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1.
Vertical electrical sounding was used for assessing the suitability of the drill sites in crystalline areas within a water supply project in Nampula Province in Mozambique. Many boreholes have insufficient yield (<600 L/h). Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out over seven boreholes with sufficient yield, and five boreholes with insufficient yield, in Rapale District, in an attempt to understand the reason for the failed boreholes. Two significant hydrogeological units were identified: the altered zone (19–220 ohm-m) with disintegrated rock fragments characterized by intermediate porosity and permeability, and the fractured zone (>420 ohm-m) with low porosity and high permeability. In addition to this, there is unfractured nonpermeable intact rock with resistivity of thousands of ohm-m. The unsuccessful boreholes were drilled over a highly resistive zone corresponding to fresh crystalline rock and a narrow altered layer with lower resistivity. Successful boreholes were drilled in places where the upper layers with lower resistivity correspond to a well-developed altered layer or a well-fractured basement. There are a few exceptions with boreholes drilled in seemingly favourable locations but they were nevertheless unsuccessful boreholes for unknown reasons. Furthermore, there were boreholes drilled into very resistive zones that produced successful water wells, which may be due to narrow permeable fracture zones that are not resolved by ERT. Community involvement is proposed, in choosing between alternative borehole locations based on information acquired with a scientifically based approach, including conceptual geological models and ERT. This approach could probably lower the borehole failure rate. 相似文献
2.
The core from two boreholes (13.1 and 19.2 m depth) drilled 500 m apart in the fractured, welded tuff near the summit of the Snowshoe Mountain, Colorado (47°30′N, 106°55′W) had unique petrographic and hydrodynamic properties. Borehole SM-4 had highly variable annual water levels, in contrast to SM-1a, whose water level remained near the land surface. Core samples from both boreholes (n=10 and 11) were examined petrographically in thin sections impregnated with epoxy containing rhodamine to mark the pore system features, and were analyzed for matrix porosity and permeability. Core from the borehole sampling the vadose zone was characterized by open fractures with enhanced porosity around phenocrysts due to chemical weathering. Fractures within the borehole sampling the phreatic zone were mineralized with calcite and had porosity characteristics similar to unweathered and unfractured rock. At the top of the phreatic zone petrography indicates that calcite is dissolving, thereby changing the hydrogeochemical character of the rock (i.e. permeability, porosity, reactive surface area, and mineralogy). Radiocarbon ages and C and O stable isotopes indicate that calcite mineralization occurred about 30 to 40 ka ago and that there was more than one mineralization event. Results of this study also provide some relationships between primary porosity development from 3 types of fracture in a welded tuff. 相似文献
3.
Clarisse Alboin Jérôme Jaffré Patrick Joly Jean E. Roberts Christophe Serres 《Computational Geosciences》2002,6(3-4):523-543
Contaminant transport in a fractured porous medium can be modeled, under appropriate conditions, with a double porosity model. Such a model consists of a parabolic equation with a coupling term describing contaminant exchange between the fractures, which have high permeability, and the matrix block, which has low permeability. A locally conservative method based on mixed finite elements is used to solve the parabolic problem, and the calculation of the coupling term, which involves the solution of diffusion equations in the matrix blocks, is based on an analytic expression. Numerical experiments show that this semi-analytic method for the coupling term is accurate and faster than several other methods but at a small expense of computer memory. 相似文献
4.
Stress-Dependent Fluid Flow and Permeability in Fractured Media: from Lab Experiments to Engineering Applications 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
J. Zhang W. B. Standifird J.-C. Roegiers Y. Zhang 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2007,40(1):3-21
Summary. Permeability is a physical property in rocks of extreme importance in energy engineering, civil and environmental engineering,
and various areas of geology. Early on, fractures in fluid flow models were assumed to be rigid. However, experimental research
and field data confirmed that stress-deformation behavior in fractures is a key factor governing their permeability tensor.
Although extensive research was conducted in the past, the three-dimensional stress-permeability relationships, particularly
in the inelastic deformation stage, still remain unclear. In this paper, laboratory experiments conducted on large concrete
blocks with randomly distributed fractures and rock core samples are reported to investigate fluid flow and permeability variations
under uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial complete stress-strain process. Experimental relationships among flowrate, permeability
and fracture aperture in the fractured media are investigated. Results show that the flowrate and stress/aperture exhibit
“cubic law” relationship for the randomly distributed fractures.
A permeability-aperture relationship is proposed according to the experimental results. Based on this relationship, stress-dependent
permeability in a set of fractures is derived in a three-dimensional domain by using a coupled stress and matrix-fracture
interactive model. A double porosity finite element model is extended by incorporating such stress-dependent permeability
effects. The proposed model is applied to examine permeability variations induced by stress redistributions for an inclined
borehole excavated in a naturally fractured formation. The results indicate that permeability around underground openings
depends strongly on stress changes and orientations of the natural fractures. 相似文献
5.
基于三维孔隙介质的逾渗模型,首次把裂隙这一重要的渗透通道引入到三维逾渗研究中,提出了孔隙裂隙三维逾渗的研究方法,并建立了孔隙裂隙双重介质三维逾渗模型,这一模型的建立使得逾渗理论的研究成果可以被应用到更多的领域中,如煤体、岩体等。基于VC++6.0开发了孔隙裂隙双重介质三维逾渗模拟软件,模拟研究了双重介质的逾渗规律,模拟研究表明：裂隙的存在在很大程度上提高了介质的逾渗概率,使孔隙裂隙双重介质的逾渗规律明显不同于孔隙介质;随孔隙率、裂隙分形维数、裂隙数量分布初值由小到大逐渐增长,必然发生逾渗转变的自然现象。 相似文献
6.
Temporal change in permeability of the Nojima fault zone by repeated water injection experiments 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
Three boreholes were drilled near the Nojima fault, which the 1995 Hyogoken–Nanbu earthquake occurred on. In order to research the properties and the healing process of the fault, water injection experiments were conducted every 3 years. In this report, we researched the permeability of the fault as a measurement of crack density or porosity of the fault zone. Pore water pressure changes in rock due to the water injections at one borehole were observed as discharge changes or groundwater level changes at the other borehole. Using numerical calculations, the permeability of the fault fracture zone was estimated for each experiment. The permeability has been decreasing as time passed, which is thought to show the fault healing process of the Nojima fault after the 1995 Hyogoken–Nanbu earthquake. 相似文献
7.
Semi-empirical equations for the systematic decrease in permeability with depth in porous and fractured media 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Permeability loss with depth is a general trend in geological media and plays an essential role in subsurface fluid flow and solute transport. In the near surface zone where groundwater movement is active, the decrease in permeability with depth is dominated by the mechanical compaction of deformable media caused by the increase in lithostatic stress with depth. Instead of using empirical equations from statistical analysis, by considering the well-defined relationships among permeability, porosity, fracture aperture and effective stress under lithostatic conditions, new semi-empirical equations for the systematic depth-dependent permeability are derived, as well as the equations for the depth-dependent porosity in a porous medium and the depth-dependent fracture aperture in a fractured medium. The existing empirical equations can be included in the new equations as special cases under some simplification. These new semi-empirical equations perform better than previous equations to interpret the depth-dependent permeability of the Pierre Shale (with a maximum depth of approximately 4,500 m) and the granite at Stripa, Sweden (with a maximum depth of about 2,500 m). 相似文献
8.
In this paper, 3D steady‐state fluid flow in a porous medium with a large number of intersecting fractures is derived numerically by using collocation method. Fluid flow in the matrix and fractures is described by Darcy's law and Poiseuille's law, respectively. The recent theoretical development presented a general potential solution to model the steady‐state flow in fractured porous media under a far‐field condition. This solution is a hypersingular integral equation with pressure field in the fracture surfaces as the main unknown. The numerical procedure can resolve the problem for any form of fractures and also takes into account the interactions and the intersection between fractures. Once the pressure field and then the flux field in fractures have been determined, the pressure field in the porous matrix is computed completely. The basic problem of a single fracture is investigated, and a semi‐analytical solution is presented. Using the solution obtained for a single fracture, Mori‐Tanaka and self‐consistent schemes are employed for upscaling the effective permeability of 3D fractured porous media. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
Responses of chemically active and naturally fractured shale under time‐dependent mechanical loading and ionic solution exposure 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this paper, the analytical dual‐porosity dual‐permeability poromechanics solution for saturated cylinders is extended to account for electrokinetic effects and material transverse isotropy, which simulate the responses of chemically active naturally fractured shale under time‐dependent mechanical loading and ionic solution exposure. The solution addresses the stresses, fracture pore pressure, matrix pore pressure, fluid fluxes, ion concentration evolution, and displacements due to the applied stress, pore pressure, and solute concentration difference between the sample and the circulation fluid. The presented solution will not only help validate numerical simulations but also assist in calibrating and interpreting laboratory results on dual‐porosity dual‐permeability shale. It is recommended that the analytical solutions of radial and axial displacements be used to match the corresponding laboratory‐recorded data to determine shale dual permeability and chemo‐electrical parameters including membrane coefficient, ions diffusion coefficients, and electro‐osmotic permeability. 相似文献
10.
裂隙岩体渗透系数确定方法研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
裂隙岩体渗透系数以及渗透主方向的确定对研究岩体渗透性大小及各向异性具有重要意义。高放废物地质处置库介质岩体的渗透性能将直接影响其使用安全性。本文运用离散裂隙网络模拟的方法对我国高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区3#钻孔附近裂隙岩体进行了渗透性质分析。通过对3#钻孔171.5~178.0m段压水试验数据的反演,标定了离散裂隙网络渗流模型中的裂隙渗透参数(导水系数T)。利用标定的离散裂隙网络模型对场区裂隙岩体进行了渗流模拟,确定了该区域裂隙岩体的渗流表征单元体(REV)的尺寸大小以及渗透主值和主渗透方向。运用离散裂隙网络模型计算得出的渗透主值的几何均值与现场压水试验计算结果较接近,证明了计算结果的有效性。 相似文献
11.
研究受采动影响含煤地层渗透特性的变化规律,结合电视钻孔成像技术综合分析覆岩破坏高度,对煤矿开采瓦斯抽放系统钻孔位置合理布置具有重要意义。根据测井资料（密度、伽马）,解析地层边界、泥质含量及纯岩段夹层、弱层的存在及其对含煤地层渗透特性的影响。理论分析与现场实测表明:原始地层伽马曲线和泥质含量可以解析泥岩、粘土层和夹层、弱层的位置;含煤地层渗透率受采动影响,渗透率增高区由采前泥岩、粘土与其他岩体层交界和原始裂隙区向采后纯岩夹层、弱层区演化;被研究含煤地层冒落带顶点深度433 m,裂隙带顶点深度382 m。 相似文献
12.
Estimating the hydraulic properties of fractured aquifers is challenging due to the complexity of structural discontinuities that can generally be measured at a small scale, either in core or in outcrop, but influence groundwater flow over a range of scales. This modeling study uses fracture scanline data obtained from surface bedrock exposures to derive estimates of permeability that can be used to represent the fractured rock matrix within regional scale flow models. The model is developed using PETREL, which traditionally benefits from high resolution data sets obtained during oil and gas exploration, including for example seismic data, and borehole logging data (both lithological and geophysical). The technique consists of interpreting scanline fracture data, and using these data to generate representative Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) models for each field set. The DFN models are then upscaled to provide an effective hydraulic conductivity tensor that represents the fractured rock matrix. For each field site, the upscaled hydraulic conductivities are compared with estimates derived from pumping tests to validate the model. A hydraulic conductivity field is generated for the study region that captures the spatial variability of fracture networks in pseudo-three dimensions from scanline data. Hydraulic conductivities estimated using this approach compare well with those estimated from pumping test data. The study results suggest that such an approach may be feasible for taking small scale fracture data and upscaling these to represent the aquifer matrix hydraulic properties needed for regional groundwater modeling. 相似文献
13.
XIAO Rui ZHU youhai LU Zhenquan LIU Hui PANG Shouji ZHANG Shuai FAN Dongwen WANG Weichao 《中国地质调查》2014,7(4):20-27
Harlahu Depression is basically a geological blank area now. Few studies on the formation and distribution of natural gas hydrate have been published, especially the research and understanding of natural gas hydrate reservoir in this area. The borehole QH-2 is located in the western part of Harlahu Depression of South Qilian Basin, and it was the first deep drilling hole for natural gas hydrate investigation in this area, in which Quaternary,Neogene—Paleogene and Triassic strata were drilled. The authors took the core of Triassic reservoir in well QH-2 as the research object to study the reservoir characteristics of Harlahu Depression, through the thin section observation of rock, porosity, permeability, rock density, casting thin section and other physical property tests, as well as the logging data. The research shows that Triassic reservoir of well QH-2 is widely distributed with great thickness. However, the physical property of the reservoir is poor, and most parts of the reservoir were unconventional reservoirs. The fractures are not developed, so it is difficult to form fracture type hydrate and pore type hydrate in the consolidated rock stratum similar to Muli area. While, the thick Quaternary loose sediments and Tertiary strata with relatively developed fissures were developed under the permafrost regions in this area, which may provide a better reservoir space for the formation of natural gas hydrate. 相似文献
14.
哈拉湖地区目前基本属于地质空白区,有关天然气水合物形成及分布的研究较少,尤其针对该地区天然气水合物储层研究与认识较为有限。青徳地2井(QH-2)位于南祁连盆地哈拉湖坳陷西部,为坳陷内首口天然气水合物调查深井,钻遇第四系、新近系-古近系和三叠系。以青徳地2井三叠系主要储集岩层段岩心为研究对象,通过岩石薄片观察以及孔隙度、渗透率、密度、铸体薄片等物性测试,结合测井资料开展哈拉湖坳陷储层特征研究,结果表明: 青德地2井三叠系储层分布较广,厚度巨大,但储集性能整体较差,绝大部分属非常规储集层,且整体裂隙较不发育,较难形成类似木里地区固结岩层中的裂隙型水合物及孔隙型水合物,而该区冻土层下存在厚层第四系松散沉积物及裂隙相对发育的古近系-新近系,可为天然气水合物形成提供良好的储集空间。 相似文献
15.
A double-porosity model is used to describe the oscillatory gas motion and associated contaminant transport induced by cyclical variations in the barometric pressure at the surface of a fractured porous medium. Flow along the fractures and within the permeable matrix blocks is locally one-dimensional. The interaction between fractures and blocks includes seepage of fluid as well as diffusion of contaminant. To guard against artificial numerical diffusion, the FRAM filtering remedy and methodology of Chapman is used in calculating the advective fluxes along fractures and within blocks. The entire system of equations, including the fracture-matrix interaction terms, is solved by a largely implicit non-iterative algorithm which remains stable and conservative even when the computational time step is large compared to the cross-block transit time of pressure waves. The numerical accuracy is tested by comparison with exact solutions for oscillatory and unidirectional flows, some of which include diffusion interaction between the fracture and the matrix. The method is used to estimate the rate of vertical transport of radioactive gases through the rubblized chimney produced by an underground nuclear explosion. 相似文献
16.
基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件对非饱和裂隙土降雨入渗特性进行数值模拟研究。通过将裂隙和基质分别离散成有限单元,建立了能充分模拟土中裂隙流、基质流以及裂隙-基质流量交换的离散裂隙-孔隙介质模型。结合"空气单元"的概念,对裂隙土的上边界进行模拟。该方法不仅能描述降雨初期雨水沿裂隙优先入渗的现象,还能描述当降雨量大于裂隙土入渗量时雨水沿地表流走的现象。通过对地表以下2 m深度内低渗含裂隙土体进行模拟,分析了裂隙的几何特征、基质的水力特性、前期水分条件以及降雨强度对非饱和裂隙土降雨入渗过程的影响。结果表明,在非饱和裂隙土中,存在两个主要的渗流过程:一是水沿裂隙优先流动;二是水不断从裂隙吸入基质中,基质吸收水的作用抑制了裂隙中优势流的发展。与裂隙的几何特征相比,基质的水力特性对非饱和裂隙土渗流的影响较大。增大基质的饱和渗透系数可能使由裂隙流主导的渗流过程转变为由基质流主导的渗流过程,而基质的非饱和特性与裂隙土的初始含水率改变了土体的储水能力,从而加速或延缓了降雨入渗至某一深度的时间。降雨强度对土体入渗速率和入渗量均有影响,当超过裂隙土的入渗能力时,多余积水沿地表流走,断面入渗率随... 相似文献
17.
为了研究富水断层破碎带隧道突水突泥灾害演化机制,自行研制了一套可考虑质量迁移及地应力状态的大型室内突水突泥试验系统。利用该装置开展了不同水压加载方式、不同破碎带介质参数等条件的断层破碎带突水突泥灾害演化过程模拟试验。结果表明：（1）断层破碎带突水突泥灾害演化是渗流?侵蚀强耦合过程,在水压作用下,破碎带介质中的细颗粒首先发生迁移,导致充填介质孔隙结构增加,进而加速细颗粒流失,促使涌水率不断增长,随着细颗粒不断迁移流失,水流流态由层流转换为紊流,最终诱发突水突泥灾害;（2）破碎带介质初始孔隙率和施加水压越大越易诱发突水突泥,介质渗流演化特征越明显,渗流场参量如渗透率、孔隙率、雷诺数增加越快,且渗流场参量演化曲线出现突增现象;（3）梯度水压加载模式下断层破碎带介质较恒定水压加载条件下突水突泥演化特征更明显,介质发生突水突泥的临界水压更小。在此基础上,基于涌水率?时间（Q-t）、水力梯度?涌水率（i-Q）关系的流态转换分析和基于渗透率?水力梯度（k-i）关系的渗透性演化特征,建立了断层破碎带渗透演化特征概化模型。该研究结果对于断层破碎带突水突泥灾害演化机制与防治措施具有一定的理论指导价值。 相似文献
18.
在致密油藏水平井体积压裂开采过程中,压裂液通过缝网与基质接触并发生逆向渗吸作用,由于接触面积很大渗吸作用不可忽视;但目前关于表征致密储层的渗吸作用,从而研究渗吸对水平井体积压裂生产过程影响的研究尚未深入.为了解决以上问题,首先利用毛管束模型,通过考虑致密储层中边界层的特征,建立了解析的渗流参数计算表达式,用以计算致密储层的渗透率、毛管力、相渗曲线这3个关键渗流参数;同时,基于以上关键渗流参数和渗吸控制方程建立了适用于致密储层的渗吸速度计算模型;然后,将渗吸项作为源汇项加入到考虑缝网的双孔单渗模型中.最后,在真实水平井体积压裂开采过程中,耦合渗吸作用.研究表明,相比于不考虑边界层特征的致密油藏,边界层的存在将大幅度减弱储层的渗吸能力,同时也说明了在致密储层中,边界层的存在是不可忽视的,如果在渗吸计算中忽视致密储层的边界层特征会严重高估渗吸对致密储层产能的影响. 相似文献
19.
A new semi-analytical solution for the transport of a conservative contaminant species in a fractured medium having a regular two- or three-dimensional fracture network is presented. The application of the technique and some of the practical implications arising from an examination of contaminant migration in fractured systems is discussed. Particular consideration is given to the effects of Darcy velocity, fracture spacing, matrix porosity, dispersivity and the mass of contaminant available for transport. The implications of uncertainty with respect to fracture opening size and ground-water velocity is also discussed and it is shown that provided one can obtain a reasonable estimate of the hydraulic gradient and hydraulic conductivity for the rock mass, uncertainty regarding the magnitude of the opening size and the groundwater velocity does not have a significant effect on predicted contaminant migration for the class of problems being considered. 相似文献
20.
断裂在纯净砂岩中的变形机制及断裂带内部结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以纯净砂岩为对象,考虑了影响断裂变形的主要因素,包括成岩阶段、孔隙度、温度和围压,系统剖析了不同性质砂岩的断裂变形机制、微构造特征及形成断裂带的内部结构,对研究砂岩内断裂封闭性具有重要的指导意义。研究表明：纯净的砂岩在未固结-半固结成岩阶段发生断裂,变形机制为颗粒边界摩擦滑动,导致颗粒旋转和滚动,即为颗粒流,形成的微构造为解聚带,孔渗性同母岩比没有明显降低,断裂带尽管具有断层核和破碎带二分结构,但渗透率比母岩高,为流体垂向运移的通道;在固结成岩阶段（孔隙度大于15%）发生断裂,变形机制为碎裂作用,颗粒边界摩擦滑动导致颗粒旋转,即为碎裂流,形成的微构造为碎裂带,渗透率同母岩比一般降低1～3个数量级,形成侧向有一定封闭能力、垂向渗透的断裂带;固结阶段（孔隙度小于15%）发生断裂,开始由于破裂作用,形成断层角砾岩,伴随着碎裂流发生,形成碎裂岩,因此早期形成高渗透断裂带,后期断层逐渐封闭。固结成岩的砂岩在抬升过程发生断裂,变形机制为破裂作用,形成无内聚力的角砾岩,为高渗透断裂带。在不同成岩阶段发生变形,形成多类型变形构造的叠加,对于一条晚期形成的断层而言,由于不同深度变形机制及微构造类型不同,导致油气选择性充注,碎裂带和压溶胶结碎裂带阻止油气向高孔隙度砂岩中充注,解聚带会成为油气运移的通道,裂缝有利于油气优先充注。因此,高孔隙性砂岩中孔隙度较低的储集层由于碎裂带不发育常常含油气性最好,而低孔隙性砂岩由于裂缝产生含油气性较好。 相似文献