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1.
具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性介质模型(VTI)是目前各向异性理论研究和多波多分量地震资料叠前成像处理中最常用的一种各向异性模型.VTI介质中反射 P波时距曲线一般不再是双曲线.基于不同的相速度近似公式会得到不同的时距关系式.文中对几种典型的非双曲时距曲线与射线追踪得到的准确时距曲线在不同各向异性强度下进行了对比，结果表明Muir等和Stovas等提出的非双曲时距公式由于过高地考虑了横波垂直速度的影响与精确的时距曲线有很大偏差；Tsvankin等提出的弱各向异性非双曲时距公式在ε-δ<0时误差增大；Alkhalifah等提出的非双曲时距公式在大炮检距任意各向异性强度下都具有较高的精度，适于在实际资料处理中应用. 相似文献
2.
本文提出-种利用有偏VSP资料反射波旅行时信息重建椭圆各向异性介质中水平向与垂直向速度的方法。其中,地下介质假定为层状椭圆各向异性介质。反射波旅行时间采用射线追踪理论及几何关系计算得到,反演中的线性方程组采用奇异值分解(SVD)技术进行求解。 方法检测时,我们对各向同性介质及椭圆各向异胜介质情况下有限差分法正演模拟的深井有偏移距VSP地震资料分别进行各向同性和各向异性方法反演成像。结果表明,本文所述方法较之各向同性介质模型反演方法对介质类型有很好的适用性,同时也说明了本方法的司行性。最后,我们分别介绍了对实际有偏VSP资料反演得到的地下介质的速度结构图像。 相似文献
3.
经典的地震层析成像假定介质为各向同性,通过走时反演确定地球介质的非均匀结构,得到的仅是近似地球模型。如果各向异性较强时,应用基于各向同性假设的层析成像算法,可能导致错误的结果。非均匀与各向异性效应是耦合的,如果仅考虑非均匀效应则各向异性结构可能映射到非均匀结构中造成非均匀速度结构的误差,反之亦然。因此,高分辨率的走时层析成像必须同时考虑非均匀和各向异性两种效应。同时反演非均匀和各向异性结构(即各向异性层析成像),不仅可以获得可靠的各向同性速度结构,同时可以确定各向异性结构。相对于S波偏振分析,体波走时方法基于不同的数据集,能提供独立的地震各向异性观测证据。利用地震走时层析成像方法同时研究介质的非均匀性和各向异性,对于认识地球的结构及动力学过程都具有非常重要的意义。 相似文献
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5.
在长波长假设条件下,水平层状地层中发育一组垂直排列的裂缝构成了等效正交各向异性介质.各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数的估算有助于非均匀各向异性介质的各向异性特征描述,而弹性逆散射理论是非均匀介质参数反演的有效途径.基于地震散射理论,我们首先推导了非均匀正交介质中纵波散射系数方程,并通过引入正交各向异性特征参数,提出了一种新颖的正交各向异性方位弹性阻抗参数化方法.为了提高反演的稳定性与横向连续性,我们发展了贝叶斯框架下的正交各向异性方位弹性阻抗反演方法,同时考虑了柯西稀疏约束正则化和平滑模型约束正则化,最终使用非线性的迭代重加权最小二乘策略实现了各向异性特征参数的稳定估算.模型和实际资料处理表明,反演结果与测井解释数据相吻合,证明了该方法能够稳定可靠地从方位叠前地震资料中获取各向异性特征参数,减小参数估算的不确定性,为非均匀正交介质的各向异性预测提供了一种高可靠性的地震反演方法. 相似文献
6.
对于转换波地震勘探中的转换点位置这个重要问题,提出转换点位置不仅与纵横波速度比,偏移距深度比以及源检距有关,还与地下介质的各向异性的性质有关,计算了忽略地下介质的各向异性影响对转换点的确定带来的严重误差,从而影响地下地质体的精确成像.通过对层状VTI介质中的转换点近似方程的推导过程,引入该方程不同于传统方程的导出是对层状各向同性介质而言,该方程通过引入各向异性参数,使我们对转换波可以有进一步的认识,拓展了转换波处理中各向异性的应用.该方程对于偏移距深度比小于3.0的情况是比较准确的,这对于大偏移距转换波勘探具有实际意义. 相似文献
7.
横向各向同性介质是地球内部广泛分布的一种各向异性介质.针对这种介质，我们对各向同性介质的最小走时树走时模拟方法进行了推广，推广后的方法可适用于非均匀、对称轴任意倾斜的横向各向同性介质模型.为保证计算效率，最小走时树的构建采用了一种子波传播区域随地震波传播动态变化的改进算法.对于弱各向异性介质，我们使用了一种新的地震波群速度近似表示方法，该方法基于用射线角近似表示相角的思想，对3种地震波（qP, qSV和qSH）均有较好的精度.应用本文地震波走时模拟方法对均匀介质、横向非均匀介质模型进行了计算，并将后者结果与弹性波方程有限元方法的模拟结果进行了对比，结果表明两者符合得很好.本文方法可用于横向各向同性介质的深度偏移及地震层析成像的深入研究. 相似文献
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即使采用分辨率很高的双曲Radon变换,对速度各向异性发育介质及长偏移距情况下的地震数据,其Radon域内能量仍不收敛.为了克服此难题,我们在Radon变换的积分路径中考虑了非双曲走时的影响,通过引入非双曲时差公式中的各向异性非椭圆率η参数,可以准确描述出长偏移距条件下来自同一层位的时距曲线,并推导了由偏移距、慢度、非椭圆率三参数控制的积分曲线正反变换公式,我们称之为各向异性Radon变换.离散化求解时,各向异性Radon变换是时变的,频率域快速算法已不适用,本文采用了最优相似系数加权Gauss-Seidel迭代算法,保持其计算精度的同时也有较高的计算效率.将此方法应用在模型数据以及实际长偏移距海上地震数据的多次波压制处理中,收到了较好的处理效果. 相似文献
9.
地震走时层析成像是反演地层各向异性参数分布的有效方法,但是关于地震各向异性介质走时层析成像的研究并不多,其技术远远没有达到成熟的阶段.在野外数据采集时,地表反射波观测方式相对井间和垂直地震剖面观测方式的成本更低,利用qP反射波走时反演各向异性参数具有更加广泛的实用价值.本文实现的TI介质地震走时层析成像方法结合了TI介质反射波射线追踪算法、走时扰动方程和非线性共轭梯度算法,它可以对任意强度的TI介质模型进行反演,文中尝试利用qP反射波走时重建TI介质模型的参数图像.利用qP反射波对层状介质模型和块状异常体模型进行走时反演,由于qP波相速度对弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数的偏微分不同,所以可以分别反演弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数.数值模拟结果表明:利用qP反射波可以反演出TI介质模型的弹性模量参数与Thomsen参数,不同模型的走时迭代反演达到了较好的收敛效果,与各向同性介质走时反演结果相比较,各向异性介质走时反演结果具有较好的识别能力. 相似文献
10.
薄储层的叠前地震响应特征研究,特别是针对具有速度各向异性的含流体薄层,对储层描述具有十分重要的意义.文中基于波动方程数值模拟方法,正演得到各向同性弹性、各向同性衰减、速度各向异性、各向异性衰减模型的地震波场,并对比分析了四种模型的纵波(PP)和转换横波(PS)地震反射特征.研究结果表明:在衰减介质背景下,引入各向异性,PP和PS波的反射波振幅较弹性介质均减弱,且衰减因素对薄层振幅的影响强于各向异性.同时,VTI各向异性衰减在单频PS振幅曲线上表现出强差异性,而HTI各向异性衰减则会影响PP和PS波单频振幅曲线的极值点幅值和位置,通过分析单频振幅曲线的极值点振幅和极值点位置对各向异性衰减薄层预测有指导作用,尤其对平时较难分辨的VTI各向异性衰减薄层,单频分析方法的优势更明显. 相似文献
11.
A new wave equation is derived for modelling viscoacoustic wave propagation in transversely isotropic media under acoustic transverse isotropy approximation. The formulas expressed by fractional Laplacian operators can well model the constant-Q (i.e. frequency-independent quality factor) attenuation, anisotropic attenuation, decoupled amplitude loss and velocity dispersion behaviours. The proposed viscoacoustic anisotropic equation can keep consistent velocity and attenuation anisotropy effects with that of qP-wave in the constant-Q viscoelastic anisotropic theory. For numerical simulations, the staggered-grid pseudo-spectral method is implemented to solve the velocity–stress formulation of wave equation in the time domain. The constant fractional-order Laplacian approximation method is used to cope with spatial variable-order fractional Laplacians for efficient modelling in heterogeneous velocity and Q media. Simulation results for a homogeneous model show the decoupling of velocity dispersion and amplitude loss effects of the constant-Q equation, and illustrate the influence of anisotropic attenuation on seismic wavefields. The modelling example of a layered model illustrates the accuracy of the constant fractional-order Laplacian approximation method. Finally, the Hess vertical transversely isotropic model is used to validate the applicability of the formulation and algorithm for heterogeneous media. 相似文献
12.
Anisotropic reverse-time migration for tilted TI media 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Seismic anisotropy in dipping shales results in imaging and positioning problems for underlying structures. We develop an anisotropic reverse‐time depth migration approach for P‐wave and SV‐wave seismic data in transversely isotropic (TI) media with a tilted axis of symmetry normal to bedding. Based on an accurate phase velocity formula and dispersion relationships for weak anisotropy, we derive the wave equation for P‐wave and SV‐wave propagation in tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. The accuracy of the P‐wave equation and the SV‐wave equation is analyzed and compared with other acoustic wave equations for TTI media. Using this analysis and the pseudo‐spectral method, we apply reverse‐time migration to numerical and physical‐model data. According to the comparison between the isotropic and anisotropic migration results, the anisotropic reverse‐time depth migration offers significant improvements in positioning and reflector continuity over those obtained using isotropic algorithms. 相似文献
13.
CDP mapping in tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. Part I: Method and effectiveness 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Transverse isotropy with a tilted axis of symmetry (TTI) causes image distortion if isotropic models are assumed during data processing. A simple anisotropic migration approach needs long computational times and is sensitive to the signal-to-noise ratio. This paper presents an efficient, general approach to common-depth-point (CDP) mapping to image the subsurface in TTI media from qP-wave seismic data by adding anisotropic and dip parameters to the velocity model. The method consists of three steps: (i) calculating traveltimes and positions of the CDP points; (ii) determining CDP trajectories; (iii) CDP imaging. A crucial step is the rapid computation of traveltimes and raypaths in the TTI media, which is achieved by the Fermat method, specially adapted for anisotropic layered media. The algorithm can image the subsurface of a given model quickly and accurately, and is suitable for application to a bending reflector. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by comparing the raypaths, the traveltimes and the results of CDP mapping, when assuming isotropic media, transversely isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry (TIV), and TTI media. 相似文献
14.
考虑各向异性的层土-盾构隧道地震反应数值模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在层状各向异性土体-盾构隧道地震反应分析中,引入了横观各向同性弹塑性模型理论,建立了适合于横观各向同性介质的双渐近-多向透射边界条件。针对地铁区间盾构隧道抗震设计的特点,基于横观各向同性弹塑性模型,研制了考虑层状土体各向异性和施工开挖效应,适合于盾构隧道动力计算的各向异性弹塑性动力有限元程序。在程序中对于不同的材料采用了不同的本构关系和不同的单元形式,并采用了关联流动法则和多种屈服准则,可同时进行各向异性土体与地下结构的二维平面应力、平面应变和轴对称问题的静力和动力数值分析。最后利用所研制的程序进行了上海地铁二号线石门一路站附近区间隧道在不同超越概率地震动输入下的隧道反应计算。结果表明,在层状土体-地铁区间隧道的抗震分析中考虑土体各向异性的影响是必要的,所提出的计算模型是可行的。 相似文献
15.
COMPUTATION OF ZERO-OFFSET VERTICAL SEISMIC PROFILES INCLUDING GEOMETRICAL SPREADING AND ABSORPTION*
Synthetic vertical seismic profiles (VSP) provide a useful tool in the interpretation of VSP data, allowing the interpreter to analyze the propagation of seismic waves in the different layers. A zero-offset VSP modeling program can also be used as part of an inversion program for estimating the parameters in a layered model of the subsurface. Proposed methods for computing synthetic VSP are mostly based on plane waves in a horizontally layered elastic or anelastic medium. In order to compare these synthetic VSP with real data a common method is to scale the data with the spherical spreading factor of the primary reflections. This will in most cases lead to artificial enhancement of multiple reflections. We apply the ray series method to the equations of motion for a linear viscoelastic medium after having done a Fourier transformation with respect to the time variable. This results in a complex eikonal equation which, in general, appears to be difficult to solve. For vertically traveling waves in a horizontally layered viscoelastic medium the solution is easily found to be the integral along the ray of the inverse of the complex propagation velocity. The spherical spreading due to a point source is also complex, and it is equal to the integral along the ray of the complex propagation velocity. Synthetic data examples illustrate the differences between spherical, cylindrical, and plane waves in elastic and viscoelastic layered media. 相似文献
16.
高角度缝隙充填的碳酸盐岩储层可以等效为具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质.本文提出了适用于裂缝型碳酸盐岩的岩石物理模型构建流程,重点介绍了在碳酸盐岩各向同性背景中,综合利用微小裂隙模型和线性滑动模型添加缝隙系统,并分析了当缝隙充填不同流体时,各向异性参数随纵横波速比的变化特征.同时本文讨论了裂缝密度和缝隙充填流体对地震反射系数的影响,推导了不同类型流体充填时储层反射系数与裂缝密度的近似关系式,阐述了各向异性流体替换理论,最终实现饱含流体碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的纵横波速度和各向异性参数的估测.选取某碳酸盐岩工区A井对该方法进行试算,结果表明基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型估算的纵横波速度值与测井值吻合较好,而且估测所得的各向异性参数值也能够较好地反映出裂缝储层位置. 相似文献
17.
地下岩石的速度各向异性影响地震波的传播与成像.横向各向同性(TI)介质为最普遍的等效各向异性模型.引入TI介质拟声波方程可以避免复杂的弹性波方程求解以及各向异性介质波场分离,以满足对纵波成像的实际需要.本文从垂直横向各向同性(VTI)介质弹性波方程出发,推导出正应力表达的拟声波方程以及相应的纵波分量的表达式,进而分析从频散关系得到的拟声波方程的物理意义,而后将拟声波方程扩展到更一般的倾斜横向各向同性(TTI)介质中.波前快照与群速度平面的对比验证了拟声波方程可以很好地近似描述qP波的运动学特征.在此基础上,将拟声波方程应用在逆时偏移中并与其特例声波近似方程进行对比,讨论了计算效率、稳定性等实际问题.数值试验表明VTI介质情况下采用声波近似方程可以提高计算效率,而TTI介质qP-qSV波方程则在效率相当的情况下可以保证稳定性.SEG/HESS模型和逆冲模型逆时偏移试验验证了本文TI介质拟声波方程的实用性. 相似文献
18.
Frequency-dependent amplitude variation with offset offers an effective method for hydrocarbon detections and analysis of fluid flow during production of oil and natural gas within a fractured reservoir. An appropriate representation for the frequency dependency of seismic amplitude variation with offset signatures should incorporate influences of dispersive and attenuating properties of a reservoir and the layered structure for either isotropic or anisotropic dispersion analysis. In this study, we use an equivalent medium permeated with aligned fractures that simulates frequency-dependent anisotropy, which is sensitive to the filled fluid of fractures. The model, where pores and fractures are filled with two different fluids, considers velocity dispersion and attenuation due to mesoscopic wave-induced fluid flow. We have introduced an improved scheme seamlessly linking rock physics modelling and calculations for frequency-dependent reflection coefficients based on the propagator matrix technique. The modelling scheme is performed in the frequency-slowness domain and can properly incorporate effects of both bedded structure of the reservoir and velocity dispersion quantified with frequency-dependent stiffness. Therefore, for a dispersive and attenuated layered model, seismic signatures represent a combined contribution of impedance contrast, layer thickness, anisotropic dispersion of the fractured media and tuning and interference of thin layers, which has been avoided by current conventional methods. Frequency-dependent amplitude variation with offset responses was studied via considering the influences of fracture fills, layer thicknesses and fracture weaknesses for three classes amplitude variation with offset reservoirs. Modelling results show the applicability of the introduced procedure for interpretations of frequency-dependent seismic anomalies associated with both layered structure and velocity dispersion of an equivalent anisotropic medium. The implications indicate that anisotropic velocity dispersion should be incorporated accurately to obtain enhanced amplitude variation with offset interpretations. The presented frequency-dependent amplitude variation with offset modelling procedure offers a useful tool for fracture fluid detections in an anisotropic dispersive reservoir with layered structures. 相似文献
19.
Several parameters are needed to describe the converted-wave （C-wave） moveout in processing multi-component seismic data, because of asymmetric raypaths and anisotropy. As the number of parameters increases, the converted wave data processing and analysis becomes more complex. This paper develops a new moveout equation with two parameters for C-waves in vertical transverse isotropy （VTI） media. The two parameters are the C-wave stacking velocity （Vc2） and the squared velocity ratio （7v,i） between the horizontal P-wave velocity and C-wave stacking velocity. The new equation has fewer parameters, but retains the same applicability as previous ones. The applicability of the new equation and the accuracy of the parameter estimation are checked using model and real data. The form of the new equation is the same as that for layered isotropic media. The new equation can simplify the procedure for C-wave processing and parameter estimation in VTI media, and can be applied to real C-wave processing and interpretation. Accurate Vc2 and Yvti can be deduced from C-wave data alone using the double-scanning method, and the velocity ratio model is suitable for event matching between P- and C-wave data. 相似文献
20.
针对裂隙型储集层中更具代表性的各向异性介质模型,即在各向同性背景介质中含有两组斜交的垂直裂隙所构成的单斜各向异性介质模型,利用时间和空间上可达任意阶的高阶交错网格有限差分技术,对具有不同裂隙填充物性质的单斜介质中波的传播快照进行了模拟.结果证实各向异性介质中波的传播速度随传播方向的不同而产生明显的差异;裂隙填充物的性质对于速度各向异性具有很大的影响.另外,利用坐标旋转法,对水平层状各向异性介质中多方位地面三分量记录进行了模拟,结果表明了方位各向异性介质中,波的传播速度不仅随入射角的变化而变化,同时也随观测方位的不同而产生差异.数值模拟结果为进一步利用地面多方位地震属性进行各向异性参数的反演及裂隙参数的描述提供理论基础. 相似文献