. Weakly developed soil profiles (Inceptisols) in the Albergue till have black ash in the upper horizon. Two small Neoglacial moraines of yellowish-brown bouldery till on the cirque floor of the largest valley support weakly developed soil profiles with only A and Cox horizons and no ash in the upper soil horizons. Radiocarbon dating of organic matter of the B horizons developed in tills, volcanic ash, and colluvial volcanic sand includes ages for both the soil-organic residue and the humic-acid fraction, with differences from 140 to 660 yr. The dating provides minimum ages of about 27,000 yr for the Marqués glaciation and about 25,000 yr for the Santo Tomás glaciation. Dates for the overlying tephra indicate a complex volcanic history for at least another 15,000 yr. Comparison of the Ajusco glacial sequence with that on Iztaccíhuatl to the east suggests that the Marqués and Santo Tomás glaciations may be equivalent to the Diamantes glaciation First and Second advances, the Albergue to the Alcalican glaciations, and the Neoglacial to the Ayolotepito advances. 相似文献
18.
ABSTRACT Thirty clay-rich horizons from the Wenlock and Ludlow Series of the Welsh Borderland were analysed to investigate their mineralogy and possible origins. Two mineralogical assemblages were determined: an assemblage of illite-smectite and kaolinite of volcanic origin which was associated in many samples with an assemblage of illite and chlorite of detrital origin. Immobile chemical discriminants (Zr/TiO2 versus Nb/Y) infer an originally rhyolitic ash composition with a possible temporal progression, from the Wenlock to Ludlow, to more differentiated compositions. The thin nature of the bentonites and lack of juxtaposed subduction related calc-alkaline magmatism suggests that the tuffs were derived from distant explosive eruptions from volcanic centres, possibly in NE Europe. 相似文献
19.
The paper presents the first data on the zoning of modern volcanic soils on the Kamchatka Peninsula according to the age and composition of volcanic ashes in which the surface organogenic horizons of the soils were formed. The following soil provinces are recognized: Northern, Central, Western, and Southeastern. Parameters of their regional geochemical background (concentrations of trace elements) are determined. The main factor controlling the background concentrations of trace elements in these soils is the composition of the ashes underlying the soils. The geochemical specifics of the surface organogenic horizons of volcanic soils on Kamchatka may be variably affected only by the concentrations of trace elements whose average contents in magmatic rocks are the highest: Cr, Cu, Mn, Sc, Zn, Co, V, and Ag. The maximum concentrations of excess elements were determined in the soils underlain by ashes of basic composition, and the minimum concentrations of these elements occur in the soils formed in silicic ashes. All soil provinces recognized on Kamchatka are characterized by pervasively elevated Cu concentrations. It is proposed to identify volcanic soils formed in the peninsula in ashes of various composition with the application of a multiplicative geochemical coefficient. 相似文献
20.
Dr. rer. nat. h. c. Kurt Burger 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1980,69(2):488-531
Starting from general considerations of the rocks existing in the Ruhr Carboniferous and the mineral layers in coal seams, an informative review is given about the definition of clay stones and kaolin coal tonsteins as well as about the stratigraphic distribution of key horizons with special regard to the kaolin coal tonsteins. Information follows about the first evidence of individual kaolin coal tonsteins, their existence in the normal geologic columns and more recent stratigraphic sections as well as about the concentration of repositories. Besides, the kaolin coal tonsteins are characterized according to their macroscopic and microscopic external form. The paper reports about their material constituents (mineral components, trace elements, anorganic chemical constituents and organic substances in form of coal hydrates and amino acids). The paper closes with some statements about the importance and utilization of kaolin coal tonsteins to solve local and regional duties in mining geology. 相似文献