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1.
分步加热实验结果表明大别山超高压岩流体包裹体成分 (不计入水 )主要是CO2 ,其次为CO及少量的N2 和CH4;变质高峰期流体CO2 碳同位素值 ( - 2 5‰～- 30‰ )与地幔流体相差较大 ,说明其是原岩自身含碳物质在高温高压之下演化的结果 ,反映了超高压变质岩石虽然可能俯冲到地幔深度 ,但并未受到地幔流体的大规模作用 ,岩石中的流体系统是活动有限的、较为封闭的体系 .这可能与地壳岩石快速插入地幔、并又迅速折返至地表的动力学机制有关 相似文献
2.
板块俯冲是地球内部系统最为宏伟的地质过程,是实现地球表面-内部物质和能量交换、大陆地壳生长以及壳/幔相互作用的重要场所,广泛深刻地影响着地壳的增生与消亡、火山和地震活动、地球表层物质循环、矿产资源分布、大陆造山运动、大陆的聚合及裂解等与人类生活息息相关的地质过程,因此一直是固体地球科学研究所关注的热点.20世纪80年代中期关于大陆地壳能够俯冲进入地幔深度并大部分折返地表的发现,是俯冲带研究和板块构造理论的革命性进展.相较于俯冲洋壳,大陆地壳具有较冷、较干、较轻的特点,同时,俯冲陆壳与地幔相比具有更加不均一的性质和化学成分以及同位素组成,因此在局部而言会对上覆大陆岩石圈和大陆板块汇聚边界的结构、组成、变形和演化进程造成巨大影响.在大陆俯冲过程中,拆离的地壳碎块和岩片在俯冲隧道内受到构造剪切,促使其经历变质脱水和部分熔融,产生各种流体和熔体.这些熔/流体的产生和演化在俯冲带壳/幔相互作用过程中扮演着非常重要的角色,是俯冲过程中发生元素迁移、同位素分馏以及交代上覆地幔楔的不可或缺的介质.本文综合国际上近年来有关俯冲带研究的最新进展,总结了有关俯冲带流体和熔体的类型、存在条件、化学组成、熔体/流体-地幔相互作用的特点,同时对于与大陆俯冲带流体相关的特征性元素(Nb-Ta-V)迁移和最新的非传统稳定同位素(Li-Mg)研究进行了系统介绍,期望为中国读者较全面地认识板块俯冲过程中的熔/流体活动和元素迁移以及了解并运用Li和Mg同位素作为新兴的示踪手段提供一定帮助. 相似文献
3.
根据新的地球物理信息，得到天山及毗邻区地壳参数模型、地幔参数模型、构造圈重力模型和均衡模型，提出地壳和地幔的物质不均匀性深达300km。查明地幔在横向和垂向上的明显的不均匀构造。密度模型参数表明，天山地台后的造山带，是地幔流体质量转换影响地壳和地幔物质密度变化的结果，相变型式为辉长岩石榴岩粒晶榴辉岩。根据实验数据，提出地壳和地幔环流作用新模式，环流取决于深部源于地核的热质流，它是形成构造运动和地幔构造的主要原因。天山构造圈的参数模型几何上符合于地幔内梯级环流圈。 相似文献
4.
对于具有流体对流层的旋转星球 ,由于星球自转对对流的影响 ,必然会在星球对流层内部不同部分间以及星球的不同圈层间产生差异旋转 (differentialrotation) .所谓差异旋转是指旋转角速度随着深度 (星球不同圈层的旋转角速度不同 )以及纬度 (同一圈层内部不同部分间的角速度不同 )具有差异的现象 .地球是一个多圈层的旋转系统 ,主要由大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、地幔、外核以及内核组成 .大气圈和水圈具有明显的流体性质 ,并且在漫长的地质年代中 ,地幔、岩石圈和地幔之间的软流层以及外核均具有流体性质 ,而且在大气压力、热、重力和电磁力等的作用下发生了对流 .这些对流运动一旦受到地球自转的影响 ,就必然会致使地球各圈层间以及对流层内部不同部分间产生差异旋转 .几个重要现象 :基本地磁场的长期西漂、岩石圈的长期西漂、地球自转速率变化 (周日长度波动 )和固体内核各向异性对称轴的移动表明在固体地球内部各圈层—岩石圈、地幔、外核和内核间存在差异旋转 .来自地震学上的数据证明了固体内核与地幔之间存在较明显的差异旋转 ,速率可达 1.1°～ 3.0°/a.这跟其它数据如自由振荡数据以及地磁场长期西漂数据获得的结果具有很大的差异 .导致固体地球内核相对于地幔差异旋转的主要宏观机制为电磁力矩、引 相似文献
5.
山东夏甸金矿床成因一直有变质热液、岩浆热液和天水之争,经研究表明:尚有幔源流体加入成矿,其主要判别标志有:(ⅰ)深大断裂标志;(ⅱ)基性脉岩与矿脉交切和相伴标志;(ⅲ)稳定同位素地球化学标志;(ⅳ)流体包裹体地球化学标志;(V)幔源流体多层循环沟通标志,针对幔源流体总体循环系统特征与岩浆热液和天水的有机联系,将含矿流体划分3个子循环系统:(ⅰ)地幔富C,H,O,CO_2流体循环子系统;(ⅱ)中-下部地壳富硅流体循环子系统;(ⅲ)浅-表部富硫流体循环子系统.各自成矿功能主要受制于构造动力背景. 相似文献
6.
本文重点报道了高温高压下流体与流体-岩石相互作用实验结果,提供了中地壳条件下流体性质和水岩反应速率数据.这些数据有助于理解中地壳的一些地球物理现象.作者进行了25℃~435℃和22~39 MPa条件下水-岩相互作用反应动力学实验.同时,研究水在近临界区至超临界区的性质.一般地说,中地壳大致位于10(15)至25 km的深度范围.各地的地壳厚度不同,但是中地壳高导-低速层的深度范围十分相似.中地壳的顶界温度处于300℃,底界大致为450℃范围,压力高达200 MPa以上.流体-岩石相互作用实验表明:硅酸盐矿物和岩石的硅最大溶解速率出现在300℃~400℃.此时,硅酸盐矿物格架解体.通常,地壳里普遍存在水、流体.地壳构造活动导致断裂空隙、减压、流体流动.这时,有可能导致中地壳处于300℃~450℃流体的压力减低,由超临界区进入临界态、亚临界态.这会引发强烈流动的水与岩石相互作用.溶解反应导致岩层的硅淋失,硅的强烈淋失又会导致硅酸盐矿物格架解体,岩石崩塌.同时,进一步促进流体的流动.实验表明300℃~400℃下的强烈水岩相互作用促进了岩石破坏,并有可能影响岩层的地球物理性质,如高导层出现.另外,实验和理论研究表明处于300℃~400℃流体具有高电导率性质.这些水岩相互作用会使中地壳出现高导-低速层. 相似文献
7.
对右江盆地及其周缘地区金、砷、锑、汞低温矿床的C,H,O,S,Sr同位素、同位素年代学、流体的常量、微量稀土元素地球化学等的综合研究表明,成矿流体为富含矿质的盆地流体,燕山晚期大规模的同源流体流动引起了大面积的低温成矿作用和硅化.在盆地和台地间,成矿流体由盆地流向台地;在盆地内部,流体由台间盆地流向孤立台地,同沉积断裂和古岩溶面是流体垂向和侧向流动的主要通道. 相似文献
8.
对地幔的地球化学研究为理解地球的形成和演化、其内部结构以及地幔动力学提供了重要制约.全地球的成分是通过由地幔岩石与球粒陨石对比所得到,并由此引出了球粒陨石质地球模型.这个模型认为地球难熔元素比例与球粒陨石相同,但挥发份相对亏损.洋岛玄武岩可能是源于地幔柱深部成因,进而成为研究深部地球的独特途径.洋岛玄武岩同位素组成变化可用有限几个地幔端元(例如,DMM、EM1、EM2和HIMU)来描述,由此用来解译重要的地幔过程.地壳物质通过俯冲和拆沉进入深部地幔,对地幔不均一的形成起到了重要作用.然而,这些地壳物质如何由部分熔融所提取,例如洋岛玄武岩成因中贫橄榄石岩石的作用,仍是热点争论话题.高~3He/~4He地幔的位置和成因仍有争议,存在从下地幔未演化(或弱演化)的原始物质到浅部成因的高程度演化物质的看法,后者包括古老熔融残留、弧下镁铁质堆晶和再循环含水矿物.可能存在的核幔相互作用被假定为洋岛玄武岩中诸如放射成因~(186)Os以及Fe和Ni的富集之类地球化学特征形成的原因.诸如~(142)Nd、~(182)W和Xe同位素之类的短寿命核素的微小但重要的变化在古老和现代岩石中均有报道,这暗示地幔必须在地球形成后100Myr内即发生分异,而且地幔并未被对流所有效均一化. 相似文献
9.
现代固体地球科学已经认识到,地幔对流不再是少数动力学家的假想,它是地幔热动力系统的主要构架.地幔对流和板块运动驱动机理关系的研究已经从简单的主动或被动驱动的讨论转向对统一热动力系统的探讨.包括地幔热柱在内的地幔对流的深入研究不仅成为研究地幔热动力系统演化的主线,也成为研究大陆形成和演化驱动机理的主线.与此同时,以地震层析成像为主体的地震、地球物理观测资料和以地幔岩石化学组份为主体的地球化学观测成为认识地幔对流的强有力的工具.然而,地球化学和地球物理观测之间存在明显的差异,一些依赖于地球化学数据构思的新的热动力学框架对地幔对流的研究构成了强烈的挑战. 相似文献
10.
地球物理成像为交代作用的研究提供了独特的视角,因其能够描绘地壳和上地幔现今流体的分布。这与地质学的研究形成对照。地质学研究出露于地表的中地壳岩石,在交代作用过程中流体的作用没有得到体现。用于探测地壳上地幔流体分布的主要地球物理方法有(a)电阻率成像的电磁方法和(b)探测地震波速和相关参数如泊松比、地震各向异性的地震方法。对于深度超过几千米的研究,最有效的电磁方法是大地电磁(MT),它使用天然电磁信号作为场源。地壳岩石的电阻率对水溶液流体的数量、盐度和连通程度很敏感。部分熔融和氢的扩散作用也可导致低电阻率。流体和/或水对地震观测的影响可由岩石和矿物物理方面的研究来评估。这些研究表明水的存在一般会降低岩石和矿物的地震波速度。水在含水矿物中以流体的形式存在,或者在名义上无水矿物中作为氢的点缺陷。水可以进一步改变地震属性,如泊松比、品质因子和各向异性。多种地震分析方法被用来测量地壳和岩石层地幔中水溶液流体的原位作用,包括地震层析成像、地震反射、被动震源转换、散射波成像和横波分裂分析等。将大地电磁和地震数据联合起来已被证明是研究活动构造区如卡斯凯迪亚俯冲带流体分布的有效手段。在这个地点,可探测到流体从俯冲板块向上扩散并形成水化地幔楔。在陆—陆碰撞带,如青藏高原,在其一重要区域的中地壳深度处探测到广泛存在部分熔融和水溶液流体。这些地球物理的方法也被用来研究保存于太古代和元古代岩石层中的古老板块边界曾经发生的交代作用。 相似文献
11.
以深部地球物理资料为基础,介绍了天山地震带上地幔的基本结构,讨论了天山不同地区上地幔介质的动力学性质和可能的驱动机制。认为水平挤压形变是造成西天山和天山毗邻西昆仑附近区域上地幔岩石圈缩短和增厚的主要原因;而在中天山和东天山靠近准噶尔盆地南缘一带,除了板块运动造成的水平挤压力之外,上地幔热物质有可能上浮甚至侵入到地壳之中。它们与水平运动一样,对壳内脆性介质的构造活动起到非常重要的作用,特别是地壳底部莫霍面附近的低速滑脱层成为震源区深部构造的一个明显标志。此外,自从印度 亚洲大陆碰撞以来,天山部分地区固结冷却的山根有可能在多重挤压变形和小尺度热对流的共同作用下,脱离它们的原有的层位而沉入上地幔 相似文献
12.
There are six distinct classes of gold deposits, each represented by metallogenic provinces, having 100's to >1000 tonne gold production. The deposit classes are: (1) orogenic gold; (2) Carlin and Carlin-like gold deposits; (3) epithermal gold-silver deposits; (4) copper-gold porphyry deposits; (5) iron-oxide copper-gold deposits; and (6) gold-rich volcanic hosted massive sulfide (VMS) to sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits. This classification is based on ore and alteration mineral assemblages; ore and alteration metal budgets; ore fluid pressure(s) and compositions; crustal depth or depth ranges of formation; relationship to structures and/or magmatic intrusions at a variety of scales; and relationship to the P-T-t evolution of the host terrane. These classes reflect distinct geodynamic settings. Orogenic gold deposits are generated at mid-crustal (4–16 km) levels proximal to terrane boundaries, in transpressional subduction-accretion complexes of Cordilleran style orogenic belts; other orogenic gold provinces form inboard, by delamination of mantle lithosphere, or plume impingement. Carlin and Carlin-like gold deposits develop at shallow crustal levels (<4 km) in extensional convergent margin continental arcs or back arcs; some provinces may involve asthenosphere plume impingement on the base of the lithosphere. Epithermal gold and copper-gold porphyry deposits are sited at shallow crustal levels in continental margin or intraoceanic arcs. Iron oxide copper-gold deposits form at mid to shallow crustal levels; they are associated with extensional intracratonic anorogenic magmatism. Proterozoic examples are sited at the transition from thick refractory Archean mantle lithosphere to thinner Proterozoic mantle lithosphere. Gold-rich VMS deposits are hydrothermal accumulations on or near the seafloor in continental or intraoceanic back arcs. The compressional tectonics of orogenic gold deposits is generated by terrane accretion; high heat flow stems from crustal thickening, delamination of overthickened mantle lithosphere inducing advection of hot asthenosphere, or asthenosphere plume impingement. Ore fluids advect at lithostatic pressures. The extensional settings of Carlin, epithermal, and copper-gold porphyry deposits result from slab rollback driven by negative buoyancy of the subducting plate, and associated induced convection in asthenosphere below the over-riding lithospheric plate. Extension thins the lithosphere, advecting asthenosphere heat, promotes advection of mantle lithosphere and crustal magmas to shallow crustal levels, and enhances hydraulic conductivity. Siting of some copper-gold porphyry deposits is controlled by arc parallel or orthogonal structures that in turn reflect deflections or windows in the slab. Ore fluids in Carlin and epithermal deposits were at near hydrostatic pressures, with unconstrained magmatic fluid input, whereas ore fluids generating porphyry copper-gold deposits were initially magmatic and lithostatic, evolving to hydrostatic pressures. Fertilization of previously depleted sub-arc mantle lithosphere by fluids or melts from the subducting plate, or incompatible element enriched asthenosphere plumes, is likely a factor in generation of these gold deposits. Iron oxide copper-gold deposits involve prior fertilization of Archean mantle lithosphere by incompatible element enriched asthenospheric plume liquids, and subsequent intracontinental anorogenic magmatism driven by decompressional extension from far-field plate forces. Halogen rich mantle lithosphere and crustal magmas likely are the causative intrusions for the deposits, with a deep crustal proximal to shallow crustal distal association. Gold-rich VMS deposits develop in extensional geodynamic settings, where thinned lithosphere extension drives high heat flow and enhanced hydraulic conductivity, as for epithermal deposits. Ore fluids induced hydrostatic convection of modified seawater, with unconstrained magmatic input. Some gold-rich VMS deposits with an epithermal metal budget may be submarine counterparts of terrestrial epithermal gold deposits. Real time analogs for all of these gold deposit classes are known in the geodynamic settings described, excepting iron oxide copper-gold deposits. 相似文献
13.
Metallogensis of the Xiadian gold deposit in Shandong Province has been a question under dispute for a long time. There are many points such as metamorphic hydrothermal, magamatic hydrothermal and meteoric water. Detailed study shows that mantle-rooted fluids were involved in the ore-forming processes. Evidence for this argumentation comes from: (1) discor-dogenic fault; (2) intersecting and accompanying of basic veins and lodes; (3) geochemistry of stable isotopes; (4) geochemistry of fluid inclusions; and (5) multi-level circulation and exchanging of mantle-rooted fluids. Based on the characteristics of the circulation system of mantle-rooted fluids and its close relation to magmatic hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water, ore-bearing fluids are divided into three subsystems: (1) C-H-O-rich fluid circulation subsystem in mantle, (2) Si-rich fluid circulation subsystem in the middle and lower crust; and (3) S-rich fluid circulation subsystem in shallow and surface crust. Ore-forming functions of these subsystems are controlled respectively by their different geodynamic settings. 相似文献
14.
Metallogensis of the Xiadian gold deposit in Shandong Province has been a question under dispute for a long time. There are many points such as metamorphic hydrothermal, magamatic hydrothermal and meteoric water. Detailed study shows that mantle-rooted fluids were involved in the ore-forming processes. Evidence for this argumentation comes from: (1) discor-dogenic fault; (2) intersecting and accompanying of basic veins and lodes; (3) geochemistry of stable isotopes; (4) geochemistry of fluid inclusions; and (5) multi-level circulation and exchanging of mantle-rooted fluids. Based on the characteristics of the circulation system of mantle-rooted fluids and its close relation to magmatic hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water, ore-bearing fluids are divided into three subsystems: (1) C-H-O-rich fluid circulation subsystem in mantle, (2) Si-rich fluid circulation subsystem in the middle and lower crust; and (3) S-rich fluid circulation subsystem in shallow and surface crust. Ore-forming functions of these subsystems are controlled respectively by their different geodynamic settings. 相似文献
15.
山东金矿研究的最新成果表明 ,胶东众多金矿床 (无论矿化类型、产出空间、地质背景的不同)的成矿时代主要集中在 1 1 5± 1 5Ma(早白垩世 )前后这一狭短的时段内 ,暗示它们都受某一次统一的重大地质事件的制约 .金矿石中碳酸盐矿物的碳氧同位素组成显示成矿流体中的CO2 很可能来自深部 (岩石圈地幔甚或更深 ) .1 1 5± 1 5Ma(早白垩世 )前后正是华北东部中生代动力学体制转折的关键时段 ,此时古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆斜向快速俯冲、华北东部岩石圈剧烈减薄、郯庐断裂发生强烈左行走滑、区域构造应力场转变为强烈引张、火山 -岩浆活动也最为强烈、尤其是深源(幔源 )岩浆活动最为强烈 .同时 ,这也与部分学者提出的超级地幔柱的高潮时段 (1 2 5～ 1 0 0Ma)相吻合 ,暗示可能有深部物质 (不仅是上地幔物质 ,还可能包括下地幔物质 )和热能的大规模强烈上涌 .因此 ,胶东金矿 (以及华北东部的许多其它金矿床 )的形成有可能是 1 1 5± 1 5Ma前后华北东部动力学体制转折过程中一次大规模的深部物质和深部能量上涌的结果 相似文献
16.
Metallogensis of the Xiadian gold deposit in Shandong Province has been a question under dispute for a long time. There are many points such as metamorphic hydrothermal, magamatic hydrothermal and meteoric water. Detailed study shows that mantle-rooted fluids were involved in the ore-forming processes. Evidence for this argumentation comes from: (1) discordogenic fault; (2) intersecting and accompanying of basic veins and lodes; (3) geochemistry of stable isotopes; (4) geochemistry of fluid inclusions; and (5) multi-level circulation and exchanging of mantle-rooted fluids. Based on the characteristics of the circulation system of mantle-rooted fluids and its close relation to magmatic hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water, ore-bearing fluids are divided into three subsystems: (1) C-H-O-rich fluid circulation subsystem in mantle, (2) Si-rich fluid circulation subsystem in the middle and lower crust; and (3) S-rich fluid circulation subsystem in shallow and surface crust. Ore-forming functions of these subsystems are controlled respectively by their different geodynamic settings. 相似文献
17.
Magnetotelluric (MT) studies represent the structure of crust and mantle in terms of conductivity anomalies, while geodynamic modelling predicts the deformation and evolution of crust and mantle subject to plate tectonic processes. Here, we review the first attempts to link MT models with geodynamic models. An integration of MT with geodynamic modelling requires the use of relationships between conductivity and rheological parameters such as viscosity and melt fraction, which are provided by laboratory measurements of rock properties. Owing to present limitations in our understanding of these relationships, and in interpreting the trade-off between scale and magnitude of conductivity anomalies from MT inversions, most studies linking MT and geodynamic models are qualitative rather than providing hard constraints. Some recent examples attempt a more quantitative comparison, such as a study from the Himalayan continental collision zone, where rheological parameters have been calculated from a resistivity model and compared to predictions from geodynamic modelling. We conclude by demonstrating the potential in combining MT results and geodynamic modelling with examples that directly use MT results as constraints within geodynamic models of ore bodies and studies of an active volcano-tectonic rift. 相似文献
18.
The Cheb Basin, located in the western Eger (Ohře) Rift, is part of the European Cenozoic Rift system. Although presently
non-volcanic, it is the most active area within the European Rift with signs of recent geodynamic activity like emanations
of mantle derived CO 2, and the repeated occurrence of swarm earthquakes, which are common features in active volcanic regions. It is assumed that
the fluids, uprising in permeable channels, play a key role for the genesis of these earthquake swarms. 相似文献
19.
大陆岩石圈流变学是固体地球科学领域的基本问题，也是理解大陆变形的动力学过程和构造演化史的关键.本文对近年来大陆岩石圈流变学的研究进展进行了综述.重点讨论大陆岩石圈流变学的纵向分层和横向分块特性及流变学与地震活动性、壳－幔解耦及下地壳流动变形的地球动力学意义和中国大陆地区岩石圈流变学研究状况.最后，对大陆岩石圈流变学研究存在的问题和未来的研究方向做了一定的探讨和展望. 相似文献
20.
Variation in the geochemical characteristics of basalts has been found within the Karymskii Volcanic Center (KVC). The concentrations of potassium, titanium, phosphorus, large-cation, high-charge, rare and rare-earth elements increase from the frontal zone (Pribrezhnyi Yuzhnyi, Stena, Paleo-Semyachik and Malyi Semyachik, and Ditmara volcanoes) toward the backarc zone (Odnobokii, Pra-Karymskii, and Akademii Nauk volcanoes). High ratios of fluid-mobile elements to non-mobile ones in the basalts of the frontal zone provide evidence of low-temperature aqueous fluids being involved in magma generation, with these fluids separating from the subducted oceanic plate at low pressures. The backarc zone typically shows higher Th/Nd and Th/Yb ratios, suggesting high-temperature fluids that take part in magma generation with increasing depth (and increasing temperature) as far down as the top of the subducted plate. The variation in the geochemical characteristics of the KVC basalts from the frontal to the backarc zone is less pronounced than that in the lavas of Mutnovskii and Gorelyi volcanoes in southern Kamchatka. These differences may be related to the geodynamic parameters of the subduction zone in the East Kamchatka and the South Kamchatka segments of the Kamchatka island arc, primarily to the dip angle of the Benioff zone, the distance to the trench axis, the subduction age, and possibly to heterogeneities in the mantle wedge beneath the KVC. 相似文献
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