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1.
日冕物质抛射(Coronal Mass Ejection,简称CME)和共转相互作用区(Corotating Interaction Region,简称CIR)是造成日地空间行星际扰动和地磁扰动的两个主要原因,提供了地球磁暴的主要驱动力,进而显著影响地球空间环境.为深入研究太阳风活动及受其主导影响的地磁活动的时间分布特征,本文对大量太阳风参数及地磁活动指数的数据进行了详细分析.首先,采用由NASA OMNIWeb提供的太阳风参数及地磁活动指数的公开数据,通过自主编写matlab程序对第23太阳活动周期(1996-01-01—2008-12-31)的数据包括行星际磁场Bz分量、太阳风速度、太阳风质子密度、太阳风动压等重要太阳风参数及Dst指数、AE指数、Kp指数等主要的地磁指数进行统计分析,建立了包括269个CME事件和456个CIR事件列表的数据库.采用事例分析法和时间序列叠加法分别对两类太阳活动的四个重要太阳风参数(IMF Bz、太阳风速度、太阳风质子密度、太阳风动压)和三个主要地磁指数(Dst、AE、Kp)进行统计分析,并研究了其统计特征.其次,根据Dst指数最小值确定了第23太阳活动周期内的355个孤立地磁暴事件,并以Dst指数最小值为标准将这些磁暴进一步分类为145个弱磁暴、123个中等磁暴、70个强磁暴、12个剧烈磁暴和5个巨大磁暴.最后,采用时间序列叠加法对不同强度磁暴的太阳风参数和地磁指数进行统计分析.统计分析表明,对于CME事件,Nsw/Pdyn(Nsw表示太阳风质子密度,Pdyn表示太阳风动压)线性拟合斜率一般为正;对于CIR事件,Nsw/Pdyn线性拟合斜率一般为负,这可作为辨别CME和CIR事件的一种有效方法.从平均意义上讲,相较于CIR事件,CME事件有更大的南向IMF Bz分量、太阳风动压Pdyn、AE指数、Kp指数以及更小的Dstmin.一般情况下,CME事件有更大的可能性驱动极强地磁暴.总体而言,对于不同强度的地磁暴,Dst指数的变化呈现出一定的相似性,但随着地磁暴强度的增强,Dst指数衰减的速度变快.CME和CIR事件以及其各自驱动的地磁暴事件有着很多不同,因此,需要将CME事件驱动的磁暴及CIR事件驱动的磁暴分开研究.建立CME、CIR事件及地磁暴的数据库以及获取的统计分析结果,将为深入研究地球磁层等离子体片、辐射带及环电流对太阳活动的响应特征提供有利的帮助. 相似文献
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利用172-182年IMP-8飞船的太阳风观测资料和相应地磁活动性指数Dst和AE,研究了43个南向行星际磁场事件期间太阳风和磁层的耦合问题. 与这43个事件对应的地磁暴是中等的和强的磁暴(Dst＜-50nT). 结果表明:(1) 在43个事件中有11个(约占25.6髎)紧随激波之后,18个处于激波下游流场中(占42髎),其余14个(占33髎)和激波没有关连. 绝大多数事件都伴有太阳风动压和总磁场强度的增加;(2) 当行星际晨昏向电场强度EI＞-4mV/m时,只引起磁亚暴,对Dst指数没有明显影响. 仅当EI＜-5mV/m时,磁亚暴和磁暴才会同时出现;(3) 太阳风动压的增加会增强能量向环电流的输入,但不是密度和速度单独起作用,而是以PK=ρV2的组合形式影响能量的输入;(4) 虽然行星际磁场(IMF)南向分量BZ对太阳风和磁层的耦合起着关键作用,但IMF的BX和BY分量相对于BZ的大小对太阳风向磁层的能量传输也有一定影响. 当BX、BY相对BZ较大时能量耦合加强. 相似文献
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岩石摩擦滑动中声发射的多普勒效应 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
在双剪摩擦滑动实验中可观测到声发射的多普勒效应。对于单个声发射事件，顺断裂扩展方向上的探头可记录到较短周期的初动波半周期，而在断裂扩展反方向上的探头记录则反之，在扩展过程中，声发射前续波由初始破裂引起的前激波、声源破裂扩展的扩展相和停止相组成，显示出声源破裂有一由静到动的加速过程。而在时间序列上，声发射事件存在着３个阶段：较强声发射事件发生初期，前激波时间超前较长，停止相不明显，声发射源的破裂速度较慢；第二阶段停止相突出，扩展速度加快，前激波到时超前量减小；最后，在原初始半周期处叠加了较大振幅的高频波 相似文献
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With the more complete acoustic emission (AE) catalog improved by the multi-channel AE matched-filter technique (MFT), we study the spatiotemporal evolution of the AE activities after laboratory stick-slip events incorporate with the slip data recorded by displacement transducers on an ~1.5 m granite fault. The results show that the number of the AE events identified by MFT is about 9 times larger than that of the traditional method. A logarithmic expansion of early AE events along the fault strike is observed as a function of time, whereas the fault does not slip in the same manner. Thus, we related the expansion of the early AE events along the fault to the stress transfer caused by the adjacent AE events. Moreover, there is a good correlation between the cumulative number of the later AE events and the amount of fault slip. It suggests that the stress change caused by the continuous slip of the simulated fault after the stick-slip events response for the later AE events near or on the simulated fault. 相似文献
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声发射观测是岩石摩擦实验中研究强震孕育机制的重要观测手段之一.传统的声发射观测以触发记录为主,难以捕捉并提取微弱的声发射信号.近年来天然地震学中发展的模板匹配技术可以在连续波形记录中识别出微弱的事件,大大提升事件检测能力.本文发展了适用于多通道连续记录的声发射信号的模板匹配技术,并将该技术应用于分析米尺度岩石断层黏滑失稳过程.研究结果显示:模板匹配技术识别出的声发射数量约为传统方法识别的5倍,相对完备震级降低约0.3.临近失稳,检测目录完备震级以上声发射率表现出幂律增加的特征,且声发射事件聚集在失稳破裂起始点附近.失稳后,检测目录完备震级以上声发射率表现出幂律衰减,其中失稳后早期表现出较慢的衰减速度.另外,失稳后早期声发射事件表现出随对数时间沿断层迁移的趋势.最后,通过与天然地震学观测的结果对比表明,声发射模板匹配识别技术是研究大尺度岩石摩擦滑动失稳过程中前震和余震时空演化规律的有效手段,该技术助于在方法上为室内实验和野外观测进行融合研究提供思路. 相似文献
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--The mechanical and statistical characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) events during stable sliding are investigated through a laboratory experiment using a granite specimen with a pre-cut fault. Numerous AE events are found to be generated on the pre-cut fault, indicating that microscopically unstable fracture occurs during macroscopically stable sliding. The composite focal mechanism solution of AE events is determined from the first motion directions of P-waves. The determined mechanism is consistent with the double-couple one expected for the slip on the pre-cut fault. The source radii of large AE events are estimated to be about 10 mm from the widths of the first P-wave pulses. These indicate that the AE events are generated by shear fracture whose faulting area is a part of the pre-cut fault plane. The occurrence of AE events as a stochastic process approximately obeys the Poisson process, if the effect of mutually dependent events consti tuting clusters is corrected. The observed amplitude-frequency relation of AE events approximately follows a power law for a limited amplitude range. As the macroscopic sliding rate increases, the number of AE events per unit sliding distance decreases. This rate dependence of the AE activity is qualitatively consistent with the observation that the real area of contact between sliding surfaces decreases with an increase in the sliding rate as reported in the literature. 相似文献
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本文利用中低纬日本地区(131°E,35°N)GPS-TEC格点化数据,分析了2001—2009年间109个共转相互作用区(CIR)事件、45个日冕物质抛射(CME)事件引起的地磁扰动期间电离层的响应.结果表明,电离层暴的类型随太阳活动的变化而有不同的变化,CIR事件引发的电离层正相暴、正负双相暴多发生在太阳活动下降年,负相暴多发生在高年,负正双相暴多发生在低年;CME事件引发的电离层正相暴和负相暴多发生在高年.CIR和CME引发的不同类型的电离层暴的季节性差异不大,在夏季多发生正负双相暴.电离层暴发生时间相对地磁暴的时延大部分在-6~6h之间,但CIR引发的电离层暴时延范围更广,在-12~24h之间,而CME引发的电离层暴时延主要在-6~6h之间.中低纬的电离层暴多发生在主相阶段,其中CIR引发的双相暴也会发生在初相阶段.电离层负暴多发生在AE最大值为800~1200nT之间.CIR引起的电离层扰动持续时间较长,一般在1~6天左右,而CME引起的电离层扰动持续时间一般在1~4天左右. 相似文献
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—?Unique data from microseismic (MS) and acoustic emission (AE) systems monitoring a common rock volume have been analyzed from the Underground Research Laboratory in Canada. The two 16 sensor systems were installed to investigate stress-induced microcracking around clay and concrete bulkheads as part of the Tunnel Sealing Experiment. Single and double MS events are found to be spatially associated with clusters of between 19–86 higher frequency AE events. Each AE cluster is elongated with the longest axis between 15 and 50?cm. The AE events occurring before the associated MS event are termed foreshocks, and for two of the three analyzed AE clusters an acceleration in the AE frequency and cumulative magnitude occurs upto the time of the MS event, however with one AE cluster very few foreshocks are recorded, possibly indicating a more homogeneous failure plane. Time independent moment tensors were determined with the MS events showing significant deviatoric sources. The majority of the AE events have deviatoric mechanisms with a few crack opening and crack closure type events also determined. This study highlights the benefits of using small-scale seismic systems to investigate the temporal fracture mechanics of microcrack formation, and allows comparisons with larger more damaging seismicity. 相似文献
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围压下岩石破坏声发射测试系统及震级频度关系的实验研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
震级频度关系的Gutenburg-Richter公式近年来受到了挑战,一些学者在不同条件下都发现了b值的非线性表现。本文利用自己装配的实验系统对围压下岩石破裂声发射活动的震级频度关系和时间序列特征进行了研究。实验表明AE事件的震级频度关系在某个中强震级K′之前基本符合b值规律,其b值的大小与破裂方式有关。在摩擦滑动中AE序列具有低b值的特征。从K′起震级频度关系出现明显的非线性现象。根据非线性表现的不同,可将其分为第一型和第二型两类。在AE序列中,也存在着“特征震级”的现象 相似文献
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利用1988—2010年小时平均的GOES卫星数据,对地球同步轨道(GEO)相对论电子变化进行了统计分析,研究了相对论电子通量(Fe)增强事件的发展过程,探讨了利于相对论电子通量增强的太阳风和地磁活动条件.主要结论如下:(1)GEO相对论电子通量即使是峰值,也具有明显的地方时特性,最大电子通量出现在磁正午时.午/夜电子通量比率随着太阳风速度(Vsw)增加而增大;在Dst-50nT时相对论电子具有规则的地方时变化.在太阳活动下降相,电子通量与各参数的相关性较好,与其相关性最好的Vsw、Kp指数以及三次根号下的太阳风密度(N)分别出现在电子通量前39~57h、57~80h和12~24h.(2)强(日平均电子通量峰值Femax≥104 pfu)相对论电子事件,在距离太阳活动谷年前两年左右和春秋分期间发生率最高,较弱(104Femax≥103 pfu)事件无此特点;大部分强相对论电子事件中,电子通量在磁暴主相开始增加,较弱事件中则在恢复相开始回升.(3)太阳风密度变化对相对论电子事件的发展具有重要指示作用.电子通量在太阳风密度极大值后0~1天达到极小值,太阳风密度极小值后0~2天达到极大值.(4)90%以上相对论电子事件是在磁暴及高速太阳风的条件下发生的,与其伴随的行星际参数和地磁活动指数极值满足以下条件:Vswmax516km/s,Dstmin-31nT,Nmin2.8cm-3,Nmax14.1cm-3,Bzmin-2.9nT,AEmax698nT.(5)磁暴过程中,Dstmin后日平均电子通量大于103 pfu的发生概率为53%左右,强/弱相对论电子事件占总数比例分别为36%/64%左右,磁暴强度对其无影响.磁暴过程中的Vsw、N和AE指数大小对于能否引起相对论电子增强起着指示作用. 相似文献
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Introduction By the experimental techniques of acoustic emission (AE) and surface strain observation, a lot of achievements on the study of deformation and fracture process of samples with en-echelon faults has been obtained (Bomblakis, 1973; LIU, et al, 1986; DU, et al, 1989; LI, et al, 1989; ZHANG, FANG, 1989; ZHANG, LI, 1989; MA, et al, 1995a, b; LI, et al, 2000). However, there still exist many problems. For example, most of discussion on the spatio-temporal evolution of microf… 相似文献
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着重研究拉张或挤压型雁列式断层标本变形过程中声发射(简称AE，下同)的时空演化特征. 结果表明，预置构造对AE空间分布格局具有较强的控制作用，随着差应力的增加，AE首先在两个端点附近丛集，之后向两端点连线附近集中，出现明显的破裂局部化现象，较大事件还通常集中于某一端点附近反复发生. 前期微破裂丛集图象指示后期宏观破裂的扩展方向及扩展范围. 拉张和挤压型雁列区宏观破裂方向分别与轴向应力方向垂直和平行. 雁列式断层标本变形过程中，破裂前的弱化阶段相对较长、弱化过程明显. 微破裂事件累积频次指数增长可能是系统失稳前的典型征兆之一，而雁列区宏观破裂之后，AE数量逐渐减少、应变释放相对减弱. 摩擦滑动过程中，大的粘滑失稳前未见有AE活动前兆性的增强过程.雁列区的b值变化在失稳前显示趋势性降低——快速回升这一典型的变化过程，b值降低一般发生在差应力增强过程之中，并有可能延续至弱化阶段，而快速回升则一般发生在破裂失稳前的短时期内. 对比研究表明，构造差异所导致的b值差异远大于b值随差应力的增加而产生的变化量，而对同一构造标本，力学状态的改变会导致AE序列时序特征的急剧变化，较高的加载速率对应较高的应变能释放及明显的低b值. 先期破碎带由于较低的破坏强度，其对差应力的微小变化具有特殊敏感性，从而成为源、兆分离、窗口或敏感点效应等地震活动性前兆现象的一种可能的原因. 相似文献
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The dependence of the zonal geomagnetic indices (AE, Ap, Kp, Kn, and Dst) on the solar wind parameters (the electric field E y component, dynamic pressure P d and IMF irregularity σB) has been studied for two types of events: magnetic clouds and high-speed streams. Based on the empirical relationships, it has been established that the AE, Ap, Kp, and Kn indices are directly proportional to the E y value at E y < 12 mV m?1 and are inversely proportional to this value at E y > 12 mV m?1 for the first-type events. On the contrary, the dependence of Dst on E y is monotonous nonlinear. A linear dependence of all geomagnetic indices on E y is typical of the second-type events. It has been indicated that the specific features of geoeffectiveness of magnetic clouds and high-speed solar wind streams are caused by the dependence of the electric field potential across the polar cap on the electric field, solar wind dynamic pressure, and IMF fluctuations. 相似文献
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Three-hourly average values of the Dst, AE and ap geomagnetic activity indices have been studied for 1 years duration near the solar minimum (1974) and also at the solar maximum (1979). In 1979 seven intense geomagnetic storms (Dst < –100 nT) occurred, whereas in 1974 only three were reported. This study reveals: (1) the yearly average of AE is greater in 1974 than in 1979, whereas the inverse seems to be true for the yearly average of Dst, when a higher number of intense storms is present. These averages indicate the kind of activity occurring on the sun as shown in earlier work. (2) The seasonal variation of Dst is higher than that of ap and is almost negligible in AE. (3) The correlation coefficient of ap × AE is in general the highest, as the magnetometers that monitor both indices are close, and is surpassed only by the ap × Dst correlation during geomagnetic storms, when the influence of the ring current is dominant. The correlation of ap × Dst also shows a seasonal variability. (4) For the first time a study of correlation between ap and a linear combination of AE and Dst has also been made. We found higher correlation coefficients in this case as compared to those between ap × Dst and ap ×xs AE. 相似文献
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粘滑失稳及其物理场时空分布的实验研究 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：6
摩擦滑动的物理场实验研究表明：（１）能量空间分布的差异是失稳的重要条件，单发型大事件常发生于高能量向低能量的突变带或高能量背景区内的相对低能量区；（２）单发型大事件的孕育过程常常经历若干个能量输入输出循环，产生多个前兆阶段，并在失稳前源区常有一个弱化过程。小震或群发型事件失稳前常常只有一个能量积累与强化的过程，失稳前兆阶段性反映较差；（３）粘滑失稳时断层的位错与声发射的大小未见明显关系 相似文献
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Summary The effects of the solar proton flare product on ionospheric circumpolar currents (Auroral Electrojet Index) for the interval 1978–1986 (solar cycle No 21) are investigated. A significant increase of the AE two days after the zero-day of appearance of the proton flare was displayed. 相似文献
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岩石破裂扩展过程中的声发射b值动态特征及意义 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
利用多道声发射（ＡＥ）采集系统记录了不同构造的岩石试件变形破坏过程中的ＡＥ全波形，由扫描算法求得试件变形全过程的ＡＥｂ值动态曲线；根据变化幅度和演化方式，将ＡＥｂ值曲线分为山脊线状和台阶状两类；经与应力－应变时程曲线及试件破裂特征对比，发现山脊线状和台阶状ＡＥｂ值曲线分别对应于较均匀岩石试件的渐进式稳态破裂扩展和含扁平状非均匀构造岩石试件的突发式失稳破裂扩展，后者的破裂状态及其转变可用破裂相和相变来描述 相似文献