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1.
Trace element data are presented for sixteen gabbro (hyperite)/amphibolite pairs which were collected from geological situations where it seems clear that the amphibolite formed from material similar in composition to that of the adjacent hyperite. The metamorphism of hyperite to amphibolite was not isochemical with respect to some trace elements. Cl, V and Rb were increased, as possibly was Zr. S and Zn were diminished, as possibly was Co. Sr and Ba are rather constant in the hyperites and appear to have been irregularly dispersed during the amphibolitisation. The trace element movement patterns are consistent with the known changes in the major elements, which have been reported earlier (Elliott, 1973). The introduced material was added during metamorphism under amphibolite facies conditions, by upward migration from an originally subjacent granulite facies zone. The evidence supports a hydrous fluid diffusion process for the mechanism of transfer.  相似文献   

2.
Mineral equilibria calculations in the system K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3 (KFMASHTO) using thermocalc and its internally consistent thermodynamic dataset constrain the effect of TiO2 and Fe2O3 on greenschist and amphibolite facies mineral equilibria in metapelites. The end‐member data and activity–composition relationships for biotite and chloritoid, calibrated with natural rock data, and activity–composition data for garnet, calibrated using experimental data, provide new constraints on the effects of TiO2 and Fe2O3 on the stability of these minerals. Thermodynamic models for ilmenite–hematite and magnetite–ulvospinel solid solutions accounting for order–disorder in these phases allow the distribution of TiO2 and Fe2O3 between oxide minerals and silicate minerals to be calculated. The calculations indicate that small to moderate amounts of TiO2 and Fe2O3 in typical metapelitic bulk compositions have little effect on silicate mineral equilibria in metapelites at greenschist to amphibolite facies, compared with those calculated in KFMASH. The addition of large amounts of TiO2 to typical pelitic bulk compositions has little effect on the stability of silicate assemblages; in contrast, rocks rich in Fe2O3 develop a markedly different metamorphic succession from that of common Barrovian sequences. In particular, Fe2O3‐rich metapelites show a marked reduction in the stability fields of staurolite and garnet to higher pressures, in comparison to those predicted by KFMASH grids.  相似文献   

3.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(18):2328-2343
ABSTRACT

Amphibolites have a genetically close relationship with banded iron formations (BIFs) in the North China Craton (NCC). The Yishui amphibolites in the NCC occur interbedded with Algoma–type Yishui BIFs as related wall rocks. A reconstruction of the amphibolite protolith was conducted based on the results of petrologic, mineralogic, and geochemical analyses. The Yishui amphibolites consist of actinolite, ferrohornblende, albite, orthoclase, biotite, quartz, magnetite with minor pyrite, titanite, and ilmenite. Their chemical compositions are mainly SiO2, Fe2O3T, CaO, and Al2O3 with subordinate TiO2, MgO, Na2O, K2O, P2O5, and MnO. The chondrite–normalized rare earth element diagram, characterized by enriched light rare earth elements (La/YbCN = 19.51–24.05) with insignificant Eu and Ce anomalies, shows coherent trends. The primitive mantle–normalized multi–element spider diagram is enriched in large ion lithophile elements, high field strength elements, and light rare earth elements which are related to a mantle source. The results of this study, combined with previous literature data, indicate that the Yishui amphibolite protoliths had intraplate alkaline basalt affinities and were derived from an ocean island basalt–type mantle source with no contamination. The results also suggest that the basalts were primarily the product of small amounts of partial melting. Based on the results, it is considered that a mantle plume model is the most appropriate tectonic model as it better explains the amphibolite geochemical signature. Furthermore, this model can provide crucial information regarding the Archaean NCC tectonic evolution and can demonstrate the temporal and spatial relationships between the BIFs and wall rocks.  相似文献   

4.

Field and geochemical studies of the Bunu area, SW Nigeria, were carried out on gneiss-metasedimentary rocks that consist of migmatised gneiss, quartz-mica schist, and foliated and massive quartzites. These gneiss-metasedimentary rocks are interbedded with meta-igneous rock (amphibolite), all of which are intruded by granitoid and cut by basic and felsic dykes. Geochemical data on major, trace, and rare Earth elements of these rocks from the area were used to speculate on the petrogenetic and geodynamic evolution of the rocks in the area. Compositionally, the metasedimentary rocks in the area have a restricted range of major oxides such as SiO2 and Al2O3 with low average values of Fe2O3, MnO, CaO, and P2O5. Concentrations of average values of HSFE such as Zr, Nb, and Y are moderately high in migmatitic gneiss, quartz-mica schist, and low in both massive and foliated quartzite. ∑LREE average values are 124.25, 132.41, and 18.64 ppm respectively for migmatite gneiss, quartz-mica schist, and low in both massive and foliated quartzite. These rocks are also generally enriched in Ba, Cs, Pb, U, Cr, Rb, and Zr and depleted in Be, Sr, Ti, Mo, Th, and W. This enrichment–depletion in major oxides and trace elements of the rocks in this area is probably a consequence of the movement of metamorphic remobilized fluids within the rocks in the area during the Pan-African or earlier events as noted in the adjacent Egbe-Isanlu Schist belt. A further geochemical characterisation of the rocks in the area using Log (Na2O/K2O) vs Log (SiO2/Al2O3 indicates that while the protolith of migmatised gneiss and quartz-mica schist are greywackes to litharenite in compositions that of quartzites are sublitharenite to quartz arenite. On the ternary plot of Al2O3-(CaO + Na2O)-K2O for metasedimentary rocks in the area, most migmatitic gneiss and quartz-mica schist rocks plot close to average shale while quartzites mostly tend to illite compositions and almost toward the Al2O3-apex of the diagram attesting to depletion of CaO and NaO with the removal of K2O. CIA vs PIA plot of the rocks in the area shows that while migmatitic-gneiss and quartz-mica schist are moderately weathered, both massive and foliated quartzites are high to extremely weathered. They are all derived mostly from predominantly felsic igneous to quartzose sedimentary provenance and mostly emplaced in passive continental margins. These nature of the protoliths suggests gradual subsidence of the basin during its genesis, and/or tectonic stable or inactive environment from which the sediments were derived.

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5.
Calc-silicate rocks occur as elliptical bands and boudins intimately interlayered with eclogites and high-pressure gneisses in the Münchberg gneiss complex of NE Bavaria. Core assemblages of the boudins consist of grossular-rich garnet, diopside, quartz, zoisite, clinozoisite, calcite, rutile and titanite. The polygonal granoblastic texture commonly displays mineral relics and reaction textures such as post kinematic grossular-rich garnet coronas. Reactions between these mineral phases have been modelled in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-CO2-H2O system with an internally consistent thermodynamic data base. High-pressure metamorphism in the calc-silicate rocks has been estimated at a minimum pressure of 31 kbar at a temperature of 630d? C with XH2, O ≥ 0.03. Small volumes of a CO2-N2-rich fluid whose composition was buffered on a local scale were present at peak-metamorphic conditions. The P-T conditions for the onset of the amphibolite facies overprint are about 10 kbar at the same temperature. XCo2 of the H2O-rich fluid phase is regarded to have been <0.03 during amphibolite facies conditions. These P-T estimates are interpreted as representing different stages of recrystallization during isothermal decompression. The presence of multiple generations of mineral phases and the preservation of very high-pressure relics in single thin sections preclude pervasive post-peak metamorphic fluid flow as a cause of a re-equilibration within the calc-silicates. The preservation of eclogite facies, very high-pressure relics as well as amphibolite facies reactions textures in the presence of a fluid phase is in agreement with fast, tectonically driven unroofing of these rocks.  相似文献   

6.
The evolution of the mineral assemblages and P–T conditions during partial melting of upper‐amphibolite facies paragneisses in the Orue Unit, Epupa Complex, NW Namibia, is modelled with calculated P–T–X phase diagrams in the Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O system. The close concordance of predictions from the phase diagrams to petrographic observations and thermobarometric results documents that quantitative phase diagrams are suitable to explain the phase relationships in migmatitic upper‐amphibolite facies low‐ and medium‐pressure metapelites, which occur in many high‐grade metamorphic terranes worldwide. Different mineral assemblages in the migmatitic metapelites of the Orue Unit reflect regional discrepancies in the metamorphic grade: in a Northern Zone, early biotite–sillimanite–quartz assemblages were replaced via melt‐producing reactions by cordierite‐bearing assemblages. In a Southern Zone, they were replaced via melt‐producing reactions by garnet‐bearing assemblages while cordierite is restricted to rare metapelitic granofelses, which preserve Grt–Sil–Crd–Bt peak assemblages. Peak‐metamorphic conditions of 700–750 °C at 5.5–6.7 kbar in the Southern Zone and of ～750 °C at 4.5 kbar in the Northern Zone are estimated by integrating thermobarometric calculations with data from calculated mineral composition isopleths. Retrograde back‐reactions between restite and crystallizing melt are recorded by the replacement of garnet by biotite–sillimanite and/or biotite–muscovite intergrowths. Upper‐amphibolite facies metamorphism and partial melting (c. 1340–1320 Ma) in the rocks of the Southern Zone of the Orue Unit, which underwent probably near‐isobaric heating–cooling paths, are attributed to contact metamorphism induced by the coeval (c. 1385–1319 Ma) emplacement of the Kunene Intrusive Complex, a huge massif‐type anorthosite body. The lower‐pressure metapelites of the Northern Zone are interpreted to record contact metamorphism at an upper crustal level.  相似文献   

7.
辽冀地区(主要包括鞍山-本溪地区和冀东地区)位于华北克拉通东北部,产出有诸多BIFs型大型-特大型铁矿床。鞍山-本溪地区和冀东地区是我国最大的两个铁矿集区,其中鞍本地区铁矿储量占全国的24%左右,冀东地区铁矿资源储量占全国的10%以上。虽然辽冀地区BIFs大多为形成于新太古代绿岩带中的Algoma型BIFs,但不同矿区BIFs形成环境和受后期改造的程度不一致,鞍本地区BIFs变质级别为绿片岩相-角闪岩相,冀东地区BIFs经历了绿片岩相-麻粒岩相的变质作用,且辽冀地区普遍发育混合岩化。本文主要对比研究了辽冀地区28个铁矿床200件铁矿石的主量元素特征,为探讨辽冀地区BIFs的形成提供了更多的信息。BIFs样品主要由SiO2和Fe2O3T组成,其中鞍山-本溪地区SiO2+Fe2O3T平均为95.10%,冀东地区SiO2+Fe2O3T平均为88.06%,CaO和MgO含量仅次于SiO2和Fe2O3T,且大部分矿区具有正相关关系,Al2O3、TiO2、K2O、Na2O、MnO、P2O5含量很低,这暗示BIFs原岩为一种化学沉积岩,主要为含有少量碳酸盐泥的硅质和铁质的胶体沉积;辽冀地区Al2O3和TiO2均可见明显的正相关,这可能是由于BIFs沉积过程中有少量碎屑物质的加入,这种相关性在冀东地区更为明显,且除SiO2+Fe2O3T外,其它氧化物含量明显高于鞍本地区,说明冀东地区BIFs形成时沉积环境更为动荡,有更多的碎屑物质加入;虽然辽冀不同地区BIFs经历了不同级别的变质作用,形成了不同的矿物组合,但是氧化物含量却变化不大,这说明了变质反应主要为等化学反应;鞍本地区和冀东地区碱质含量也存在差异性,前者的Na2O和K2O含量均低于后者,且后者Na2OK2O,结合野外地质特征,可能暗示了混合岩化作用对冀东地区的影响更为显著。  相似文献   

8.
Mineral textures, coupled with thermodynamic modelling in the MnO–Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (MnNCKFMASH) model system, of mid‐amphibolite facies metapelites from the Georgetown Inlier, northeast Australia, point to the recording of two separate and unrelated metamorphic events. The first occurred contemporaneously with Palaeo‐ to Mesoproterozoic orogenesis and involved heating and burial to temperatures and pressures of approximately 600–650 °C and 6.0–7.0 kbar. Textural evidence for the up‐temperature (and pressure) prograde part of this path is inferred from the inclusion of garnet in biotite and staurolite. The second metamorphic event resulted in a low‐pressure thermal overprint that is equated with the advective addition of heat to the terrane via the emplacement of the Forsayth Batholith (c. 1550 Ma). This event is inferred from subsequent growth of andalusite and randomly orientated fibrolitic sillimanite after garnet, biotite and staurolite. This two stage metamorphic evolution, when coupled with a number of other distinct geological characteristics, suggests that the Georgetown Inlier is dissimilar to the other Australian Palaeoproterozoic terranes with which it is commonly correlated.  相似文献   

9.
Rocks of basic and intermediate bulk composition occur in orogenic terranes from all geological time periods and are thought to represent significant petrological components of the middle and lower continental crust. However, the former lack of appropriate thermodynamic models for silicate melt, amphibole and clinopyroxene that can be applied to such lithologies at high temperature has inhibited effective phase equilibrium modelling of their petrological evolution during amphibolite‐ and granulite facies metamorphism. In this work, we present phase diagrams calculated in the Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O2 (NCKFMASHTO) compositional system for a range of natural basic and intermediate bulk compositions for conditions of 2–12 kbar and 600–1050 °C using newly parameterized activity–composition relationships detailed in a companion paper by Green et al. in this issue. Particular attention is given to mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and diorite protolith bulk compositions. Calculated subsolidus mineral assemblages in all basic and intermediate rock types are modally dominated by hornblende and plagioclase, with variable proportions of epidote, clinopyroxene, garnet, biotite, muscovite, quartz, titanite or ilmenite present at different pressures. The H2O‐saturated (wet) solidus has a negative P?T slope and occurs between ～620–690 °C at mid‐ to lower‐crustal pressures of 5–10 kbar. The lowest‐T melts generated close to the wet solidus are calculated to have granitic major‐element oxide compositions. Melting at higher temperature is attributed primarily to multivariate hydrate‐breakdown reactions involving biotite and/or hornblende. Partial melt compositions calculated at 800–1050 °C for MORB show good correlation with analysed compositions of experimental glasses produced via hydrate‐breakdown melting of natural and synthetic basic protoliths, with Niggli norms indicating that they would crystallize to trondhjemite or tonalite. Diorite is shown to be significantly more fertile than MORB and is calculated to produce high‐T melts (>800 °C) of granodioritic composition. Subsolidus and suprasolidus mineral assemblages show no significant variation between different members of the basalt family, although the P?T conditions at which orthopyroxene stabilizes, thus defining the prograde amphibolite–granulite transition, is strongly dependent on bulk‐rock oxidation state and water content. The petrological effects of open‐ and closed‐system processes on the mineral assemblages produced during prograde metamorphism and preserved during retrograde metamorphism are also examined via a case‐study analysis of a natural Archean amphibolite from the Lewisian Complex, northwest Scotland.  相似文献   

10.
The volcano-sedimentary sequence at the Raul mine, central Peru, consists of andesitic volcanics, graywackes, and siltstones, and has been metamorphosed to the upper greenschist-lower amphibolite facies at temperatures of 400–500°C. Isotopic data (O and H) have been collected from: (a) quartz and magnetite from stratiform ores, (b) amphiboles from amphibolite units that host stratiform ores, (c) calcite from late veins, (d) detrital quartz from graywackes, and (e) whole rocks.Interunit differences in quartz and magnetite δ18O values suggest that these minerals have resisted isotopic exchange during metamorphism, and that quartz-magnetite isotopic temperatures (380–414°C) represent primary formational temperatures. Calculated δ18O values of water in equilibrium with quartz and magnetite range from 9.1 to 12.6%..Amphibole δ18O and δD values show no interunit differences and suggest that the amphiboles have exchanged isotopes with a large metamorphic fluid reservoir. Calculated δ18OH2O and δDH2O values range from 8 to 12%. and ?3 to +42%., respectively.δ18OH2O values calculated from δ18O calcite and fluid inclusion filling temperatures range from 7.5 to 10%.. Water extracted from fluid inclusions in calcite has a δD value of ?20%..δ18O values of metamorphosed graywackes and volcanic sediments are not atypical, but andesitic lavas are 18O-rich (8–10%.) compared to normal andesites.Waters involved in ore deposition, metamorphism, and late vein formation at Raul are all thought to have a common source, principally seawater. The δ18OH2O and δDH2O values could be produced by evaporation of seawater, shale ultrafiltration, and isotopic exchange with host rocks during deep circulation through the volcano-sedimentary pile.A model is proposed whereby coastal ocean water is restricted from the open sea by volcanic island arcs, and subsequently undergoes evaporation. Circulation of this water is initiated by heat associated with seafloor volcanism. 18O-enrichment in andesites may be produced by isotopic exchange with high 18O waters at elevated temperatures and sufficiently high water/rock ratios.  相似文献   

11.
The production of large volumes of fluid from metabasic rocks, particularly in greenstone terranes heated across the greenschist–amphibolite facies transition, is widely accepted yet poorly characterized. The presence of carbonate minerals in such rocks, commonly as a consequence of sea‐floor alteration, has a strong influence, via fluid‐rock buffering, on the mineral equilibria evolution and fluid composition. Mineral equilibria modelling of metabasic rocks in the system Na2O‐CaO‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐CO2‐H2O (NCaFMASCH) is used to constrain the stability of common metabasic assemblages. Calculated buffering paths on T–XCO2 pseudosections, illustrate the evolution of greenstone terranes during heating across the greenschist‐amphibolite transition. The calculated paths constrain the volume and the composition of fluid produced by devolatilization and buffering. The calculated amount and composition of fluid produced are shown to vary depending on P–T conditions, the proportion of carbonate minerals and the XCO2 of the rocks prior to prograde metamorphism. In rocks with an initially low proportion of carbonate minerals, the greenschist to amphibolite facies transition is the primary period of fluid production, producing fluid with a low XCO2. Rocks with greater initial proportions of carbonate minerals experience a second fluid production event at temperatures above the greenschist to amphibolite facies transition, producing a more CO2‐rich fluid (XCO2 = 0.2–0.3). Rocks may achieve these higher proportions of carbonate minerals either via more extensive seafloor alteration or via infiltration of fluids. Fluid produced via devolatilization of rocks at deeper crustal levels may infiltrate and react with overlying lower temperature rocks, resulting in external buffering of those rocks to higher XCO2 and proportions of carbonate minerals. Subsequent heating and devolatilization of these overlying rocks results in buffering paths that produce large proportions of fluid at XCO2 = 0.2–0.3. The production of fluid of this composition is of importance to models of gold transport in Archean greenstone gold deposits occurring within extensive fluid alteration haloes, as these haloes represent the influx of fluid of XCO2 = 0.2–0.3 into the upper crust.  相似文献   

12.
In this study, we investigate the metamorphic history of the Assynt and Gruinard blocks of the Archean Lewisian Complex, northwest Scotland, which are considered by some to represent discrete crustal terranes. For samples of mafic and intermediate rocks, phase diagrams were constructed in the Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O2 (NCKFMASHTO) system using whole‐rock compositions. Our results indicate that all samples equilibrated at similar peak metamorphic conditions of ~8–10 kbar and ~900–1,000°C, consistent with field evidence for in situ partial melting and the classic interpretation of the central region of the Lewisian Complex as representing a single crustal block. Melt‐reintegration modelling was employed in order to estimate probable protolith compositions. Phase equilibria calculated for these modelled undepleted precursors match well with those determined for a subsolidus amphibolite from Gairloch in the southern region of the Lewisian Complex. Both subsolidus lithologies exhibit similar phase relations and potential melt fertility, with both expected to produce orthopyroxene‐bearing hornblende granulites, with or without garnet, at the conditions inferred for the Badcallian metamorphic peak. For fully hydrated protoliths, prograde melting is predicted to first occur at ~620°C and ~9.5 kbar, with up to 45% partial melt predicted to form at peak conditions in a closed‐system environment. Partial melts calculated for both compositions between 610 and 1,050°C are mostly trondhjemitic. Although the melt‐reintegrated granulite is predicted to produce more potassic (granitic) melts at ~700–900°C, the modelled melts are consistent with the measured compositions of felsic sheets from the central region Lewisian Complex.  相似文献   

13.
The Cordillera Darwin metamorphic complex is unique in the Andes in exposing kyanite–staurolite schist north of the Beagle Channel in southern Patagonia. Garnet in amphibolite facies pelitic schists from Bahía Pia has patchy textures whereby some grains consist of clear, grossular‐rich garnet with fine‐grained S1 inclusion trails truncated by regions of turbid spessartine–pyrope‐rich garnet with biotite, muscovite, plagioclase and quartz inclusions. Micron‐scale aqueous inclusions in turbid garnet are consistent with recrystallization facilitated by fluid ingress; S2 inclusion trails indicate this was broadly contemporary with the growth of kyanite and staurolite in the matrix. Pseudosection modelling in Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3 (NCKFMASHTO) is used to infer a P–T path dominated by decompression from 12 to 9 kbar at T ≈ 620 °C, coupled with garnet mode decreasing from ～5% to <1%. U–Th–Pb in situ dating of S2 monazite indicates that staurolite and kyanite growth and thus exhumation was underway before 72.6 ± 1.1 Ma. Contact aureoles developed adjacent to late granite intrusions include sillimanite‐bearing migmatites formed at P ≈ 6 kbar after 72 Ma. Metamorphism of southern Cordillera Darwin induced by continental underthrusting beneath the arc, related to closure of the Rocas Verdes back‐arc basin, was terminated by thrusting‐controlled exhumation, with the rocks at P ≈ 9 kbar by c. 73 Ma and 6 kbar by c. 70 Ma.  相似文献   

14.
The metamorphosed mafic rocks of Archean greenstone belts host major orogenic gold deposits, and may record information about changing pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions that could contribute to understanding of Archean geodynamic processes. Until recently, it was difficult to obtain good constraints on pressure and temperature from these rocks. Here we present results of P–T pseudosection calculations in the NCFMASHTOS (Na2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O–SO2) system, using as an example typical amphibolite facies metabasaltic rocks from the Plutonic Gold Mine in the Neoarchean Plutonic Well Greenstone Belt (PWGB), Marymia Inlier, Western Australia. The pseudosections together with observed mineral compositions and mineral assemblages in the rocks are used to argue that a previously unrecognized steep pressure increase (from ～3–4 kbar at ～500 °C to ≥8 kbar at ～600 °C) accompanied metamorphism to peak temperatures. The P–T data presented here could be the result of either horizontal or vertical tectonics. Existing models for the early evolution of the PWGB involve nappe stacking supported by relatively cold strong crust, with little overall change in thickness. While the available evidence from the study area and the wider region is not yet sufficient to confirm whether the peak metamorphic conditions were attained by horizontal or vertical tectonic means, the P–T data presented here can provide region‐specific constraints for computer modelling that may provide a more definite answer in the future.  相似文献   

15.
Mildly deformed granitoids exposed around Bilgi in the northernmost part of the eastern Dharwar craton are divided into two groups viz. granodiorites and monzogranites. The granodiorites contain microgranular enclaves and amphibolite xenoliths, and show low-Al TTG affinity with high SiO2 (71–74 %), Na2O, Y and Sr/Y, moderate to moderately high Mg#, Cr and Ni, low to moderate LILE, and low Nb and Ta. However, compared to similar TTGs from different cratons the Bilgi granodiorites have distinctly higher K2O, K2O/Na2O, Rb and lower REE and Th. The amphibolite xenoliths are characterized by variable enrichment of K2O, Rb, Ba and Th and depletion of Ti, Zr and P compared to MORB. The microgranular enclaves are quartz diorite to granodiorite in composition with high Mg, Ni and Cr, and compared to MORB, are enriched in LILE and depleted in Ti and Y. The monzogranites, compared to the granodiorites, display higher SiO2, K2O and Rb with lower Mg#, although still maintaining the high Na2O, Ni and Cr and low REE character. The Bilgi granodiorites are explained as transitional TTGs late synkinematic with respect to regional deformation. Geochemical signatures and regional geological set up suggest that they are probably derived from partial melting of a highly depleted slab material (metabasalt) followed by variable contamination or assimilation of intermediate crustal rocks in a subduction zone set up. Late stage fluid activity on the granodioritic magma is probably responsible for the generation of monzogranites. The amphibolite xenoliths predate the granodiorites and possibly represent fragments of a schist belt carried away by the granitic magma. They are probably island arc basalt derived from mantle source that has been metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. The microgranular enclaves are coeval with the Bilgi granodiorites and also likely to be island arc magmas derived from mantle variably enriched in slab-derived and within-plate components.  相似文献   

16.
黔北务川瓦厂坪铝土矿床元素迁移规律研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
金中国 《地质与勘探》2011,47(6):957-966
黔北务正道地区铝土矿矿床属古风化壳沉积型,成矿母岩具多源性,但主要来源于下覆的中下志留统韩家店组。本文依据Grant提出的质量平衡方程和图解法,对瓦厂坪矿床在成矿过程中元素迁移的富集、贫化（亏损）规律进行了定量研究。结果表明,主要成矿母岩韩家店组砂、页岩一中间产物铝土质页岩、粘土岩是主要元素A12O3、TiO2显著富集...  相似文献   

17.
Garnet-bearing mineral assemblages are commonly observed in pelitic schists regionally metamorphosed to upper greenschist and amphibolite facies conditions. Modelling of thermodynamic data for minerals in the system Na2O–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O, however, predicts that garnet should be observed only in rocks of a narrow range of very high Fe/Mg bulk compositions. Traditionally, the nearly ubiquitous presence of garnet in medium- to high-grade pelitic schists is attributed qualitatively to the stabilizing effect of MnO, based on the observed strong partitioning of MnO into garnet relative to other minerals. In order to quantify the dependence of garnet stability on whole-rock MnO content, we have calculated mineral stabilities for pelitic rocks in the system MnO–Na2O–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O for a moderate range of MnO contents from a set of non-linear equations that specify mass balance and chemical equilibrium among minerals and fluid. The model pelitic system includes quartz, muscovite. albite, pyrophyllite, chlorite, chloritoid, biotite, garnet, staurolite, cordierite, andalusite, kyanite. sillimanite, K-feldspar and H2O fluid. In the MnO-free system, garnet is restricted to high Fe/Mg bulk compositions, and commonly observed mineral assemblages such as garnet–chlorite and garnet–kyanite are not predicted at any pressure and temperature. In bulk compositions with XMn= Mn/(Fe + Mg + Mn) > 0.01, however, the predicted garnet-bearing mineral assemblages are the same as the sequence of prograde mineral assemblages typically observed in regional metamorphic terranes. Temperatures predicted for the first appearance of garnet in model pelitic schist are also strongly dependent on whole-rock MnO content. The small MnO contents of normal pelitic schists (XMn= 0.01–0.04) are both sufficient and necessary to account for the observed stability of garnet.  相似文献   

18.
Oxygen isotope ratios and rare earth element (REE) concentrations provide independent tests of competing models of injection v. anatexis for the origin of migmatites from amphibolite and granulite facies metasedimentary rocks of the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Values of δ18O and REE profiles were measured by ion microprobe in garnet–zircon pairs from 10 sample localities. Prior U–Pb SIMS dating of zircon grains indicates that inherited cores (1.7–1.2 Ga) are surrounded by overgrowths crystallized during the Grenville orogenic cycle (～1.2–1.0 Ga). Cathodoluminescence imaging records three populations of zircon: (i) featureless rounded ‘whole grains’ (interpreted as metamorphic or anatectic), and rhythmically zoned (igneous) cores truncated by rims that are either (ii) discordant rhythmically zoned (igneous) or (iii) unzoned (metamorphic or anatectic). These textural interpretations are supported by geochronology and oxygen isotope analysis. In both the amphibolite facies NW Adirondacks and the granulite facies SE Adirondacks, δ18O(Zrc) values in overgrowths and whole zircon are highly variable for metamorphic zircon (6.1–13.4‰; n = 95, 10 μm spot). In contrast, garnet is typically unzoned and δ18O(Grt) values are constant at each locality, differing only between leucosomes and corresponding melanosomes. None of the analysed metamorphic zircon–garnet pairs attained oxygen isotope equilibrium, indicating that zircon rims and garnet are not coeval. Furthermore, REE profiles from zircon rims indicate zircon growth in all regions was prior to significant garnet growth. Thus, petrological estimates from garnet equilibria (e.g. P–T) cannot be associated uncritically with ages determined from zircon. The unusually high δ18O values (>10‰) in zircon overgrowths from leucocratic layers are distinctly different from associated metaigneous rocks (δ18O(Zrc) < 10‰) indicating that these leucosomes are not injected magmas derived from known igneous rocks. Surrounding melanosomes have similarly high δ18O(Zrc) values, suggesting that leucosomes are related to surrounding melanosomes, and that these migmatites formed by anatexis of high δ18O metasedimentary rocks.  相似文献   

19.
The geochemistry of major and trace elements (including heavy metals and rare earth elements) of the fresh and weathered black shales, and the soils derived from black shales in the Ganziping mine area in western Hunan province (China) were studied using the following techniques: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the black-shale soils are significantly enriched with Al2O3 and Fe2O3, and depleted of mobile elements CaO, Na2O and K2O. The soils are also highly enriched with heavy metals U, V, Ni, Ba, Cu, Zn and Pb, that may cause potential heavy-metal contamination of the soils. Composition of the soils is homogeneous compared to the weathered black shales, for which the concentrations of major elements except CaO and Na2O, and trace elements except heavy metals (U, V, Ni, Ba, Cu, Zn and Pb) as well as the mobile Sr, show lower variations than in the weathered black shales. Ratios of Zr/Hf, Ta/Nb, Y/Ho, Nd/Sm, and Ti/(Ti + Zr), of the soils are also less variable, with values constantly similar to that of the fresh and weathered black shales correspondingly. Thus, components of the soils are believed to be contributed from the parent black shales through weathering and pedogenesis. It is concluded that the soils were formed by at least two stages of geochemical processes: the early stage of chemical differentiation and the later stage of chemical homogenization. The chemical differentiation that was taken during black-shale weathering might have caused the depletion of CaO and Na2O, and the enrichment of Al2O3 and Fe2O3; while the chemical homogenization that was taken during pedogenesis led to the depletion of SiO2 and K2O, and to the further enrichment of Al2O3 and Fe2O3. The heavy-metal enrichment (contamination) of the soils was then genetically related to the enrichment of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 in the soils.  相似文献   

20.
Orogenic gold mineralization at the Damang deposit, Ghana, is associated with hydrothermal alteration haloes around gold‐bearing quartz veins, produced by the infiltration of a H2O–CO2–K2O–H2S fluid following regional metamorphism. Alteration assemblages are controlled by the protoliths with sedimentary rocks developing a typical assemblage of muscovite, ankerite and pyrite, while intrusive dolerite bodies contain biotite, ankerite and pyrrhotite, accompanied by the destruction of hornblende. Mineral equilibria modelling was undertaken with the computer program thermocalc , in subsets of the model system MnO–Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–CO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3, to constrain conditions of regional metamorphism and the subsequent gold mineralization event. Metapelites with well‐developed amphibolite facies assemblages reliably constrain peak regional metamorphism at ~595 °C and 5.5 kbar. Observed hydrothermal alteration assemblages associated with gold mineralization in a wide compositional range of lithologies are typically calculated to be stable within P–T–X(CO2) arrays that trend towards lower temperatures and pressures with increasing equilibrium fluid X(CO2). These independent P–T–X(CO2) arrays converge and the region of overlap at ~375–425 °C and 1–2 kbar is taken to represent the conditions of alteration approaching equilibrium with a common infiltrating fluid with an X(CO2) of ~0.7. Fluid‐rock interaction calculations with M–X(CO2) diagrams indicate that the observed alteration assemblages are consistent with the addition of a single fluid phase requiring minimum fluid/rock ratios on the order of 1.  相似文献   

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