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1.
Application of 3-D Crustal and Upper Mantle Velocity Model of North America for Location of Regional Seismic Events 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
—?Seismic event locations based on regional 1-D velocity-depth sections can have bias errors caused by travel-time variations within different tectonic provinces and due to ray-paths crossing boundaries between tectonic provinces with different crustal and upper mantle velocity structures. Seismic event locations based on 3-D velocity models have the potential to overcome these limitations. This paper summarizes preliminary results for calibration of IMS for North America using 3-D velocity model. A 3-D modeling software was used to compute Source-Station Specific Corrections (SSSCs(3-D)) for Pn travel times utilizing 3-D crustal and upper mantle velocity model for the region. This research was performed within the framework of the United States/Russian Federation Joint Program of Seismic Calibration of the International Monitoring System (IMS) in Northern Eurasia and North America.¶An initial 3-D velocity model for North America was derived by combining and interpolating 1-D velocity-depth sections for different tectonic units. In areas where no information on 1-D velocity-depth sections was available, tectonic regionalization was used to extrapolate or interpolate. A Moho depth map was integrated. This approach combines the information obtained from refraction profiles with information derived from local and regional network data. The initial 3-D velocity model was tested against maps of Pn travel-time residuals for eight calibration explosions; corrections to the 3-D model were made to fit the observed residuals. Our goal was to find a 3-D crustal and upper mantle velocity model capable predicting Pn travel times with an accuracy of 1.0–1.5 seconds (r.m.s.).¶The 3-D velocity model for North America that gave the best fit to the observed travel times, was used to produce maps of SSSCs(3-D) for seismic stations. The computed SSSCs(3-D) vary approximately from +5 seconds to ?5 seconds for the western USA and the Pre-Cambrian platform, respectively. These SSSCs(3-D) along with estimated modeling and measurement errors were used to relocate, using regional data, an independent set of large chemical explosions (with known locations and origin times) detonated within various tectonic provinces of North America. Utilization of the 3-D velocity model through application of the computed SSSCs(3-D) resulted in a substantial improvement in seismic event location accuracy and in a significant decrease of error ellipse area for all events analyzed in comparison both with locations based on the IASPEI91 travel times and locations based on 1-D regional velocity models. 相似文献
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Three-layer model for vertical velocity distribution in open channel flow with submerged rigid vegetation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Based on the detailed laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis, a new three-layer model is proposed to predict the vertical velocity distribution in an open channel flow with submerged vegetation. The time averaged velocity and turbulence behaviour of a steady uniform flow with fully submerged artificial rigid vegetation was measured using a 3D Micro ADV, and the vertical distribution of velocity and Reynolds shear stress at different vegetation height, vegetation density and measuring positions were obtained. The results show that the velocity profile consists of three hydrodynamic regimes (i.e. the upper non-vegetated layer, the outer and bottom layer within vegetation); accordingly different methods had been adopted to describe the vertical velocity distribution. For the upper non-vegetated layer, a modified mixing length theory combined with the concept of ‘the new vegetation boundary layer’ was adopted, and an analytical model was presented to predict the vertical velocity distribution in this region. For the bottom layer within vegetation, the depth average velocity was obtained by numerically solving the momentum equations. For the upper layer within vegetation, the analytical solution was presented by expressing the shear stress as a formula fitted to the experimental data. Finally, the analytical predictions of the vertical velocity over the whole flow depth were compared with the results obtained by other researchers, and the good agreement proved that the three-layer model can be used to predict the velocity distribution of the open channel flow with submerged rigid vegetation. 相似文献
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The effect of fully submerged boulders on the flow structure in channels has been studied by some researchers. However, many natural streams have bed material with boulders that are not fully submerged under water. In many natural streams, boulders cover between 1% and 10% of the area of the stream reach. The effect of non-submerged boulders on the velocity profile and flow characteristics is very important for assessing riverbed deformation. The objectives of this paper are to find the pattern of velocity distribution around a non-submerged boulder and to compare it with the classical studies on flow resistance and Reynolds stress distribution in open channels. Also, by considering the variation in the Reynolds stress distribution at different locations around a non-submerged boulder, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of shear velocity and resistance to flow has been investigated. Results indicates that inside the scour hole caused by a non-submerged boulder in a river velocity distributions are irregular. However, velocity distributions are regular outside the scour hole. The presence of the boulder causes a considerable deviation of the Reynolds shear stress from the classic distribution, showing a non-specific distribution with negative values. The classical methods for calculating shear velocity are not suitable because these methods do not give detailed velocity and Reynolds stress distributions in natural rivers with a lot of boulders. Thus, the effect of a non-submerged boulder on the estimation of the resistance to flow by considering the variations in velocity and Reynolds stress distributions at different locations around a non-submerged boulder is important and needs to be studied in a natural river instead of just in laboratory flumes. The negative values in Reynolds stress distribution around a boulder indicate that the classical methods are unable to predict resistance to flow, and also show strong turbulence inside the scour hole where the complex flow conditions present ambiguous Reynolds stress distributions. In the current study, to obtain a reasonable estimation of parameters in natural rivers, the classical method has been modified by considering velocity and Reynolds stress distributions through the boundary layer method. 相似文献
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综合利用川西流动地震台阵观测数据和震后应急地震观测台站的震相数据,采用双差地震定位方法对汶川地震的余震序列进行了精确重新定位,并对汶川地震的地震构造进行了深入研究.其结果显示,汶川地震序列从彭灌杂岩南缘开始破裂,主震及其余震破裂带长约350 km,在大部分区域宽约20~30 km,其宽度和空间形态沿破裂带显示了强烈的分段和非均匀特征.坚硬的彭灌杂岩对余震的非均匀性分布和汶川地震复杂的破裂过程起到了重要的控制作用.以松潘—甘孜地块中地壳低速层顶部为底边界,余震主要分布在4~24 km深度范围内的龙门山东缘上地壳高速层内.余震深度分布剖面清晰地显示了映秀—北川断裂和灌县—江油断裂以及汶川—茂汶断裂在20~22 km深度合并为剪切带的特征.小鱼洞到理县方向存在一条长度超过60 km的垂直于龙门山走向的余震分布条带,综合震源机制解和地震破裂过程的研究结果,我们推测,这是坚硬的彭灌杂岩体底部在长期应力积累作用下发生破裂的反映,并成为汶川地震释放出巨大能量的主要原因. 相似文献
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Finite‐difference P‐SV simulations of seismic scattering characteristics of faulted coal‐seam models have been undertaken for near‐surface P‐ and S‐wave sources in an attempt to understand the efficiency of body‐wave to channel‐wave mode conversion and how it depends on the elastic parameters of the structure. The synthetic seismograms clearly show the groups of channel waves generated at the fault: one by the downgoing P‐wave and the other by the downgoing S‐wave. These modes travel horizontally in the seam at velocities less than the S‐wavespeed of the rock. A strong Airy phase is generated for the fundamental mode. The velocity contrast between the coal and the host rock is a more important parameter than the density contrast in controlling the amplitude of the channel waves. The optimal coupling from body‐wave energy to channel‐wave energy occurs at a velocity contrast of 1.5. Strong guided waves are produced by the incident S‐sources for source angles of 75° to 90° (close to the near‐side face of the fault). As the fault throw increases, the amplitude of the channel wave also increases. The presence of a lower‐velocity clay layer within the coal‐seam sequence affects the waveguiding characteristics. The displacement amplitude distribution is shifted more towards the lower‐wavespeed layer. The presence of a ‘washout’ zone or a brecciated zone surrounding the fault also results in greater forward scattering and channel‐wave capture by the coal seam. 相似文献
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Ali A. Nowroozi 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1990,133(1):103-115
In reflection surveys and velocity analysis, calculations of interval velocities and layer-thicknesses of a multilayered horizontal structure are often based on Dix's equation which requires the travel times at zero offsets and a prior estimate of the root mean squared velocities.In this paper a method is presented which requires only the reflection travel-time data. A set of equations are derived which relate the interval velocity and thickness of a layer to the reflection travel time from the top and the bottom of that layer, the offset distances and the ray parameter. It is shown that the difference of the offset distances and the difference of the picked travel times of any reflected rays with the same value of ray parameter from the top and the bottom of a horizontal layer can be used to calculate the interval velocity and thickness of that layer. 相似文献
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利用2010年珠江口外海陆地震联测数据,探测到滨海断裂带在担杆岛外12 km处发育,断裂带主体倾向东南、宽约20 km,沉积层在断裂带内迅速增厚引起陆上固定地震台站的Pg震相在对应断裂带位置的走时明显滞后.通过震相分析和走时正演拟合,获得了滨海断裂带两侧由浅至深的纵波速度结构模型,断裂带内部沉积层速度为1.8~3.5 km/s,上地壳速度5.2~6.1 km/s,下地壳速度为6.3~6.6 km/s,莫霍面的埋深由滨海断裂带陆侧的29 km抬升至其海侧的27 km.滨海断裂带两侧的地壳结构特征明显不同,证实了该断裂带是华南陆区正常型陆壳与南海减薄型陆壳分界断裂的性质.在华南沿海和海陆过渡带的下地壳顶部探测到厚约3 km、层速度为5.5~5.9 km/s的低速层,往海域逐渐减薄尖灭.壳内低速层是地壳中的力学软弱带,与近似正交的NEE向滨海断裂带和NW向断裂带共同组构成了该区地震活动的孕震构造. 相似文献
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晋冀鲁豫交界地区震源位置及震源区速度结构的联合反演 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用邯郸数字台网记录到的2001—2008年间460次ML≥1.0地震的1861条P波到时数据, 采用震源位置和速度结构联合反演方法确定晋冀鲁豫交界地区(35.0°~38.0°N, 113.0°~116.0°E)地震的震源位置分布和该区域的速度结构。 结果表明: ① 经过重新定位后, P波走时的均方根残差(RMS)由反演前的1.35 s降到反演后的0.45 s。 定位偏差在EW方向上平均为0.031 km, 在NS方向上平均为0.029 km, 在垂直方向上平均为0.060 km。 ② 邢台震区的中小地震明显呈NEE向分布, 深度主要集中分布在7~14 km范围内; 磁县震区中小震分布相对复杂, 具有NEE和NWW两个展布方向, 震源深度主要集中在8~18 km范围内, 总体上晋冀鲁豫交界地区中小地震深度呈现北部浅南部深的趋势。 ③ 反演得到了晋冀鲁豫交界地区的速度结构, 在邢台地震极震区下方7~14 km处存在低速层, 与1966年邢台7.2级地震的震源深度一致;在磁县地震极震区下方13~18 km处也存在低速层与1831年磁县7.5级地震震源深度一致, 且磁县震区下方的速度结构比邢台震区更为复杂。 相似文献
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T. B. Yanovskaya V. S. Gobarenko T. P. Yegorova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2016,52(1):14-28
The P-wave travel time data from the earthquakes offshore and onshore around the Black Sea are used for the tomographic reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3D) velocity distribution in the lithosphere of the region. The preliminary refinement of the foci parameters (the coordinates and origin time) has reduced the random errors in the travel-time data. The earthquake data were supplemented by the previous deep seismic sounding (DSS) data on the profiles in Crimea and offshore off the Black Sea. The dataset included more than 4000 travel times overall. In order to eliminate the crustal effect, the travel times were reduced to a surface at a depth of 35 km corresponding to the mean Moho depth in the region. The improved crustal model was used for removing the contribution of the crust from the initial data. The new tomography method, which was recently developed by one of the authors and which relies on the assumption of smoothness of the lateral velocity variations, was applied for reconstructing the velocity structure of the upper mantle beneath the Black Sea up to a depth of 95 km. The lateral velocity variation maps at different depths and the vertical velocity distributions along the meridional and sublatitudinal cross sections across the Black Sea were constructed. High velocities were revealed in the subcrustal lithosphere, and the structural difference below two subbasins—the West Black Sea (WBS) and the East Black Sea (EBS) ones—was established. It shows that the high-velocity body below the WBS is located deeper than below the EBS and is distinguished by higher velocities. Based on these results, it is concluded that the lithosphere beneath the Black Sea has a continental origin. 相似文献
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A field study of mean and turbulent flow characteristics upwind,over and downwind of barchan dunes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Field‐measured patterns of mean velocity and turbulent airflow are reported for isolated barchan dunes. Turbulence was sampled using a high frequency sonic anemometer, deriving near‐surface Reynolds shear and normal stresses. Measurements upwind of and over a crest‐brink separated barchan indicated that shear stress was sustained despite a velocity reduction at the dune toe. The mapped streamline angles and enhanced turbulent intensities suggest the effects of positive streamline curvature are responsible for this maintenance of shear stress. This field evidence supports an existing model for dune morphodynamics based on wind tunnel turbulence measurements. Downwind, the effect of different dune profiles on flow re‐attachment and recovery was apparent. With transverse incident flow, a re‐attachment length between 2·3 and 5·0h (h is dune brink height) existed for a crest‐brink separated dune and 6·5 to 8·6h for a crest‐brink coincident dune. The lee side shear layer produced elevated turbulent stresses immediately downwind of both dunes, and a decrease in turbulence with distance characterized flow recovery. Recovery of mean velocity for the crest‐brink separated dune occurred over a distance 6·5h shorter than the crest‐brink coincident form. As the application of sonic anemometers in aeolian geomorphology is relatively new, there is debate concerning the suitability of processing their data in relation to dune surface and streamline angle. This paper demonstrates the effect on Reynolds stresses of mathematically correcting data to the local streamline over varying dune slope. Where the streamline angle was closely related to the surface (windward slope), time‐averaged shear stress agreed best with previous wind tunnel findings when data were rotated along streamlines. In the close lee, however, the angle of downwardly projected (separated) flow was not aligned with the flat ground surface. Here, shear stress appeared to be underestimated by streamline correction, and corrected shear stress values were less than half of those uncorrected. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Enrico Bonatti Daniele Brunelli W. Roger Buck Anna Cipriani Paola Fabretti Valentina Ferrante Luca Gasperini Marco Ligi 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2005,240(3-4):642-655
The Vema Transverse Ridge (VTR) is a prominent, long and narrow topographic anomaly that runs for over 300 km along a sea floor spreading flow line south of the Vema transform at 11° N in the Atlantic. It rises abruptly about 140 km from the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) in 10 Myr old crust and runs continuously up to 25 Myr old crust. It reaches over 3 km above the predicted lithospheric thermal contraction level. It is absent in crust younger than 10 Myr; thus, the uplift of the VTR must have ended roughly 10 Ma. The VTR is interpreted as the exposed edge of a flexured and uplifted slab of oceanic lithosphere that was generated at an 80 km long MAR segment. Based on satellite gravimetry imagery this MAR segment was born roughly 50 Ma and increased its length at an average rate of 1.6 mm/yr. Multibeam data show that the MAR-parallel sea floor fabric south of the VTR shifts its orientation by 5° to 10° clockwise in 11–12 Myr old crust, indicating a change at that time of the orientation of the MAR axis and of the position of the Euler rotation pole. This change caused extension normal to the transform, followed between 12 and 10 Ma by flexure of the edge of the lithospheric slab, uplift of the VTR at a rate of 2 to 4 mm/yr, and exposure of a lithospheric section (Vema Lithospheric Section or VLS) at the northern edge of the slab, parallel to the Vema transform. Ages of pelagic carbonates encrusting ultramafic rocks sampled at the base of the VLS at different distances from the MAR axis suggest that the entire VTR rose vertically as a single block within the active transform offset. A 50 km long portion of the crest of the VTR rose above sea level, subsided, was truncated at sea level and covered by a carbonate platform. Subaerial and submarine erosion has gradually removed material from the top of the VTR and has modified its slopes. Spreading half rate of the crust south of the transform decreased from 17.2 mm/yr between 26 and 19 Ma to 16.9 mm/yr between 19 and 10 Ma, to 13.6 mm/yr from 10 Ma to present. The slowing down of spreading occurred close in time to the change in ridge/transform geometry, suggesting that the two events are related. A numerical model relates lithospheric flexure to extension normal to the transform, suggesting that the extent of the uplift depends on the thickness of the brittle layer, consistent with the observed greater uplift of the older lithosphere along the VTR. 相似文献
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Mariusz Majdański Maciej Trzeciak Edward Gaczyński Andrzej Maksym 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2016,60(3):565-582
The travel time inversion of wide-angle seismic data is a technique commonly used in the deep seismic sounding. We propose an application of this technique to a smaller scale of a sedimentary layer, where the characteristics of seismic observations changes significantly. Field observations confirmed by synthetic analysis recognize the dominant amplitudes of wide-angle post-critical reflections. A case study is presented in this paper, of a joint interpretation of conventional reflection seismic with reflection imaging, combined with the wide-angle travel time inversion of additional full-spread observations. A joint interpretation results in a precise recognition of the seismic velocity distribution, that is further used for the seismic depth conversion with the uncertainty analysis of the depth of the reflecting horizons. Despite the salt layer in the studied structure this method is able to precisely recognize the seismic velocities of the sub-salt structures. 相似文献
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利用2014年完成的穿过银川盆地人工源宽角反射与折射剖面的3炮长观测距资料,采用基于地震波走时反演方法的Rayinvr算法得到了研究区地壳和上地幔的速度结构.结果表明:研究区地壳厚度为42—48 km,莫霍面沿剖面展布形态呈现出东西两侧浅、中部较深的特征,莫霍面最深的区段位于贺兰山下方. P波速度沿剖面随着深度的增加呈正梯度增大,然而在深度约为90—103 km的岩石圈地幔中,识别出两组较明显的反射界面,两组界面之间并未发现P波速度随深度而显著增加,表明研究区下方存在与地球平均模型中速度随深度增加而增大不相符的速度结构,推测银川盆地下方岩石圈与软流圈之间可能存在速度过渡带. 相似文献
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本文根据1982和1985年在福州-泉州-汕头地区的人工爆炸地震测深资料,分析了震相特征,共识别到九个波组:P1、Pg、Pg′、P3°、P4（P4°）、P5°、Pn（Pn°）、P7*及S波组。通过对波的走时反演、正演拟合、理论地震图和射线追踪方法反复计算,得到了该区地壳与上地幔结构模型。结果表明,该区具有大陆地壳向海洋地壳过渡的边缘地区结构特征。地壳P波速度6.30km/s,莫霍面速度7.90km/s,地壳厚度30km,由三层构成,厚度分别为3km、15km和12km。在中地壳存在一层速度为5.50-5.90km/s、厚度为3.0-4.0km的低速层,低速层分布与温泉出露有密切的关系。在下地壳下部有一数公里厚的高速致密的壳-幔混合物层,其形成原因是由于上地幔物质上涌并迁移到下地壳的结果。此外,还讨论了莫霍面结构,界面起伏和断裂展布概况。 相似文献
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The Yellowstone volcano is one of the largest active volcanoes in the world, and its potential hazards demand detailed seismological and geodetic studies. Previous studies with travel time tomography and receiver functions have revealed a low-velocity layer in the crust beneath the Yellowstone volcano, suggesting the presence of a magma chamber at depth. We use ambient seismic noise from regional seismic stations to retrieve short-period surface waves and then study the shallow shear velocity structure of the Yellowstone region by surface wave dispersion analysis. We first obtained a crustal model of the area outside of the Yellowstone volcano and then constructed an absolute shear wave velocity structure in combination with receiver function results for the crust beneath the Yellowstone volcano. The velocity model shows a low-velocity layer with shear velocity at around 1.3 km/s, suggesting that a large-scale magma chamber exists at shallow levels within the crust of the Yellowstone volcanic region. 相似文献
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Experimental investigation of the impacts of coherent flow structures upon turbulence properties in regions of crescentic scour 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 This study examines the spatial distributions of third‐order moments of velocity fluctuations, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) fluxes, and the conditional statistics of Reynolds shear stress across the equilibrium crescentic scour structures generated upstream of short horizontal static cylinders. Detailed velocity data were collected using three‐dimensional (3D) micro‐acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) across and within the equilibrium scour marks. The analysis reveals that the positive and negative values of third‐order moments associated with the level bed surface and the scour holes are directly related to coherent structures. The components of TKE flux are discussed for the near‐bed region of the level bed surface and scour holes in relation to sweep–ejection events. A cumulant‐discard method is applied to the Gram‐Charlier probability distribution of two variables to describe the statistical properties of the term u′w′. The conditional statistics of the Reynolds shear stress show a good agreement with the experimental data. The distribution of the joint probability density function in the near‐bed region changes cyclically along the scour hole depending on the bottom fluid velocity, which implies a change from upward to downward flux of momentum and vice versa. Both the ejection and sweep events at near‐bed points on the level surface are more important than within the scour region; and in contrast, both events are stronger for the scour marks than the level bed surface at the outer layer. Sweeps dominate over ejections for the scour hole induced by smaller diameter and ejections dominate for larger diameter. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Active source monitoring at the Wenchuan fault zone: coseismic velocity change associated with aftershock event and its implication 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 With the improvement of seismic observation system, more and more observations indicate that earthquakes may cause seismic velocity change. However, the amplitude and spatial distribution of the velocity variation remains a controversial issue. Recent active source monitoring carried out adjacent to Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling (WFSD) revealed unambiguous coseismic velocity change associated with a local Ms5.5 earthquake. Here, we carry out forward modeling using two-dimensional spectral element method to further investigate the amplitude and spatial distribution of observed velocity change. The model is well constrained by results from seismic reflection and WFSD coring. Our model strongly suggests that the observed coseismic velocity change is localized within the fault zone with width of ~120 m rather than dynamic strong ground shaking. And a velocity decrease of ~2.0 % within the fault zone is required to fit the observed travel time delay distribution, which coincides with rock mechanical experiment and theoretical modeling. 相似文献
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Wide-angle reflections are now routinely recorded in high resolution explosion seismics to study the crustal structure. Use of Dix's hyperbolic approximation to the nonhyperbolic wide-angle reflection travel times causes major errors in the determination of interval velocities and layer thicknesses of a stack of horizontal velocity layers. Here we propose a layer stripping method to directly calculate the interval velocities and layer thicknesses in a vertically heterogeneous earth from the strong and reliable wide-angle reflected events. Synthetic reflection travel times, at wide-angle range, for a given velocity model, contaminated by some random errors, have been used to demonstrate the reliability of the algorithms to determine the interval velocities and thicknesses of various layers. The method has also been tested on two field examples along two deep seismic sounding (DSS) profiles with well identified wide-angle reflection travel times, which illustrates the practical feasibility of the proposed method. 相似文献