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This paper uses a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme (MSPAS) to study the interaction betweenland surface and atmospheric boundary layer processes. The scheme is composed of two main parts:atmospheric boundary layer processes and land surface processes. Compared with SiB and BATS, which arefamous for their detailed parameterizations of physical variables, this simplified model is more convenientand saves much more computation time. Though simple, the feasibility of the model is well proved inthis paper. The numerical simulation results from MSPAS show good agreement with reality. The schemeis used to obtain reasonable simulations for diurnal variations of heat balance, potential temperature ofboundary layer, and wind field, and spatial distributions of temperature, specific humidity, vertical velocity,turbulence kinetic energy, and turbulence exchange coefficient over desert and oasis. In addition, MSPAS isused to simulate the interaction between desert and oasis at night, and again it obtains reasonable results.This indicates that MSPAS can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and theatmospheric boundary layer over various underlying surfaces and can be extended for regional climate andnumerical weather prediction study. 相似文献
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Three-Dimensional Structure and Low-Level Features of the North Pacific Storm Track from 1999 to 2005 
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下载免费PDF全文 A storm track is a region in which synoptic eddy activities are statistically most prevalent and intense. At daily weather charts, it roughly corresponds to the mean trajectories of cyclones and anticyclones. In this paper, the recent QuikSCAT （Quick Scatterometer） satellite sea winds data with a 0.5°×0.5° horizontal resolution, and the NCEP （National Centers for Environmental Prediction） 10-m height Gaussian grid wind data and pressure-level reanalysis data, are employed to document the spatial structure of the North Pacific storm track in winter （January） and summer （July） from 1999 to 2005. The results show that in winter the North Pacific storm track is stronger, and is located in lower latitudes with a distinct zonal distribution. In summer, it is weaker, and is located in higher latitudes. Based on the horizontal distributions of geopotential height variance at various levels, three-dimensional schematic diagrams of the North Pacific storm track in winter and summer are extracted and presented. Analyses of the QuikSCAT wind data indicate that this dataset can depict the low-level storm track features in detail. The double storm tracks over the Southern Oceans found by Nakamura and Shimpo are confirmed. More significantly, two new pairs of low-level storm tracks over the North Pacific and the North Atlantic are identified by using this high-resolution dataset. The pair over the North Pacific is focused in this paper, and is named as the ＂subtropical storm track＂ and the ＂subpolar storm track＂, respectively. Moreover, statistical analyses of cyclone and anticyclone trajectories in the winters of 1999 to 2005 reveal as well the existence of the low-level double storm tracks over the North Pacific. 相似文献
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冬季黑潮区域SSTA的时空演变及其与大气环流的联系 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：9
采用海温资料和NCEP／NCAR 40a再分析的海平面气压场(SLP)、高度场、风场资料，利用REOF、相关分析和合成分析方法，研究了冬季黑潮区域海温异常(SSTA)的时空演变，结果显示：冬季黑潮SSTA具有整体一致的空间变化特征，并具有明显的年际、年代际变化趋势。划分了冬季黑潮海温的正、负异常年，分析了相应年份若干气象要素场的分布特征，结果表明：负异常年时，黑潮海域SLP和700hPa高度场为负距平，冬季风加强，正异常年则反之；冬季黑潮区域SSTA与850 hPa风场距平的分布形态关系密切。 相似文献
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三维城市地表反射率计算模式 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
地表反射率是控制地表能量平衡的一个重要参数。城市建筑物的分布具有较大的不均一性,这不仅给地基观测城市地表反射率带来了很大困难,数值模拟城市地表反射率也是非常困难的。作者开发了一个三维城市地表反射率模式city_photo,该方法结合了蒙特卡洛方法和几何光学方法的优点,具有较高的精度和较快的计算速度。通过引入城市地图的概念,该模式能够计算具有不同结构的城市的地表反射率。2002至2004年晴空MODIS（MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,中分辨率成像光谱辐射计）1~7通道可见光和近红外通道地表反射率资料被用来检验模式的有效性,位于北京朝阳区的中国科学院大气物理研究所的AERONET站点观测得到气溶胶光学特性和水汽资料,6S（Second Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum）大气辐射传输模式被用来对其进行大气订正。模式计算的北京城市地表反射率个例与MODIS 7个通道地表反射率观测结果具有很高的相关性,相关系数在0.80~0.93之间,说明模式能够较好地模拟城市地表反射率随太阳和观测角度的变化情况。最后讨论了城市结构对城市地表反射率的影响。 相似文献
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不稳定能量参数在一次强对流天气数值模拟中的应用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用常规观测资料和1°×1°NCEP／NCAP再分析资料,运用MM5V3．7高分辨率中尺度数值模式,对2004年7月12日17时30分前后发生在江苏南通的一次强中尺度对流系统（龙卷）进行模拟分析。结果表明：南通上空处在上干冷、下暖湿的大气不稳定层结中。干冷空气侵入与边界层暖湿气流强烈辐合,大量能量释放造成了本次龙卷的发生。运用数值模拟结果,计算了最佳对流有效位能IBCAPE、对流抑制能量ICIN、归一化对流有效位能INCAPE、能量—螺旋度指数,刚和强对流天气威胁指数／SWEAT等不稳定能量参数。通过分析上述参数的空间分布和在南通上空的时间分布,发现它们对强对流天气的发生有一定反映。 相似文献
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A real-time iterative model to predict urban air quality 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary An air quality index is used to represent the total effect of various pollutants in the city atmosphere, and a statistical model to predict this index by its controlling factors is developed using the real-time system identification theory with an exponential weighting to enhance the contributions of the latest observed data in the model. With the real-time iteration, the coefficients in the model are successively corrected after each prediction according to the difference between the predicted and the observed values for the system to make the model keep up with the change of the predicted system. As a result, the prediction ability has become much better than the conventional regressive models, and it is easy to establish with a smaller sample. As an example, this paper also gives the results of its application to Shanghai.With 1 Figure 相似文献
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魏光辉 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2014,8(1)
水面蒸发敏感因素的判断,对于干旱区水资源的规划与利用具有重要指导意义。本文以新疆塔里木河下游铁干里克气象站资料为例,对研究区水面蒸发影响因素进行分析。文章首先采用熵值法对水面蒸发进行敏感性分析,在此基础上运用灰色关联分析法进行验证。结果表明:温度、风速、日照时数这三因素对水面蒸发最为敏感;基于熵值法的敏感因素研究结果与灰色关联分析的结果基本一致,尤其在主要影响因素的判别上。研究结果干旱区水资源规划与利用提供了一种新方法和新思路。 相似文献
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利用1996—2015年中国的高空探测资料和地面观测数据,挑选发生降水的数十万个样本将其分为降雨和降雪两类事件,抽象为二分类问题,采用深度学习网络技术构建降水相态判识模型,并用2016—2017年的数据进行测试检验,针对2018年1月下旬中国一次大范围雨雪天气过程进行个例检验,在此基础上探讨了深度学习网络在降水相态判识和预报中的应用。主要结论如下:基于深度学习网络判识模型的判识准确率为98.2%,雨、雪的TS评分分别为97.4%和94.4%,相应空报率为1.7%和2.0%,漏报率为1.0%和3.7%,较传统指标阈值法的判识准确率有较大提高;个例检验显示,基于实况探空数据的模型判识结果与降水相态实况在全国基本保持一致,欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)的降水相态预报产品和模型的预报结果对全国的降水相态都表现出较好的预报能力,而对雨雪分界线的预报,模型的预报结果较ECMWF总体上更接近实况。测试结果表明,模型较好地提取了雨、雪降水相态的结构特征,深度学习网络在降水相态判识和预报中的应用具有可行性和一定的优势,可为降水相态的客观判识和预报提供重要技术支撑。 相似文献
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J. Pelkowski 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1994,53(1-2):1-17
Summary Recently, there have been attempts at computing the various terms in the steady entropy balance of the climate system. Differing numbers have been published. The global atmospheric entropy production rate by absorption and emission of long-wave radiation is one contribution among many others. This paper is mainly devoted to the calculation of just that contribution for the simple model of a gray atmosphere. The inescapable conclusion is that it is substantial, out-weighing, with the unlikely exception of phase changes, all other contributions not explicitly considered here. The results are compared with those in accounts of a similar nature.With 1 Figure 相似文献
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C. Michailidou P. Maheras A. Arseni-Papadimititriou F. Kolyva-Machera C. Anagnostopoulou 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2009,97(1-2):163-177
This paper presents a method for grouping weather types that occur over an area, which combines meteorological parameters, reflecting air mass characteristics at the surface, with synoptic conditions prevailing over an area. Five quantitative meteorological parameters are used in the procedure: temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind velocity and sunshine duration. In addition, two qualitative variables related to the prevailing circulation type and whether it is cyclonic or anticyclonic are also included. The study period is 43 years (1958–2000) and is restricted to the cold and wet sub-period of the year, December–March. Weather types are defined using a relatively new method of cluster analysis, two-step cluster analysis, which allows the simultaneous use of both quantitative and qualitative variables. The aim of the present study is to distinguish primary weather patterns so that the investigation into the relationship between weather patterns and circulation types will be more effective. For Athens, six weather types are created, whereas for Thessaloniki five are produced. For both stations, only two weather types are related to anticyclonic situations. The majority of the identified weather types correspond to a distinctive and well-defined synoptic situation. Each weather type differs from the others, not only in terms of the circulation conditions referring to it, but also with reference to meteorological variables such as temperature and precipitation. The results of the evaluation of the aforementioned procedure are considered to be highly satisfactory. 相似文献
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Innovative micro-insurance schemes can be one tool to help African small-holder farmers cope with climate variability and change. A critical challenge for implementing such risk transfer programs, however, is helping participants understand how insurance operates, and there is evidence that farmers with a poor understanding of insurance are less likely to use it. One of the proposed tools to help farmers understand insurance is a simulation game, through which farmers can gain first-hand experience with a functioning insurance market. This paper reports on the results of experiments in Ethiopia and Malawi, investigating farmers’ understanding and the effectiveness of a role-playing game at improving that understanding. Our results suggest a generally poor understanding of basic insurance concepts, and are consistent with past results in suggesting that better understanding correlates with greater willingness to purchase it. Our results also suggest that role-playing games may be an important tool for improving understanding, but that they do not necessarily out-perform more conventional training practices. 相似文献
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利用大气环流模式模拟北大西洋海温异常强迫响应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
北大西洋地区的海温异常能够在多大程度上对大气产生影响，一直是一个有争议的问题。作者利用伴随北大西洋涛动出现的海温异常对大气环流模式CAM2.0.1进行强迫，考察了模式在冬季（12月、1月和2月）对三核型海温异常的响应。通过与欧洲中期天气预报中心提供的再分析资料的对比，发现该模式可以通过海温强迫在一定程度上再现具有北大西洋涛动特征的温度场和环流场。在北大西洋及其沿岸地区，模式模拟出了三核型的准正压响应，与经典的北大西洋涛动型大气异常是一致的。模式结果与北大西洋地区大气内部主导模态的差别主要体现在两个方面:一是异常中心位置多偏向于大洋上空，在陆地上的异常响应强度很弱；二是高纬地区对海温异常的响应不显著，没有强迫出与实际的大气模态相对应的异常中心，表明该地区海洋的反馈作用较弱。 相似文献
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A New Strategy for Solving a Class of Constrained Nonlinear Optimization Problems Related to Weather and Climate Predictability 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
There are three common types of predictability problems
in weather and climate, which each involve different constrained nonlinear
optimization problems: the lower bound of maximum predictable time, the
upper bound of maximum prediction error, and the lower bound of maximum
allowable initial error and parameter error. Highly efficient algorithms
have been developed to solve the second optimization problem. And this
optimization problem can be used in realistic models for weather and climate
to study the upper bound of the maximum prediction error. Although a
filtering strategy has been adopted to solve the other two problems, direct
solutions are very time-consuming even for a very simple model, which
therefore limits the applicability of these two predictability problems in
realistic models. In this paper, a new strategy is designed to solve these
problems, involving the use of the existing highly efficient algorithms for
the second predictability problem in particular. Furthermore, a series of
comparisons between the older filtering strategy and the new method are
performed. It is demonstrated that the new strategy not only outputs the
same results as the old one, but is also more computationally efficient.
This would suggest that it is possible to study the predictability problems
associated with these two nonlinear optimization problems in realistic
forecast models of weather or climate. 相似文献
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Using analysis state to construct a forecast error covariance matrix in ensemble Kalman filter assimilation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Correctly estimating the forecast error covariance matrix is a key step in any data assimilation scheme. If it is not correctly estimated, the assimilated states could be far from the true states. A popular method to address this problem is error covariance matrix inflation. That is, to multiply the forecast error covariance matrix by an appropriate factor. In this paper, analysis states are used to construct the forecast error covariance matrix and an adaptive estimation procedure associated with the error covariance matrix inflation technique is developed. The proposed assimilation scheme was tested on the Lorenz-96 model and 2D Shallow Water Equation model, both of which are associated with spatially correlated observational systems. The experiments showed that by introducing the proposed structure of the forecast error covariance matrix and applying its adaptive estimation procedure, the assimilation results were further improved. 相似文献
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本文建立了一个二维深对流云数值模式,用该模式模拟了一个实测强对流云个例。其结果同观测相近。本文做了一系列催化数值试验,结果表明:在云发展早期播入高浓度的人工冰晶胚胎,能促使云中产生大量的大冰晶和小霰粒,它们争食液水,不易长成大雷,地面降雹动能可减少45％,但降雨量也有明显减小;减小播撒剂量,催化效果亦减小,防雹和增雨效果不明显;若在云发展早期引进浓度为10~0-10~(-1)/L的小雨滴,则能明显提早和增加降水。对于不同强度的对流云,人工引晶仅对中等积云(云顶高为6—8km)的增雨效果较好。文中还比较了二维和一维的模拟结果。 相似文献
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魏光辉 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2012,6(4):60-63
水面蒸发量敏感因素的判断,对于干旱区水资源规划利用具有重要的指导意义。本文以新疆尉犁县为例,对水面蒸发量影响因素进行分析。文章首先采用偏最小二乘回归法建立了水面蒸发量模型,在此基础上运用偏导数法分析了水面蒸发量对各影响因素的敏感性。结果表明:偏最小二乘回归模型具有较高的精度,不仅能够定量预测水面蒸发量,而且能够从机理上解释各影响因素对蒸发量的影响;风速、温度、水汽压这三因素对水面蒸发量最为敏感。上述模型为研究干旱区水资源利用提供了一种新方法和新思路。 相似文献
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This paper explores the relationship between the complexity of the land surface energy balance parameterization and the simulation
of means, variances and extremes in a climate model. We used the BMRC climate model combined with the protocol of AMIP-II
to perform six ensemble simulations for each of four levels of surface energy balance complexity. Our results were then compared
with other AMIP-II results in terms of the mean, variance and extremes of temperatures and precipitation. In terms of the
zonally-averaged mean and the maximum temperatures and precipitation, the surface energy balance complexity did not systematically
affect the BMRC climate model results. The zonal minimum temperature was affected by the inclusion of tiling and/or a temporally
variable canopy conductance. We found no evidence that surface energy balance complexity affected the globally- or zonally-averaged
variances. Some quite large differences were identified in the probability density functions of maximum (10 K) and minimum
(4 K) temperature caused by surface tiling and/or the inclusion of a time-varying canopy conductance. With these included,
the model simulated a higher probability of cooler minima and warmer maxima and therefore a different diurnal temperature
range. Adding interception of precipitation led to an increase in the likelihood of more extreme precipitation. Thus, provided
interception, surface tiling and a time-variable stomatal conductance are included in a land surface model, the impact of
other uncertainties in the parameterization of the surface energy balance are unlikely to limit the use of climate models
for simulating changes in the extremes. Most published results indicating changes to precipitation and temperature extremes
due to increasing carbon dioxide are therefore unlikely to be significantly limited by uncertainty in how to parameterize
the surface energy balance. Given that the variations in surface energy balance complexity included in our experiments approximates
the range included in the AMIP-II models, we conclude that it this is unlikely to explain the differences found between the
AMIP-II simulations. This does not mean that AMIP-II differences are not caused to a significant degree by differences in
their respective LSMs, rather it limits the potential role of the land surface to non-surface energy balance components, or
components (such as carbon) that are not considered here. 相似文献