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1.
探讨了地壳内高导层的碳膜成因说和卤水成因说，中下地壳存在卤水，卤水使碳膜连通，增大了岩石的电导率，因而认为卤水是形成壳内高导层的关键物质，进而探讨了不同浓度的卤水在高温高压下的物态及其电导率变化规律，以及壳内高导层中卤水的封存机制．壳内高导层是壳-幔流体演化形成的. 相似文献
2.
探讨了地壳内高导层的碳膜成因说和卤水成因说，中下地壳存在卤水，卤水使碳膜连通，增大了岩石的电导率，因而认为卤水是形成壳内高导层的关键物质，进而探讨了不同浓度的卤水在高温高压下的物态及其电导率变化规律，以及壳内高导层中卤水的封存机制．壳内高导层是壳－幔流体演化形成的 相似文献
3.
中国华北地区壳内低速高导层（体）成因模式的探讨 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
依据高温高压下华北地区地壳主要岩石的物理性质－波速，电性测定的结果，提出了华北地区低速高导层可能的成因模式以及不同模式的适应范围。认为；碳酸盐岩在深部一定温度，压力和氧逸度条件下碳的析出会导致高导层体的出现；深部韧性剪切带组成矿物的定向排列，可使岩石的波速，电生产生各向异性行为，导致低速高导层的产生；绿片岩相和角闪岩相石中含水矿物的脱水作用会导致上，中地壳岩石物理力学性质的突变，这可能是该地区低速 相似文献
4.
在压力为1.0GPa、温度为400~1 073K条件下,用交流阻抗谱法研究了采自山东泰山的黑云斜长片麻岩平行及垂直面理方向的电导率。在实验温度范围内,黑云斜长片麻岩实验样品电导率的对数值为-6.0~0.5S/m,满足Arrhenius方程。电导率在平行面理方向比垂直面理方向高出约1个数量级。平行面理方向样品电导率分别在第3轮升、降温过程中的881~1 040K之间出现1个明显的电导率突变过程,这可能与黑云母的脱水有关。在低温段,垂直及平行面理方向样品的活化焓分别为0.43和0.49eV,在高温段则分别为3.40和1.53eV。将该实验电导率结果与华东地区大地电磁结果进行对比发现,在中下地壳范围内,该实验结果部分位于大地电磁结果范围内,说明黑云斜长片麻岩可能是组成这一地区中下地壳的候选岩石之一。 相似文献
5.
大地电磁探测结果显示,青藏高原的中下地壳普遍存在大规模的高导层,其电阻率低于10 Ωm,远低于稳定构造区地壳的平均电阻率值.通过对可能形成地壳内大规模低阻异常地质原因的分析认为,青藏高原地壳中的高导层不可能是由金属矿、石墨层或者单纯的含盐水流体引起的,而很可能是由于地壳岩石的部分熔融或者是部分熔融与含盐水流体共同导致的.这些高导层的形成是与板块运动等动力学过程密切相关的.地壳内的高导层可能是印度板块和亚洲板块俯冲的电性痕迹,其成因与板块俯冲过程中由于摩擦生热导致的岩石部分熔融和脱水作用有关,也可能与岩石圈拆沉造成幔源物质上涌有关.沿高原内主要缝合带均存在东西向连续分布的大规模高导体,有可能是青藏高原下地壳物质向东"逃逸"的证据;其中班公-怒江缝合带可能是最重要的物质运移"通道". 相似文献
6.
《地球物理学进展》2017,(6)
矿物和岩石电导率的实验研究一直都是国内外专家学者所关注的重点内容,目前电导率的实验测量主要采用交流阻抗谱的方法.从实验结果来看,地壳矿物和岩石电导率的影响因素主要分为外部环境和内部性质两部分,包括矿物和岩石所受到的温度和压力大小、内部赋存的流体和熔体、岩石颗粒边缘的碳膜、岩石的颗粒大小和面理方向以及矿物晶格赋存的结构水与晶格方向等.结合地球物理探测结果,前人对下地壳高导层成因提出了各自不同的看法,同时电导率的实验数据对于解释地下岩层结构、动力学特征也带来了一定的帮助.通过总结可以发现对于断层带的电导率性质目前仍然知之甚少,在今后的实验研究中则需要重点关注. 相似文献
7.
本文是壳慢流体演化及地震成因系列论文的第1篇．本系列由3篇论文组成，第2篇为壳内高导层成因，高温高压下卤水物态及其电导率；第3篇为壳内流体演化及地震成因．这3篇论文分别从宏观、微观和动态变化三方面，探讨了地下流体与地震的关系．
本文根据我国大地电磁测深(MT)工作者近20年的探测成果，编绘了中国大陆壳内和上地幔高导层的分布埋深图，分析了中国大陆电性结构的分区特征，探讨了上地幔高导层的成因以及壳内高导层的特征，最后总结了中国大陆不同构造区的地震孕育规律． 相似文献
8.
南汀河断裂带为滇西南地区活动断裂体系中规模最大的一条北东向断裂,其构造活动及地震危险性一直备受关注.本文基于覆盖云南境内南汀河断裂带的大地电磁测深宽频带阵列数据,利用大地电磁三维反演解释技术,首次获得了南汀河断裂带的精细三维深部电性结构.在上地壳深度,南汀河断裂带西南段与中段的电性结构表现出沿构造走向的高导条带特征,北东段表现为高阻结构.该高阻结构可能为临沧—勐海花岗岩体的电性反映,指示南汀河断裂可能未切穿该花岗岩带.在中下地壳深度,南汀河断裂带西南段存在大范围高导层,北东段则表现为整体性的高阻地壳,因此南汀河断裂北东段可能具有发生强震的介质结构背景.南汀河断裂带西南段的耿马地震区深部呈现北东向与北北西向的"X"型高导构造样式,该高导结构以南存在一个显著高阻异常体,1988年耿马MS7.2地震以及2015年沧源MS5.5级地震均发生于该高阻体与"X"型高导条带的电性边界.青藏高原东南缘绕东构造结流入滇西地区的中下地壳流可能受到南汀河断裂北东段中下地壳高阻体的阻挡而呈分流式分布于保山地块以及澜沧江断裂以东. 相似文献
9.
本文重点报道了高温高压下流体与流体-岩石相互作用实验结果,提供了中地壳条件下流体性质和水岩反应速率数据.这些数据有助于理解中地壳的一些地球物理现象.作者进行了25℃~435℃和22~39 MPa条件下水-岩相互作用反应动力学实验.同时,研究水在近临界区至超临界区的性质.一般地说,中地壳大致位于10(15)至25 km的深度范围.各地的地壳厚度不同,但是中地壳高导-低速层的深度范围十分相似.中地壳的顶界温度处于300℃,底界大致为450℃范围,压力高达200 MPa以上.流体-岩石相互作用实验表明:硅酸盐矿物和岩石的硅最大溶解速率出现在300℃~400℃.此时,硅酸盐矿物格架解体.通常,地壳里普遍存在水、流体.地壳构造活动导致断裂空隙、减压、流体流动.这时,有可能导致中地壳处于300℃~450℃流体的压力减低,由超临界区进入临界态、亚临界态.这会引发强烈流动的水与岩石相互作用.溶解反应导致岩层的硅淋失,硅的强烈淋失又会导致硅酸盐矿物格架解体,岩石崩塌.同时,进一步促进流体的流动.实验表明300℃~400℃下的强烈水岩相互作用促进了岩石破坏,并有可能影响岩层的地球物理性质,如高导层出现.另外,实验和理论研究表明处于300℃~400℃流体具有高电导率性质.这些水岩相互作用会使中地壳出现高导-低速层. 相似文献
10.
引言华北地壳呈现3层结构,在地壳中部存在一个以低波速与电性低阻(高导)而与上、下壳层截然有别的特征层。这一不连续展布的壳内低速(高导)层也较广泛的分布于中国西北与西南以及世界上许多地区。地球科学家对这一低速层的成因提出了诸如矿物脱水、相变等多种解释与假说,Mitehell等(1971)的实验证明,在一定温压条件下,含水矿物的脱水并储存于壳内,形成一个潮湿层位并具有高电导率和低 相似文献
11.
Great strides have been made in understanding the upper part of the crust by in-situ logging in, and laboratory experiments on core recovered from super-deep bore-holes such as the KTB. These boreholes do not extend into the lower crust, and can contribute little to the elucidation of mechanisms that produce the high electrical conductivities that are commonly observed therein by magneto-telluric (MT) methods. Laboratory studies at simulated lower crustal conditions of temperature, pressure and saturation, on electrolyte saturated rocks thought to have been derived from the lower crust, have not been possible up until now due to their experimental difficulty. It is necessary to subject electrolyte-saturated rock samples to independently controlled confining and pore-fluid pressure, which implies that the rock be sleeved in some impermeable but deformable material, that can withstand the very high temperatures required. Metals are the only materials capable of being used, but these cause great difficulties for cell sealing and conductivity measurement. In this paper we describe recent breakthroughs in experimental work, specifically the development of two new types of sophisticated metal/ceramic seal, and a conductivity measurement technique that enables the measurement of saturated rock conductivity in the presence of a highly conducting metallic sleeve. The advances in experimental technique have enabled us to obtain data on the electrical conductivity of brine saturated basic, acidic and graphite-bearing rocks at lower crustal temperatures and raised pressures. These data have facilitated the comparison of MT derived crustal electrical conductivity profiles with profiles obtained from laboratory experiments for the first time. Initial modelling shows a good agreement between laboratory derived and MT derived profiles only if the mid-crust is composed of amphibolite pervaded by aqueous fluids, and the lower crust is composed of granulite that is saturated with aqueous fluids and/or contains interconnected grain surface films of graphite. The experimental data are consistent with a three layer crust consisting of an aqueous fluid saturated acidic uppermost layer, above an aqueous fluid saturated amphibolite mid-crust, and a granulite lowermost crust, which may or may not be saturated with aqueous fluids, but if not, requires the presence of an additional conduction mechanism such as conduction through thin graphite films. 相似文献
12.
应用伪谱法研究了地壳各向异性对上地幔各向异性分析的影响. 用几种不同情况下的两层各向异性模型,模拟了全波场,着重分析了不同深度观测点上的剪切波分裂特征. 结果表明,当地壳为各向同性或其各向异性主轴与上地幔重合或相互垂直时,在地壳观测到的快、慢剪切波的偏振方向保持了上地幔中的偏振方向;重合时,快、慢波走时延迟增大;垂直时,走时延迟减小. 当地壳的各向异性主轴与上地幔成一般夹角时,其粒子运动轨迹变得十分复杂,不能直观地识别上地幔各向异性中的快波方向,对走时延迟也有一定的影响. 将常用的两种分析方法应用于对模拟结果的反演,发现当地壳各向异性与上地幔各向异性方向为一般夹角时,反演结果会出现较大的误差或误判. 进而提出解决这一问题的方法,一是综合多种方法的结果;二是由拟合残差或相关系数等值线作进一步的确定. 相似文献
13.
在青藏高原东边缘沿冕宁—宜宾进行了大地电磁探测研究,剖面西起康滇地轴,向东穿过大凉山地块,终止于四川盆地.利用带地形的NLCG(非线性共轭梯度)方法对资料进行了反演,得到沿剖面的二维电性结构.康滇地轴和大凉山地块地壳中存在向上拱起的高导层(HCL),顶面埋深为10～15 km,最浅处不足10 km,厚度大约15～25 km,最小电阻率小于10 Ωm.四川盆地中下地壳不存在高导层.和该剖面北侧的石棉—乐山剖面的地壳电性结构对比分析表明,高导层在南北方向上可能连续延伸,长度大于100 km.壳内高导层的高导电性与岩石的部分熔融有关,并可能含有百分之几的含盐流体,易于流动和变形.青藏高原东部地壳内的可流动层在向东或东南方向流动过程中,由于受到四川盆地的阻挡,转向南或南南东方向,大体沿着大凉山地块的走向.在东西方向,壳内高导层自川滇地块向东运动,穿过大凉山地块西边界的安宁河断裂和则木河断裂,在大凉山地块东部,向四川盆地深部倾俯.本文对于壳内可流动层的存在及其与青藏高原东边缘的变形和地震活动性的关系进行了探讨. 相似文献
14.
Stress And Seismicity In The Lower Continental Crust: A Challenge To Simple Ductility And Implications For Electrical Conductivity Mechanisms 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
F. Simpson 《Surveys in Geophysics》1999,20(3-4):201-227
The lower crust is generally considered to be an aseismic, weak zone where fluid distribution might be governed by textural equilibrium geometries. Saline fluids below the transition from brittle to ductile rheology have been advanced as a joint explanation for deep crustal conductivity and seismic reflectivity, the depth of onset of both phenomena being apparently bounded by isotherms in the 300–450 °C temperature range. Some petrologists, meanwhile, contest that the deep crust should be devoid of extensive fluid networks. This review exposes some geophysical exceptions to the statistical norm suggested by global geophysical data compilations and presents counter-arguments that the lower crust in places may be both dry and strong, that fluids if at all present at such depths may not necessarily be connected and that fluid mobility in the lower crust may be more limited and heterogeneous than commonly assumed.Laboratory data on crustal rocks implies that the transition from brittle to ductile rheology actually occurs over a much broader range of temperatures than 300–450 °C, and the apparent association of deep crustal conductive horizons with a temperature field of 300–450 °C may be interpretable in terms of formation temperatures of graphite, rather than fluids and brittle-ductile transition rheology.High vP/vS ratios from a 6 km thick, seismically layered zone below the Weardale granite, NE England can be explained by underplated mafic material. They are unlikely to be explained by fluids in an area where deep crustal conductance has been shown to be relatively low, unless conventional assumptions regarding deep crustal fluid distribution are inadequate or false.Perusal of the literature reveals that lower crustal seismicity is less seldom than generally appreciated. Interpretation of earthquakes nucleating at lower crustal depths is ambiguous, but in some tectonic regimes may indicate preservation of brittle rheology to the Moho and a lower crust that is predominantly mafic and dry.A better understanding of lower crustal deformation mechanisms and history may provide better insight into deep crustal conductivity mechanisms. Recent rock mechanical experiments suggest that permeability (and thus fluid connectivity) may be decreased by ductile shearing, whereas ductile shearing may aid graphitisation at lower crustal temperatures. If the lower crust in some regions is strong, this may explain the apparent preservation of both extant- and palaeostress orientations in interpretations involving electrical anisotropy. 相似文献
15.
中下地壳和俯冲带区域的高电导率异常（0.01~1 S·m-1）可能与地球内部的特定物质及其变化有关.斜长角闪岩是中下地壳以及俯冲带区域的重要组成之一,高温高压下斜长角闪岩的电导率研究对认识电导率异常具有重要意义.本研究采用交流阻抗谱法,在0.5,1.0,1.5 GPa和473~1073 K条件下测量了天然斜长角闪岩样品的复阻抗,实验结果表明压力对斜长角闪岩的电导率影响非常小,而温度对于电导率影响非常显著,其电导率在1073 K可以达到10-0.5 S·m-1;实验获得的活化能值为52.21 kJ·mol-1,推断其导电机制可能为小极化子传导（Fe2+的氧化）主导.结合本实验获得的结果与大陆岩石圈和俯冲带的温度结构,我们计算得到相应的电性结构剖面,并与三种不同构造背景下的大陆岩石圈（克拉通、大陆裂谷和活动造山带）和俯冲带区域的电磁剖面结构进行了对比研究,结果发现斜长角闪岩可以解释大陆裂谷和活动造山带构造背景下的莫霍面附近的高电导率异常现象,同时可能是导致较热的俯冲带区域（例如卡斯卡迪地区）高电导率异常现象的原因. 相似文献
16.
17.
Xiaozhi Yang 《Surveys in Geophysics》2011,32(6):875-903
Electromagnetic measurements have demonstrated that the lower continental crust has remarkable electrical anomalies of high
conductivity and electrical anisotropy on a global scale (probably with some local exceptions), but their origin is a long-standing
and controversial problem. Typical electrical properties of the lower continental crust include: (1) the electrical conductivity
is usually 10−4 to 10−1 S/m; (2) the overlying shallow crust and underlying upper mantle are in most cases less conductive; (3) the electrical conductivity
is statistically much higher in Phanerozoic than in Precambrian areas; (4) horizontal anisotropy has been resolved in many
areas; and (5) in some regions there appear to be correlations between high electrical conductivity and other physical properties
such as seismic reflections. The explanation based on conduction by interconnected, highly conductive phases such as fluids,
melts, or graphite films in grain boundary zones has various problems in accounting for geophysically resolved electrical
conductivity and other chemical and physical properties of the lower crust. The lower continental crust is dominated by mafic
granulites (in particular beneath stable regions), with nominally anhydrous clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and plagioclase
as the main assemblages, and the prevailing temperatures are mostly 700–1,000°C as estimated from xenolith data, surface heat
flow, and seismic imaging. Pyroxenes have significantly higher Fe content in the lower crust than in the upper mantle (peridotites),
and plagioclase has higher Na content in the lower crust than in the shallow crust (granites). Minerals in the lower continental
crust generally contain trace amounts of water as H-related point defects, from less than 100 to more than 1,000 ppm H2O (by weight), with concentrations usually higher than those in the upper mantle. Observations of xenolith granulites captured
by volcano-related eruptions indicate that the lower continental crust is characterized by alternating pyroxene-rich and plagioclase-rich
layers. Experimental studies on typical lower crustal minerals have shown that their electrical conductivity can be significantly
enhanced by the higher contents of Fe (for pyroxenes), Na (for plagioclase), and water (for all minerals) at thermodynamic
conditions corresponding to the lower continental crust, e.g., to levels comparable to those measured by geophysical field
surveys. Preferred orientation of hydrous plagioclase, e.g., due to ductile flow in the deep crust, and alternating mineral
fabrics of pyroxene-rich and plagioclase-rich layers can lead to substantial anisotropy of electrical conductivity. Electrical
conductivity properties in many regions of the lower continental crust, especially beneath stable areas, can mostly be accounted
for by solid-state conduction due to the major constituents; other special, additional conduction mechanisms due to grain
boundary phases are not strictly necessary. 相似文献
18.
19.
Eclogite is essentially a bi-mineralogic high-grade metamorphic rock consisting of garnet and omphacite and is the product of high-to-ultrahigh pressure metamorphism of basaltic rocks due to the subduction of oceanic crust or the thickening/subduction of … 相似文献
20.
中国大陆下扬子及邻区地壳结构基本特征：深地震测深研究综述 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
The Deep Seismic Sounding( DSS) projects carried out from the 1970 s in the lower Yangtze region and its neighboring area were reviewed in this paper,then the basic wave group features of those wide angle reflection / refraction record sections,and of the crustal structure are summarized. It shows that there were in total five clear wave groups on the record sections,which include the first arrival Pg,the reflection P1 from the bottom interface of the upper crust,the reflection P3 from the bottom interface of the middle crust,the strong reflection Pm from the Moho boundary,and the refraction Pn from uppermost mantle. In general,these phases are easily consistently traced and compared,despite some first arrivals being delayed or arriving earlier than normal due to the shallow sedimentary cover or bedrocks. In particular,in the Dabie Mountain region the seismic events of a few gathered shots always have weak reflection energy,are twisted,or exhibit disorganized waveforms, which could be attributed to the disruption variations of reflection depth,the broken Moho,and the discontinuity of the reflection boundary within crust. The regional crustal structures are composed of the upper,middle and lower crust,of which the middle and lower layers can be divided into two weak reflection ones. The crustal thickness of the North China and Yangtze platform are 30km- 36 km,and the Moho exhibits a flat geometry despite some local uplifts. The average pressure velocity in lower crust beneath this two tectonic area is 6. 7 ± 0. 3km / s. Nevertheless,beneath the Dabieshan area the crustal thickness is 32km- 41 km,the Moho bends down sharply andtakes an abrupt 4km- 7km dislocation in the vertical direction. The average pressure velocity in the lower crust beneath the Dabieshan area is 6. 8 ± 0. 2km / s. 相似文献