共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 359 毫秒
1.
我国西南地区一次暴雨过程特征及成因 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达资料和高空风等各种天气学资料,对2009年6月8—9日广西、贵州、以及和湖南交界地带的一次暴雨过程进行了综合分析。结果表明,暴雨是由中尺度对流复合体东移、β中尺度强对流云团发展、以及二者合并造成的;地面α中尺度低压带配合α中尺度纬向切变线的生成,为中尺度对流复合体（mesoscale convective complex,MCC）的东移发展、β中尺度强对流云团的发展、以及二者的合并创造了有利条件;地面能量比低值舌的活动是MCC和β中尺度强对流云团生成和发展的触发机制之一;在多普勒雷达径向速度图上,MCC的生成和发展,伴随西南低空急流的建立和维持,大范围的逆风区的生成;MCC的消亡,伴随西南低空急流的减弱和消失,对应西北气流建立和东扩。MCC发展期和β中尺度强对流云团发展期、MCC消散期和β中尺度强对流云团消散期的涡度收支以及视热源和视水汽汇有很大的不同。 相似文献
2.
利用非静力中尺度模式MM5V3的模拟资料对"99.6"梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了对流动量输送(CMT)和视热源视水汽汇分析。CMT诊断分析表明,水平动量残差在切变低涡发展的不同阶段的作用是不同的,在中尺度低涡发生初期对流层低层动量残差X主要是加速西南气流的北上;在对流层中层动量残差在槽后加速冷空气南下,在槽前加速西南暖湿气流北上,非常有利于东亚大槽的发展。在低涡切变线强烈发展时,850hPa的X方向与发生阶段相反,此时西南气流受到了强烈的减速作用,同时500hPa东亚大槽的前部和后部出现了减速气流的动量残差,槽后冷空气和槽前的暖湿气流都已经受到减速作用,此后低涡切变线逐渐衰减。低涡切变线发展到最强的阶段,强X矢量几乎总是与强烈上升运动区相对应,能量转换E的水平分布表明,大尺度系统与中尺度系统之间的能量转换非常复杂,并不是简单的能量串级过程,但能量主要是从大尺度向次网格尺度转换。200hPa动能转换E的带状分布非常清楚,E的正负大值中心分布在高空急流的2侧,表明高空急流在能量转换的过程中起到非常重要的作用。视热源和视水汽汇的诊断分析显示,强凝结潜热的释放与低涡的发展相伴随,但视热源只与β中尺度系统有明显的对应关系,视水汽汇有和视热源非常相似的分布特征。 相似文献
3.
利用GMS-5红外逐时Tbb资料和客观分析资料,分析2002年海口美兰机场一次雷雨天气产生的云图特征和相应大尺度环境场特征。认为该强对流天气是由中尺度对流系统造成的,该中尺度对流系统是在合适的西风槽前的大尺度环境场背景下,在有利的水汽场、涡度场、散度场中发展起来的。它单独起源于海南岛中部陆地上空,其生命史约为11小时。 相似文献
4.
和α中尺度对流复合体(Mesoscale Co-nvective Complex,缩写为 MCC)联系的β中尺度的时空特征,已被综合成一个生命史概念模式(Conceptual lifecycle model)。这个模式将作为一个工具,有效地用于改进MCCs 的短期预报。这个模式包括与 MCC的卫星云图形状有关的降水分布的特征模式。每个 MCC 都是多个β中尺度对流串在先,这对流串是沿着α中尺度特征线排列的。这个特征在每小时地面和卫星资料上表现很明显。MCC 的增长集中在这些β中尺度串地方,这些β中尺度对流串沿着α中尺度特征交接线排列,且离交接线最近。在 MCC的整个成熟阶段,多个β中尺度对流在扩展的砧状降水区内持续活动,系统的衰减标志是β中尺度对流的减弱和传播扩散移走。曾用独立个例和这个概念模式做了简要对比。 相似文献
5.
通过对1998年南海季风爆发过程中大尺度风场、温度场、厚度场、地面气压场以及视热源与视水汽汇的演变分析研究了对流活动对大尺度场的作用,结果表明:大尺度环流与中尺度对流活动之间可能存在着一种正反馈机制。在季风爆发早期,大尺度背景与中尺度对流活动的关系主要表现为前者为季风爆发以及中尺度对流活动的发生提供有利的天气和动力条件;季风爆发后期持续的大范围中尺度对流活动反过来会对大尺度环流存在明显的反馈作用。由对流活动强烈发展产生的凝结潜热释放在南海北部造成了显著的大气加热,使对流层中上层出现一明显的加热中心,这导致:(1)南海上空经向温度梯度由高层向低层发生反向,形成北高南低的温度梯度,从而使大尺度环流发生季节性改变;(2)相应南海北部地面气压不断加深,形成宽广的季风槽和明显的减压区,促使副热带高压从南海地区最后撤离;(3)随着中低层低压环流的不断发展,对流系统和降水区进一步加强并向南扩展,有利于南海季风在南海中、南部地区爆发和维持;(4)季风槽的加深使其南侧的季风气流与水汽输送进一步加强,促使季风爆发过程达到盛期。 相似文献
6.
通过对我国三次(“81.7”、“81.8”和“91.7”)典型大暴雨过程的动力学和热力学诊断来探讨暴雨中尺度系统发生与发展的问题。大、中尺度天气分析指出,无论是发生在我国东部的“91.7”暴雨过程,还是出现在西部地区的“81.7”和“81.8”暴雨过程,都与在特定大尺度环流形势下持续发展的中尺度系统直接关联。涡度诊断表明,高、低空正涡度中心的叠加和耦合、并形成一个正涡度柱是这类暴雨中尺度系统持续发展的一种共同特征。根据场分解涡度方程获得的涡源诊断表明,涡源对这类中尺度系统的发生和发展具有重要的动力学贡献。中尺度热量和水汽收支诊断揭示,视热源 Q_1和视水汽汇 Q_2的垂直积分高值区,与低涡或低涡切变线及其暴雨区基本一致;Q_1(Q_2)的面积平均最大加热(增湿)区间出现在对流层中、上(下)部;由于感热和潜热对流涡动通量辐合的加热,在其上部近乎等于凝结释放潜热量的一半。 相似文献
7.
8.
青藏高原东南部MCC的地域特点分析 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
青藏高原东南部是一个对流天气频繁发生的地区。在该地区生成发展的MCC不仅给当地造成大范围的雷电和强降水天气,还对长江中下游地区的天气产生明显的影响。文中通过对2001~2002年6~9月发生在该地区的16个MCC个例的分析,得出其具有明显的地域特点:(1)MCC最易发生在100°E附近的横断山脉地区和105°E附近的成都平原地区,且后者多于前者;(2)它们都具有生命史短,水平尺度较小和生消变化快的特点,但东部型生消时间晚,降水量大;西部型生消时间早,降水量小;(3)东部型和西部型MCC发生前的环流背景和成熟阶段的垂直结构也有明显不同。东部型MCC在形成前中低层有明显的水汽输送,在成熟阶段中低层有较强的正涡度环流,有较弱的垂直风切变,具有较为典型的MCC特征;而西部型MCC在形成前中低层水汽输送不明显,成熟阶段的正涡度环流不强,处于较强高空急流的正下方,具有与强风暴相类似的一些特征。 相似文献
9.
海口美兰机场一次雷雨天气的分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用GMS—5红外逐时Tbb资料和客观分析资料，分析2002年海口美兰机场一次雷雨天气产生的云图特征和相应大尺度环境场特征。认为该强对流天气是由中尺度对流系统造成的，该中尺度对流系统是在合适的西风槽前的大尺度环境场背景下，在有利的水汽场、涡度场、散度场中发展起来的。它单独起源于海南岛中部陆地上空，其生命史约为11小时。 相似文献
10.
11.
The few systematic international comparisons of climate policy strength made so far have serious weaknesses, particularly those that assign arbitrary weightings to different policy instrument types in order to calculate an aggregate score for policy strength. This article avoids these problems by ranking the six biggest emitters by far – China, the US, the EU, India, Russia, and Japan – on a set of six key policy instruments that are individually potent and together representative of climate policy as a whole: carbon taxes, emissions trading, feed-in tariffs, renewable energy quotas, fossil fuel power plant bans, and vehicle emissions standards. The results cast strong doubt on any idea that there is a clear hierarchy on climate policy with Europe at the top: the EU does lead on a number of policies but so does Japan. China, the US, and India each lead on one area. Russia is inactive on all fronts. At the same time climate policy everywhere remains weak compared to what it could be.
Policy relevance
This study enables climate policy strength, defined as the extent to which the statutory provisions of climate policies are likely to restrict GHG emissions if implemented as intended, to be assessed and compared more realistically across space and time. As such its availability for the six biggest emitters, which together account for over 70% of global CO2 emissions, should facilitate international negotiations (1) by giving participants a better idea of where major emitters stand relative to each other as far as climate policy stringency is concerned, and (2) by identifying areas of weakness that need action. 相似文献
12.
Wind-driven, double-gyre, ocean circulation in a reduced-gravity, 2.5-layer, lattice boltzmann model
A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes. 相似文献
13.
Anthony H. McDaniel Chris A. Cantrell James A. Davidson Richard E. Shetter Jack G. Calvert 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,12(3):211-227
The infrared absorption cross-sections for eight commonly used halogenated methanes and ethanes have been measured as a function of temperature from 203 to 293 K. High resolution spectra (0.03 cm-1) have been used to derive integrated band strengths and peak cross-sections associated with the spectral features in the infrared region from 600 to 1500 cm-2. The values obtained in this study are compared to those from previous reports, and recommendations are made for uses in atmospheric sensing and radiative energy transfer models. The observed temperature dependence in the spectral features is also discussed. 相似文献
14.
利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对承德市2017年5月5—6日大风天气的环流形势和物理量进行分析,结果表明气旋的快速发展(气旋加深率0.84 B)导致锋生加强,引发气压和变压梯度加大是导致大风的直接原因。500 hPa高压脊东移迫使冷空气向南堆积,高空槽不断发展成为冷涡,温度平流为地面气旋的发展提供热力条件,高低层涡度平流的差异,也是地面气旋快速发展的重要原因;当1.5 PVU位涡面伸展至对流层低层时,局地位涡异常在气旋的发展过程中不可忽视;高空急流出口区发生质量调整,出口区左侧的辐散强度达10×10~(-5) s~(-1),使低层大气减压,有利于气旋发展。 相似文献
15.
利用气象业务中使用的L波段探空数据和毫米波云雷达观测资料,分析探空相对湿度在入云和出云时的变化规律,提出一种基于探空相对湿度阈值与梯度相结合的云区边界识别改进算法,并利用云雷达观测数据对算法识别结果进行验证.利用北京市南郊观象台2019年1—6月层状云样本验证分析,结果表明:改进算法相比相对湿度阈值法,对云区边界识别更... 相似文献
16.
Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
Coleen Vogel Susanne C. Moser Roger E. Kasperson Geoffrey D. Dabelko 《Global Environmental Change》2007,17(3-4):349-364
Vulnerability, adaptation and resilience are concepts that are finding increasing currency in several fields of research as well as in various policy and practitioner communities engaged in global environmental change science, climate change, sustainability science, disaster risk-reduction and famine interventions. As scientists and practitioners increasingly work together in this arena a number of questions are emerging: What is credible, salient and legitimate knowledge, how is this knowledge generated and how is it used in decision making? Drawing on important science in this field, and including a case study from southern Africa, we suggest an alternative mode of interaction to the usual one-way interaction between science and practice often used. In this alternative approach, different experts, risk-bearers, and local communities are involved and knowledge and practice is contested, co-produced and reflected upon. Despite some successes in the use and negotiation of such knowledge for ‘real’ world issues, a number of problems persist that require further investigation including the difficulties of developing consensus on the methodologies used by a range of stakeholders usually across a wide region (as the case study of southern Africa shows, particularly in determining and identifying vulnerable groups, sectors, and systems); slow delivery of products that could enhance resilience to change that reflects not only a lack of data, and need for scientific credibility, but also the time-consuming process of coming to a negotiated understanding in science–practice interactions and, finally, the need to clarify the role of ‘external’ agencies, stakeholders, and scientists at the outset of the dialogue process and subsequent interactions. Such factors, we argue, all hinder the use of vulnerability and resilience ‘knowledge’ that is being generated and will require much more detailed investigation by both producers and users of such knowledge. 相似文献
17.
Stephen F. Wathen 《Climatic change》2011,108(1-2):333-356
This paper provides both a detailed history of environmental change in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years and evidence for climate teleconnections between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland during the late Holocene. A review of Greenland ice core data suggests that the magnitudes of abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation increased beginning c. 3,700 and 3,000 years ago, respectively. Precipitation increased abruptly 1,300 years ago. Comparing paleotemperature data from Cirque Peak, CA with paleoprecipitation data from Pyramid Lake, NV suggests that hot temperatures occurred at the beginnings of most severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. Severe fires and erosion also occurred at Coburn Lake, CA at the beginning of all severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. This suggests that abrupt climate change during the late Holocene caused vegetation and mountain slopes in some areas to be out of equilibrium with abruptly changed climates. Finally, the ending of drought conditions in Greenland coincided with the beginning of drought conditions in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years, perhaps as a result of the rapidly changed locations of the Earth??s major precipitation belts during abrupt climate change events. 相似文献
18.
利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,通过对发生在江苏的三次不同量级的区域性暴雪、大雪和中雪过程典型个例进行对比分析,发现降雪时,700hPa低空急流的位置和强度是影响降雪量级的主要因素之一;降雪区上空涡度的垂直分布遵循低层负涡度、中层正涡度和高层负涡度的配置,暴雪时正涡度强且正涡度区最为深厚,动力抬升作用强,中雪发生时正涡度区相对最为浅薄,不利于形成强辐合抬升,动力抬升作用弱。且暴雪和大雪发生时基本上整层都为垂直螺旋度正值区,中雪时没有出现明显的正值区;暴雪和大雪过程时中低层都具有明显的逆温层,中高层西南急流造成的对流层中层的爆发性增温是逆温层形成的关键,中雪发生时不一定有逆温层结;降雪强度与湿位涡分量绝对值存在一定的正相关关系。 相似文献
19.
B. Kochtubajda 《Atmospheric Research》1995,35(2-4)
Physical experiments designed to explore the potential of rain augmentation through airborne glaciogenic seeding on small, isolated non-precipitating cumuliform clouds near Red Deer, Alberta were carried out during the period 1982–1985. The microstructure of 90 cumulus congestus clouds have been documented through repeated in-situ sampling using a cloud physics instrumented aircraft platform. Observations from the inspection passes of 57 clouds seeded with either dry ice pellets or silver iodide pyrotechnics, and all the passes of 33 natural clouds are presented.Measurements of the cloud droplet concentration indicate that Alberta cumulus clouds are typically continental in nature, with an average droplet concentration of 535 cm−3 and an average droplet diameter of 10.6 μm. Alberta clouds have average liquid water contents of 0.57 g m−3, with a peak 1-sec value of 3.17 g m−3. The 1-km average liquid water contents are 0.83 g m−3, with a peak value of 2.81 g m−3. Cloud lifetimes vary between 11 and 20 minutes. Concentrations of naturally occurring ice crystals are found to be low. The average maximum 1-km ice concentration was 31−1, and the peak 1-km concentration was 73.11−1 in the natural cloud dataset. Evidence of precipitation-sized particles was detected in 21% (7 of 33) of the clouds, and precipitation below cloud base was detected in 6% (2 of 33) of the clouds.A comparison of the Alberta cloud characteristics to the cumulus clouds from different locations showed that there are some distinct differences between Alberta clouds and the clouds from the other regions. 相似文献
20.
Governance,complexity, and resilience 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andreas Duit Victor Galaz Katarina Eckerberg Jonas Ebbesson 《Global Environmental Change》2010,20(3):363-368
This special issue brings together prominent scholars to explore novel multilevel governance challenges posed by the behavior of dynamic and complex social-ecological systems. Here we expand and investigate the emerging notion of “resilience” as a perspective for understanding how societies can cope with, and develop from, disturbances and change. As the contributions to the special issue illustrate, resilience thinking in its current form contains substantial normative and conceptual difficulties for the analysis of social systems. However, a resilience approach to governance issues also shows a great deal of promise as it enables a more refined understanding of the dynamics of rapid, interlinked and multiscale change. This potential should not be underestimated as institutions and decision-makers try to deal with converging trends of global interconnectedness and increasing pressure on social-ecological systems. 相似文献