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1.
To study the relative and absolute timing of post-Variscan cooling and denudation processes in the Erzgebirge of the Mid-European Variscides, eight samples for apatite fission-track (AFT) analysis were collected from a ~1,300 m drill-core. The fission-track data reveal two stages of accelerated cooling through the apatite partial annealing zone (APAZ; i.e., 110±10–60 °C) in the Late Jurassic-Late Cretaceous and in the late Cenozoic, respectively. Late Jurassic-Late Cretaceous cooling corresponding to denudation of 1.5–5.9 km has been related to wrench tectonics along the Elbe Zone during Triassic-Jurassic Pangea breakup. Late Cenozoic exhumation of 2.1–5.6 km, and the increase of the geothermal gradient from 17±5 °C km–1 (Oligocene/Miocene) to 25–27 °C km–1 (recent) is likely connected to the formation of the Eger Graben starting from the Oligocene, as a result of the late Alpine orogenic phases.  相似文献   

2.
The lack of preserved Phanerozoic units within the Proterozoic Mount Isa Inlier of northern Australia renders it difficult to determine its Phanerozoic tectonic history. However, thermo-chronological methods provide a means for assessing this problem. Apatite fission-track data from the central and southern parts of the Inlier reveal periods of post-early Carboniferous accelerated cooling. Apatite fission-track ages vary from 235 to 390 Ma and corresponding mean track lengths range from 11.76 to 13.55 microns. These results record a protracted cooling history below about 110 ± 10° C. The earlier period of cooling revealed by the data occurred during middle Carboniferous time. The event resulted in >2 km of exhumation across the Inlier and probably was in response to intra-continental deformation associated with the Alice Springs Orogeny and tectonics in the adjacent Tasman Orogen.

A high proportion of partly annealed fission tracks in the samples suggests that rocks now exposed across the Inlier resided at the top of the apatite partial annealing zone (approximately 60° C to 70° C) following the mid-Carboniferous cooling. Modeling of the fission-track age and length parameters suggests that approximately 30° C to 50° C of cooling occurred over the past 100 Ma. Assuming a geothermal gradient of 25° C/km, this corresponds to 1.2-2.0 km of exhumation. The post-Middle Cretaceous cooling possibly is related to extensional tectonics at the southern and eastern margins of the Australian plate during the Mesozoic and Tertiary periods and to the more recent collision at the northern margin of the plate.

The spatial variation of apatite fission-track data within the Inlier indicates that the three major structural belts-the Western fold belt, Kalkadoon-Leichhardt belt, and the Eastern fold belt-exhibit similar thermal histories on a regional scale. It also indicates that the main N-S fault zones bounding the belts have not been reactivated in a vertical sense along their entire length since ～350 Ma. However, adjacent smaller-scale fault-bounded blocks within the belts demonstrate variable cooling histories, suggesting that reactivation of favorably oriented minor faults within the Inlier, including segments of the major faults, probably occurred during this time interval. Variations in apatite fission-track data along the 1994 Australian Geological Survey Organization/Australian Geodynamics Co-operation Research Center (AGSO/AGCRC) Mount Isa seismic traverse indicate that up to 1 km of vertical displacement has occurred between two major intrabelt fault zones since middle Carboniferous time.  相似文献   

3.
To constrain the post-Pan-African evolution of the Arabian–Nubian Shield, macro-scale tectonic studies, paleostress and fission track data were performed in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The results provide insights into the processes driving late stage vertical motion and the timing of exhumation of a large shield area. Results of apatite, zircon and sphene fission track analyses from the Neoproterozoic basement indicate two major episodes of exhumation. Sphene and zircon fission track data range from 339 to 410 Ma and from 315 to 366 Ma, respectively. The data are interpreted to represent an intraplate thermotectonic episode during the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous. At that time, the intraplate stresses responsible for deformation, uplift and erosion, were induced by the collision of Gondwana with Laurussia which started in Late Devonian times. Apatite fission track data indicate that the second cooling phase started in Oligocene and was related to extension, flank uplift and erosion along the actual margin of the Red Sea. Structural data collected from Neoproterozoic basement, Late Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary cover suggest two stages of rift formation. (1) Cretaceous strike-slip tectonics with sub-horizontal σ1 (ENE/WSW) and σ3 (NNW/SSE), and sub-vertical σ2 resulted in formation of small pull-apart basins. Basin axes are parallel to the trend of Pan-African structural elements which acted as stress guides. (2) During Oligocene to Miocene the stress field changed towards horizontal NE–SW extension (σ3), and sub-vertical σ1. Relations between structures, depositional ages of sediments and apatite fission track data indicate that the initiation of rift flank uplift, erosion and plate deformation occurred nearly simultaneously.  相似文献   

4.
Apatite fission-track ages of 168-83 Ma for 39 samples of Proterozoic crystalline rocks, three samples of Cambrian Potsdam sandstone, and one Cretaceous lamprophyre dike from the Adirondack Mountains in New York State indicate that unroofing in this region occurred from Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous. Samples from the High Peaks section of the Adirondack massif yielded the oldest apatite fission-track ages (168-135 Ma), indicating that it was exhumed first. Unroofing along the northern, northwestern, and southwestern margins of the Adirondacks began slightly later, as shown by younger apatite fission-track ages (146-114 Ma) determined for these rocks. This delay in exhumation may have resulted from burial of the peripheral regions by sediment shed from the High Peaks. Apatite fission-track ages for samples from the southeastern Adirondacks are distinctly younger (112-83 Ma) than those determined for the rest of the Adirondack region. These younger apatite fission-track ages are from a section of the Adirondacks dissected by shear zones and post-Ordovician north-northeast-trending normal faults. Differential unroofing may have been accommodated by reactivation of the faults in a reverse sense of motion with maximum compressive stress, sigma1, oriented west-northwest. A change in the orientation of the post-Early Cretaceous paleostress field is supported by a change in the trend of Cretaceous lamprophyre dikes from east-west to west-northwest.  相似文献   

5.
Apatite fission-track analysis was applied to Triassic and Cretaceous sediments from the South-Iberian Continental Margin to unravel its thermal history. Apatite fission-track age populations from Triassic samples indicate partial annealing and point to a maximum temperature of around 100–110 °C during their post-depositional evolution. In certain apatites from Cretaceous samples, two different fission-track age populations of 93–99 and around 180 Ma can be distinguished. Track lengths associated with these two populations enabled thermal modelling based on experimental annealing and mathematical algorithms. These thermal models indicate that the post-depositional thermal evolution attained temperatures ≤ 70 °C, which is consistent with available vitrinite-reflectance data. Thermal modelling for the Cretaceous samples makes it possible to decipher a succession of cooling and heating periods, consisting of (a) a late Carboniferous–Permian cooling followed by (b) a progressive heating episode that ended approximately 120 Ma at a maximum T of around 110 °C. The first cooling episode resulted from a combination of factors such as: the relaxation of the thermal anomaly related to the termination of the Hercynian cycle; the progressive exhumation of the Hercynian basement and the thermal subsidence related to the rifting of the Bay of Biscay, reactivated during the Late Permian. Jurassic thermal evolution deduced from the inherited thermal signal in the Cretaceous sediments is characterized by progressive heating that ended around 120 Ma. This heating episode is related to thermal subsidence during Jurassic rifting, in agreement with the presence of abundant mantle-derived tholeiitic magmas interbedded in the Jurassic rocks. The end of the Jurassic rifting is well marked by a cooling episode apparently starting during Neocomiam times and ending at surface conditions by Albian times.  相似文献   

6.
The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) is the most perceptible part of the European Cenozoic Rift System. Uplifted Variscan basement of the Black Forest and the Vosges forms the flanks of the southern part of the graben. Apatite and zircon fission-track (FT) analyses indicate a complex low-temperature thermal history of the basement that was deciphered by inverse modelling of FT parameters. The models were tested against the observed data and independent geological constraints. The zircon FT ages of 28 outcrop samples taken along an E–W trending transect across the Black Forest and the Vosges range from 136 to 312 Ma, the apatite FT ages from 20 to 83 Ma. The frequency distributions of confined track lengths are broad and often bimodal in shape indicating a complex thermal history. Cooling below 120°C in the Early Cretaceous to Palaeogene was followed by a discrete heating episode during the late Eocene and subsequent cooling to surface temperature. The modelled time–temperature (t–T) paths point to a total denudation of the flanks of URG in the range of 1.0–1.7 km for a paleogeothermal gradient of 60°C/km, and 1.3–2.2 km for a paleogeothermal gradient of 45°C/km since the late Eocene.  相似文献   

7.
To determine the long-term landscape evolution of the Albertine Rift in East Africa, low-temperature thermochronology was applied and the cooling history constrained using thermal history modelling. Acquired results reveal (1) “old” cooling ages, with predominantly Devonian to Carboniferous apatite fission-track ages, Ordovician to Silurian zircon (U–Th)/He ages and Jurassic to Cretaceous apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He ages; (2) protracted cooling histories of the western rift shoulder with major phases of exhumation in mid-Palaeozoic and Palaeogene to Neogene times; (3) low Palaeozoic and Neogene erosion rates. This indicates a long residence time of the analysed samples in the uppermost crust, with the current landscape surface at a near-surface position for hundreds of million years. Apatite He cooling ages and thermal history models indicate moderate reheating in Jurassic to Cretaceous times. Together with the cooling age distribution, a possible Albertine high with a distinct relief can be inferred that might have been a source area for the Congo Basin.  相似文献   

8.
The Bitterroot metamorphic core complex is an exhumed, mid-crustal, plutonic–metamorphic complex that formed during crustal thickening and subsequent extension in the hinterland of the North American Cordilleran Orogen, in the northern Idaho batholith region. Extension was accommodated mainly on the Bitterroot mylonite zone, a 500–1500-m-thick shear zone that deforms granitic intrusive rocks as young as 53–52 Ma, as well as older high-grade metamorphic rocks and plutons. Exhumation of the core complex, in Eocene time, is marked in the shear zone by the transition from amphibolite-facies mylonitization, to greenschist-facies mylonitization, chloritic brecciation, to brittle faulting that progressed from shallower crustal levels in the west to deeper crustal levels in the east from ca. 53 –30 Ma based on U–Pb, Ar–Ar, and fission-track data. Apatite and zircon fission-track data record the lower-temperature part of the exhumation history and help define when the shear zone became inactive, as well as the transition from rapid, core complex-style extension to slower basin-and-range-style extension. They indicate that the western part of the complex was exhumed to within 1–2 km of the surface by 48–45 Ma, while the eastern part of the complex was still at amphibolite-facies conditions and that the eastern part of the complex was not exhumed below 60 °C until after 30 Ma. Younger apatite fission-track ages (≤26 Ma) on the eastern range front of the Bitterroot Mountains suggest that the present topographic expression of the mylonite front was due to Miocene high-angle faulting and widening of the Bitterroot Valley.  相似文献   

9.
Apatite fission-track analysis performed on eighteen Mesozoic sediment samples of the Neuquén Basin from the Southern Central Andes orogenic front between 35°30′ and 37°S has revealed Campanian-Paleocene (75-55 Ma), late Eocene-early Oligocene (35-30 Ma) and middle Miocene (15-10 Ma) cooling episodes. Each cooling episode corresponds closely with major unconformities observed in the preserved sedimentary sequences, and is associated with kilometer-scale additional burial and subsequent exhumation. A similar degree of cooling is inferred from associated vitrinite reflectance data. Late Eocene-early Oligocene exhumation is recognized only near the eastern orogenic front adjacent to the foreland in the southernmost part of the study area and may be related partly to within-plate magmatism and associated extension in the Palaoco Basin. The Campanian-Paleocene and middle Miocene cooling episodes are recognized more widely in the fold and thrust belt and appear to coincide with periods of eastward arc expansion and mountain building processes.  相似文献   

10.
Forty-one apatite fission track ages (AFT) were determined on samples collected along a N–S section of the eastern Kunlun Mountains across the Middle and South Kunlun Faults between Buqingshan and Dulan. Measured AFT ages lie between 25±2 and 130±10 Ma, and all are significantly younger than their host rock formation or sediment deposition ages. Modelling the AFT data identifies a two stage regional cooling history that spans the last 100 Myrs. The earliest cooling phase occurred between the late Jurassic and early Tertiary and involved a moderate level of cooling between 20 and 40 °C, equivalent to average exhumation rates of =15 m/Myr. The second phase of cooling took place from 20 Ma with cooling rates increasing tenfold. Average exhumation rates for this period are estimated to be in the range of 100–150 m/Myr. The first stage of protracted cooling is consistent with regional evidence from the Qiantang and Lhasa terrans where previous studies have noted low rates of denudation in relation to a back-arc extensional setting. The more recent acceleration in cooling seen in the Kunlun data coincides with an increase in sedimentation rates in the adjacent Qaidam Basin. This points to a phase of Neogene uplift and increased erosion of the Kunlun Range, although contemporaneous monsoon strengthening may also have had a role.  相似文献   

11.
Zircon and apatite fission-track analyses from Late Carboniferous felsic volcanic rocks of the NE German Basin (Halle area and Friedland drilling) reveal at least two major post-emplacement thermal events. After initial cooling at ca. 300 Ma, the volcanic pile underwent a major thermal event at ca. 200 Ma that reached in most places ca. 250-280 °C and led to the new growth of clay minerals. This event is recorded in the zircon fission-track data and can be related to Jurassic-Triassic rifting in Europe. Another thermal event is recorded in the apatite samples at ca. 100 Ma. A close correlation is observed between apatite fission-track age, texture, and sample alteration. Coarse-grained samples are stronger altered and have younger fission-track ages. Hydrothermal alteration coupled with advective heating probably caused these Upper Cretaceous fission-track ages. The latter event can be related to block faulting and inversion of the European plate during the early stages of the Alpine orogeny.  相似文献   

12.
The Burma Terrane is a microplate at the eastern edge of the Tibetan-Himalayan orogen, the origin of which remains poorly understood. Its basement comprises metamorphic and igneous rocks forming the Wuntho-Popa Arc (WPA) and has been correlated with Tibetan, Gondwana or Transtethyan rocks. Yet, little is known about the magmatic history of the WPA. We report elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of magmatic rocks, crystallization (zircon and apatite U-Pb) and exhumation (apatite fission-track) ages from rocks and river sands, and structural measurements from the Wuntho Ranges, central Myanmar, where the WPA is best exposed. We show that the WPA in the Wuntho Ranges is characterized by two magmatic events at 108–90 Ma and 46–32 Ma. Magmatism is subduction-related for both events, characterized by depleted Nd and Sr isotopic compositions, with more enriched values with time. Apatite fission-track data suggest arc exhumation during the 39–22 Ma time interval, partly overlapping with the last magmatic event. Structural data indicate NW-SE-striking tilting, folding, and thrusting that we associate with at least two phases of deformation, in the Cretaceous and the late Paleogene. Correlating the WPA with Tibetan, Gondwana or Transtethyan rocks based on its magmatic history remains ambiguous; however, models arguing for a Transtethyan origin for the WPA are most compatible with our results combined with available Burmese geological data.  相似文献   

13.
 Since 1985, apatite fission-track analysis was applied to more than 70 samples from surface outcrops and shallow boreholes at the western margin of the Bohemian massif. Apatite ages were determined by the grain-population method. Additional information from the frequency distributions of fully confined spontaneous tracks was used for modelling of t–T paths in the low-temperature range (<120 °C). Seven zircon samples were dated by the external detector method. Zircon ages between 283 and 215 Ma indicate unroofing during the Permian molasse stage and the Triassic. Tectonic quiescence and slow subsidence prevailed from the Jurassic until the middle Cretaceous. In the basement area south of Weiden, a Mesozoic partial annealing zone (for apatite fission tracks) is now exposed at the surface. Farther north, the basement was affected by stronger Cretaceous and Palaeogene erosion, which yielded cooling ages between 110 and 49 Ma. This second period of post-Variscan denudation was correlated to reverse faulting along the Franconian Line. Received: 30 June 1996 / Accepted: 24 October 1996  相似文献   

14.
Extensive sampling along vertical and north-south cross-sections in the Gran Paradiso basement (internal crystalline massif, Western Alps) reveals an inverse gradient of zircon fission-track ages with respect to altitude, which is explained by an inverted metamorphism during Eocene time. Subsequent to the obduction of the Schistes Lustrés nappe (high pressure Eoalpine phase), the Gran Paradiso massif cooled down 90-80 Myrs ago. The Austro-Alpine nappe of Monte Emilius — Dent Blanche overthrust the Gran Paradiso massif 38–40 Myrs ago, inducing in its basement an inverted metamorphism or, more precisely, a nappe emplacement metamorphism (greenschist facies). The last cooling below 100° C occurred as early as 35—40 Myrs ago in the southern Gran Paradiso massif; in the northern part, this last cooling occurred 20 Myrs ago, accompanied by an important uplift phase (2 mm/year).  相似文献   

15.
Apatite fission-track (AFT) dating applied to uplifted Variscan basement blocks of the Bavarian Forest is employed to unravel the low-temperature history of this segment of the Bohemian Massif. Twenty samples were dated and confined track lengths of four samples were measured. Most samples define Cretaceous APT ages between 110 and 82 Ma (Albian to Campanian) and three samples give older ~148–140 Ma (Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary) ages. No discernible regional age variations exist between the areas north-east and south-west of the Pfahl shear zone, but >500 m post-Jurassic and post-Cretaceous vertical offsets along this and other faults can be inferred from elevation profile analyses. The AFT ages clearly postdate the Variscan exhumation history of the Bavarian Forest. Thermal modeling reveals that the ages are best explained by a slight reheating of the basement rocks to temperatures within the apatite partial annealing zone during the middle and late Jurassic and/or by late Cretaceous marine transgression causing burial heating, which affected marginal low-lying areas of the Bohemian Massif and the Bavarian Forest. Late Jurassic period was followed by enhanced cooling through the 120–60 °C temperature interval during the subsequent exhumation phase for which denudation rates of ~100 m myr?1 were calculated. On a regional scale, Jurassic–Cretaceous AFT ages are ubiquitous in marginal structural blocks of the Bohemian Massif and seem to reflect the exhumation of these zones more distinctly compared to central parts.  相似文献   

16.
We investigate the Mesozoic–Cenozoic thermal history of the Daxi region (central SE South China Block) to evaluate the influence of the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate beneath the SE South China Block along the block's southeast margin on the tectonothermal evolution of the upper plate. We apply a multi-chronological approach that includes U-Pb geochronology on zircon, 40Ar/39Ar dating on muscovite and biotite from granitic rocks as well as fission-track and (U-Th-Sm)/He analyses on zircon and apatite from granitic and sedimentary rocks. The Heping granite, located in the Daxi region, has a magmatic age of ca. 441 Ma. The biotite 40Ar/39Ar ages of ca. 193 Ma for the Early Jurassic Shibei granite and ca. 160 Ma for the Late Jurassic Fogang granite, respectively, reflect magmatic cooling. The Triassic Longyuanba granite yielded a muscovite 40Ar/39Ar age of ca. 167 Ma, recording heating to ≥ 350 °C induced by nearby intrusion of Middle Jurassic granites. Zircon fission-track and (U-Th-Sm)/He ages from Lower Carboniferous–Lower Jurassic sandstones (140–70 Ma) record continuous cooling during the Cretaceous that followed extensive Middle–Late Jurassic magmatism in the Daxi region. Cretaceous cooling is related to exhumation in an extensional tectonic setting, consistent with lithospheric rebound due to foundering and rollback of the subducted Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate. Apatite fission-track (53–42 Ma) and (U-Th-Sm)/He ages (43–36 Ma), and thermal modelling document rapid cooling in the Paleocene–Eocene, which temporally coincides with continental rifting in the SE South China Block in the leadup to the opening of the South China Sea.  相似文献   

17.
We report the first apatite fission-track thermochronologic data for 17 samples from the southern Catalan Coastal Ranges of NE Spain. Thermal histories of Carboniferous metasediments, Late Hercynian intrusions and Lower-Triassic Buntsandstein sediments from three tectonic blocks, Miramar, Prades and Priorat, are derived and interpreted within the geodynamic framework and tectonic evolution of the region. The apatite fission-track ages range from 198±24 to 38±5 Ma and mean fission-track lengths are all <13.3 μm. Samples throughout the study area underwent total track annealing during the Late Hercynian magmatic episode, followed by fast cooling prior to the deposition of Lower Triassic sediments. The Lower Triassic sediments and basement rocks underwent a temperature increase during a first Mesozoic rift phase in Middle Triassic–Early Jurassic times resulting in the complete or near complete annealing of the fission-tracks. During a second Mesozoic rifting stage, in Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time, differential tectonic block activity is observed in the three studied tectonic blocks. Subsequently, during Late Cretaceous a long-period of thermal stability, detected in all samples, is related to the post-rift episode. The onset of fast cooling registered in the apatite fission track system during Paleogene times is related to the Pyrenean orogeny. Compressional forces associated with the ongoing southern migration of the convergence forces at the Iberian plate boundaries caused unroofing of about 2–3 km of material of the Prades and northwestern flank of the Priorat block. Extensional collapse in Late Oligocene–Miocene related to the Western Mediterranean rifting triggered the denudation of about 2 km of material from the southeastern flank of the Miramar, Prades and Priorat blocks.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
An integrated study of fission-track (FT) dating and structural geology revealed a complex tectono-thermal history preserved in basement rocks of central Madagascar since the amalgamation of Gondwana at the end of the Cambrian. A detailed study of five domains argues for several cooling steps with associated brittle deformations during the separation of Madagascar.Titanite and apatite FT ages range between 483 Ma and 266 Ma and between 460 Ma and 79 Ma, respectively. The titanite FT data indicate that the final cooling after the latest metamorphic overprint was terminated at c. 500 Ma (FC1). A 150 Myr phase of minor cooling (SC2), possibly related to a phase of tectonic quiescence and isostatic compensation, followed episode FC1. Between the Carboniferous and Early Jurassic, when an intracontinental rift developed between East Africa and Madagascar, complex brittle deformation effected the western margin of Madagascar and led to differential cooling of small basement blocks (FC3–FC5). During this period, ductile structural trends were reactivated at the western basement margin and in the centre of the island.A Late Cretaceous thermal event (T1) affected apatite FT data of samples from western–central and the eastern margin of Madagascar. These ages are related to the Madagascar–India/Seychelles break-up, whereby the thermal penetration along the eastern coast was restricted to the west by the Angavo shear zone (AGSZ). The Cretaceous evolution of the eastern margin was associated with minor erosion and was triggered by vertical displacements along brittle structures.  相似文献   

20.
Fission-track dating was conducted on zircons and apatites from 11 cores of the upper Xiaganchaigou Formation and lower Shangganchaigou Formation (northwestern Qaidam Basin). The obtained apatite fission-track age is 3.1–61.9 Ma, and the zircon fission-track age is 49.2–123.5 Ma. Although the average apatite age is consistent with ages predicted from the stratigraphy, nine of the 11 apatite fission-track ages have \(\hbox {P}(\upchi ^{2}) < 5\%\), indicating that the grains experienced heterogeneous annealing after sedimentation. The average zircon age is greater than that indicated by stratigraphy, and all eight zircon fission ages have \(\hbox {P}(\upchi ^{2})>5\%\), exhibiting consistent characteristics and indicating that zircons retain provenance age information after burial. From the zircon and apatite ages, the fission-track length distribution, and the geological setting, the northwestern Qaidam Basin has experienced two tectonothermal events since the Late Mesozoic, at \(39.1 \pm 9.3\) to \(133.7\,\pm \,6.6\,\hbox {Ma}\) and \(1.2 \pm 0.6\) to \(32.0\,\pm \,3.0\,\hbox {Ma}\). The earlier (39.1–133.7 Ma) tectonothermal event resulted from the initial collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. As a consequence of the collision, the Altyn Tagh fault, which forms the northwestern boundary of the Qaidam Basin, began to develop. Subsequently, uplift of the Altyn Tagh mountains began and the northwestern depression of the Qaidam Basin started to form. The later (1.2–32.0 Ma) tectonothermal event resulted from further collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates along the Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone. Strata in the Qaidam Basin were further deformed by transpression in this period and this period played a crucial role in petroleum accumulation.  相似文献   

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