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1.
北京地区农田氮素养分随地表径流流失机理 总被引：74，自引：1，他引：74
田间模拟降雨径流试验研究了北京地区农田暴雨径流氮素流失与雨强、作物覆盖、施肥因子的关系，以及侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征和对氮的富集作用。结果表明：（1）降雨强度越大，地表径流模数和侵蚀模数增大，氮素流失越多；作物覆盖有效地减少地表水土和颗粒态氮流失；（2）颗粒态氮浓度占径流全氮浓度的88.9%(施尿素）和98％以上（未施氮肥），是农田径流氮损失的主要形态；（3）施用化学氮肥增大了农田径流溶解态氮浓度，化学氮肥容易通过地表径流流失；（4）侵蚀泥沙的团聚体组成和原来土壤有很大差异，粒径＜0.25mm的团聚体，尤其是含氮量较高的＜0.045mm团聚体的富集是侵蚀泥沙富集氮的主要原因。减少地表径流和土壤侵蚀，降低表土速效氮含量是减少农田地表径流氮养分流失的关键。 相似文献
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采用单配位体模型对不同分解阶段浙江桂凋落物中溶解性有机物(DOM)与铜离子的络合进行了研究.结果表明,DOM中存在络合条件稳定常数较高但络合容量较小和络合条件稳定常数较低但络合容量较大的2种组分.各阶段条件稳定常数(K)和络合容量(L)各不相同,各阶段中1g K与L存在着显著的负相关性(r=0.88,P＜0.05);各组分对铜离子的络合能力排列顺序为:Ⅱa＞Ⅰa＞Ⅰb＞Ⅲa＞Ⅱb＞Ⅲb,半分解阶段中凋落物所释放的DOM对铜离子的络合条件稳定常数最大.这可能与其在分解不同阶段所释放物质不同有关. 相似文献
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河流输送泥沙和颗粒态生源要素通量研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
河流中的泥沙是河流向河口和近海水域输送营养盐的重要载体,N、P、C、Si等营养盐是组成生命的最基本生源要素。按照形态组成,可将营养盐划分为溶解态和颗粒态两类,因此,从方法学上,对河流输送泥沙通量的估算是研究河流输送颗粒态营养盐通量的基本前提。本文从元素生物地球化学循环的角度,对国内外河流输送泥沙和颗粒态营养盐通量的研究进展进行了综述。国内外的研究表明： 20世纪50-90年代,估算的全球河流入海泥沙通量变化范围为8.8~64 Pg/yr(1 Pg=1012 kg),这一时期的研究重点是探讨自然因素对于河流输送颗粒态物质通量的影响;20世纪末-21世纪初,估算的全球河流的入海泥沙通量变化范围在11~27 Pg/yr之间,这一时期除重视自然因素外,还特别关注人类活动对于河流输送物质通量及其未来趋势变化的影响。很多研究报道了基于全球尺度上的河流输送泥沙通量和颗粒态营养盐通量模型,并据此估算出全球河流每年向海洋输送的POC、PN和PP总量分别达170~210 Tg、21~30 Tg和9~20 Tg(1 Tg=109 kg)。但将这些模型应用于某个特定流域还要进行进一步校正和检验。 相似文献
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采用单配位体模型对不同分解阶段浙江桂凋落物中溶解性有机物(DOM)与铜离子的络合进行了研究.结果表明,DOM中存在络合条件稳定常数较高但络合容量较小和络合条件稳定常数较低但络合容量较大的2种组分.各阶段条件稳定常数(K)和络合容量(L)各不相同,各阶段中lgK与L存在着显著的负相关性(r=0.88,P<0.05);各组分对铜离子的络合能力排列顺序为:Ⅱa>Ⅰa>Ⅰb>Ⅲa>Ⅱb>Ⅲb,半分解阶段中凋落物所释放的DOM对铜离子的络合条件稳定常数最大.这可能与其在分解不同阶段所释放物质不同有关. 相似文献
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硅元素是硅藻和水生植物所必需的营养元素,河流的水文特性对其形态和含量具有重要影响。2019年7月(丰水期)和11月(枯水期),在闽江支流大樟溪下游采集表层水样,比较水体中不同形态硅、溶解性氮磷以及其它理化指标在丰水期和枯水期的差异。结果表明,大樟溪下游表层水体溶解态硅、成岩硅和活性硅含量在丰水期高于枯水期,而生物硅和颗粒态硅含量则反之,这与水体pH、悬浮颗粒物、电导率和溶解性氮磷浓度相关;从水体中各营养元素的化学计量比来看,大樟溪下游表层水体表现为明显的磷限制,营养盐浓度和硅氮比都表明大樟溪水体有利于硅藻类的生长;大樟溪水体长期输入闽江,对闽江下游及河口水体的营养盐平衡具有一定威胁,容易导致近海水域富营养化现象的发生。 相似文献
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典型矿区非正态分布土壤元素数据的正态变换方法对比研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
对于铜陵矿区这类变异性强、偏度大、不符合正态分布的土壤元素样品数据,直接进行空间变异及插值分析会产生较大误差,需首先选择合适的正态变换方法进行稳健处理.该文以铜陵矿区表层土壤中的Pb元素数据为例,采用不同的正态变换方法进行数据正态变换,并通过变异函数对其变换效果进行分析.对比研究显示:对数变换无法使铜陵矿区土壤元素数据服从正态分布;Box-Cox变换虽使数据的正偏度有所减少,但仍难以通过K-S正态检验;而Johnson变换结果最优,其通过了K-S检验,对于异常数据的处理效果更优.Johnson变换与Box-Cox变换均可使变异函数表现出更好的形态,其中Johnson变换具有更强的正态变换能力,对于研究区土壤元素的变异函数稳定形态具有一定优势,是数据变异性强的成矿区地统计学数据正态变换的理想工具. 相似文献
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有机-中性化技术对旱作土壤镉有效性的长期影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用连续提取法测定了土壤中镉(Cd)的形态,以研究石灰或钙镁磷肥与猪粪或泥炭混施对田间条件下Cd污染土壤中Cd有效性的抑制效果.处理的第1年,猪粪使石灰对土壤Cd有效性的抑制率从18.2%提高到22.3%,使钙镁磷肥的抑制率从37.1%提高到50.8%;泥炭使石灰的抑制率从18.2%提高到57.1%,使钙镁磷肥的抑制率从37.1%提高到49.3%.处理的第4年,猪粪使石灰对土壤Cd有效性的抑制率从32.3%提高到44.2%,使钙镁磷肥的抑制率从38%提高到51.6%;泥炭使石灰的抑制率从32.3%提高到45.4%,使钙镁磷肥的抑制率从38%降低到8.2%.上述结果表明猪粪和泥炭在施用后第1年均可增强石灰和钙镁磷肥对土壤Cd有效性的抑制效果.到第4年,猪粪仍然促进了石灰和钙镁磷肥对Cd有效性的抑制效果,而泥炭增强了石灰的抑制效率但降低了钙镁磷肥的抑制效果.研究结果证明了有机-中性化技术对Cd污染土壤的修复效果.石灰和钙镁磷肥大幅度提高了土壤Cd的碳酸盐结合态与专性吸附态,从而降低了土壤Cd的有效态(水溶态+交换态). 相似文献
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2005年12月中、下旬对松花江哈达湾至佳木斯江段冰封期江水和沉积物进行了采样与分析。结果表明,江水总汞质量浓度为29.74~136.88 ng/L,均值为50.21 ng/L,以悬浮颗粒态为主(53.38%~85.99%)。沉积物总汞的质量分数介于0.013~1.543 mg/kg之间,与铁、锰和有机碳含量呈显著正相关;运用连续化学浸提法,对哨口至松原江段沉积物汞的形态进行了分析,沉积物汞主要以碱溶态、强有机质结合态和残渣态存在,可交换态和盐酸溶态汞的比例较小,仅占总汞的0.91%~33.7%。研究发现,沉积物再悬浮作用是影响松花江冰封期江水悬浮颗粒态汞及总汞空间分布的主要因子,沉积物汞释放是一个缓慢长期的过程。 相似文献
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为了解阿拉尔河悬浮物对铀的吸附特性,通过静态吸附实验,研究了吸附时间、pH值、温度和铀初始浓度等因素对模拟含铀水中U(VI)去除率的影响,并从热力学和动力学方面对吸附过程进行了分析。结果表明,在T=25℃,溶液初始pH=7,接触时间为16 h时,悬浮物对铀的平衡吸附率最佳,为95.48%。随着铀初始浓度的增加,吸附量增加,但吸附率随之下降,升高温度有利于铀的吸附。铀在悬浮物上的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,说明悬浮物对铀为单分子层吸附,且化学吸附占主导地位。吸附动力学过程可用准二级吸附动力学模型描述,表明吸附主要受动力学控制,由两个以上步骤共同控制。FTIR和EDS分析结果表明,吸附过程中铀主要与悬浮物表面活性基团螯合并以表面络合吸附为主。吸附前后的能谱对比分析表明,吸附过程中存在离子交换行为。因此,悬浮物对铀的吸附机理是以表面络合吸附和离子交换为主、物理吸附为辅的混合吸附过程。 相似文献
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本文运用模式计算方法对黄河水体中重金属的形态分配进行了研究。结果表明,pH是控制重金属形态分配的最重要因素,其次是重金属的初始浓度和悬浮物含量。并得出,在黄河水体中,cu、Pb主要以沉淀态存在,zn则以吸附态为主,水体中游离态重金属含量很低。上述结果将为拟建中的小浪底水库工程的重金属环境影响预测提供一定的科学依据。 相似文献
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J. N. Maina S. M. Kisia C. M. Wood A. B. Narahara H. L. Bergman P. Laurent P. J. Walsh 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1996,5(2):131-156
A morphometric analysis of the gills ofOreochromis alcalicus grahami has been carried out on specimens from ecologically distinct lagoons and a water-holding tank of Lake Magadi, a highly alkaline salt lake situated in a volcanically active region of the southern part of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya. The data were compared with those fromOreochromis niloticus, a close relative that lives in fresh water and with data from other fresh water and marine fish. Our primary goal was to identify the possible adaptive features which enable the fish to survive in an environment characterized by severely fluctuating levels of oxygen, a condition exacerbated by factors such as high temperature, alkalinity and osmolarity. The specimens ofO. a. grahami from the south-western lagoons of the lake had gills better adapted for gas exchange with a body mass specific diffusing capacity for oxygen which was about 2 times greater than that of the gills of the specimens from the fish spring lagoons and 2.5 times that of those from the water-holding tanks. Some parameters of the gills ofO. a. grahami, e.g. the gill filament length and number of gill filaments are significantly greater than those ofO. niloticus but the number of secondary lamellae, area of secondary lamellae and the diffusing capacity of the gills are similar in the two species. Compared with most other fish, the gills ofO. a. grahami appear to be particularly well adapted for gas exchange especially by having a thin water-blood barrier. Perhaps in no other extant fish have the gills had to be so exquisitely designed to meet environmental extremes and regulate complex and at times conflicting functions such as gas exchange, iono-regulation, acid-base balance and nitrogenous waste excretion as inO. a. grahami 相似文献
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Chee Kong Yap Ahmad Ismail Abdul Rahim Ismail Soon Guan Tan 《湿地科学》2006,4(4):247-252
The distribution and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in the gills and remaining soft tissues of Perna viridis collected from 12 geographical sites （ 10 from the west and 2 from the east coastal waters） of Peninsular Malaysia. All samples showed that the levels of Cd, Pb and Zn were generally higher in the gill than those in the remaining soft tissues. These results could be due to the fact that gills are the first organ of metal accumulation and larger surface area with mucus sheets in the organ. Since the mussel gill is a better accumulator of Cd, Pb and Zn of ambient seawater than remaining soft tissue, it is a potential indicator of ambient levels of dissolved metals in the ambient seawater. However, further validations based on laboratory conditions are needed. 相似文献
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1 INTRODUCTIONThe use of marine mussels for the biomonitoringpurposes is widely found in the literatures. However,the use of a particular tissue/organ for more accurateindicators of metal bioavailability and contaminationwere continually reported. For exa… 相似文献
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利用卫星观测的气溶胶光学厚度资料和模式模拟数据,与地面颗粒物观测资料结合,探讨近地面颗粒物质量浓度的估算方法。具体包括：利用区域气侯模式RAMS（Regional Atmospheric Modeling System）模拟的边界层高度对气溶胶光学厚度进行垂直订正,获得近地面颗粒物消光系数;利用模式模拟的相对湿度和颗粒物吸湿增长经验模型对消光系数进行湿度订正,获得近地面颗粒物干消光系数;并基于干消光系数与颗粒物质量浓度地面站点资料建立的统计关系估算获得每个像元的颗粒物质量浓度。利用地面站点观测的颗粒物浓度资料验证表明,基于卫星资料可以获得近地面颗粒物质量浓度,而且细颗粒物质量浓度具有更好的估算精度。 相似文献
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Anthropogenic mercury accumulation in lake sediments has been studied extensively, but natural processes that controlled mercury accumulation in the past are still poorly understood. We present a 17,300-year record of mercury accumulation in the sediments of Lake Hambre, southernmost Patagonia, Chile (53°S, 70°W), in combination with an investigation of environmental changes in the region. Mercury accumulation in the remote pristine lake varied appreciably, as much as 16×, exceeding the anthropogenic forcing of atmospheric mercury fluxes by a factor of 3–5. Principal Component Analysis revealed that short-term variations were not related to changes in atmospheric mercury deposition or to fluxes of mineral soil into the lake. Instead, there was significant covariation between short-term changes in mercury and catchment-derived trace elements, e.g. copper and yttrium, throughout the past 17,000 years. Covariation between mercury and carbon concentration in some parts of the record suggests that fluxes of particulate and dissolved organic matter from the catchment to the lake account for short-term variations in mercury accumulation. Nevertheless, over the long term, there is no common trend for mercury accumulation and organic matter flux. The median mercury accumulation rate was rather constant (29 μg m?2 a?1), whereas the flux of terrestrial organic matter into the lake increased through time. We hypothesize that this was a consequence of a progressive decrease in the input of terrestrial organic matter-bound mercury through time. Whereas production of terrestrial organic matter increased over the long term because of development of catchment vegetation and soils, following glacier retreat, amounts of mercury, copper and yttrium provided by atmospheric deposition and bedrock weathering remained relatively constant. As a consequence, despite increased fluxes of terrestrial organic matter to the lake, fluxes of mercury remained constant. 相似文献
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ERLING SVERRE NORDØY 《Polar research》1995,14(3):335-338
An adult harp seal, caught by accident in a gill net during the peak of the seal invasions along the northern coasts of Norway (1986/87), was found to have eaten 2.466 kg of stones with masses up to 265 g. Different theories to why harp seals on occasion deliberately eat stones, with particular emphasis on the hypothesis that these may aid in the physical breakdown of fish flesh and hard fish bones, are discussed. 相似文献
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从铜陵市某矿区土壤中筛选出1株对重金属Pb2+、Zn2+和Cu2+具有抗性的真菌,命名为TL-3。以TL-3为实验菌株,在不同pH值、不同金属离子初始浓度、不同菌体量以及不同吸附时间条件下对Pb2+、Zn2+和Cu2+进行吸附实验,研究其吸附特性与对不同金属离子的吸附能力。结果表明,TL-3对Pb2+、Zn2+和Cu2+的最佳pH值为5.0。在最佳条件下,吸附量在Pb2+,Zn2+和Cu2+的初始浓度分别为200mg/L、300mg/L和200mg/L达到最大,分别为20.61mg/g,23.17mg/g和17.46mg/g。TL-3对三种重金属的吸附均在20h达到吸附平衡。 相似文献