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1.
The mineral and chemical composition of the carbon-bearing rocks of the Late Permian Pionerskaya Formation containing the Degdekan gold deposit has been studied. The bulk contents of Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd in the black shales and their light, sulfide, and electromagnetic fractions were determined by electrothermal atomization. The mineral composition and the phase analysis of the rocks were studied using a scanning electron microscope. Gold is present as fine xenomorphic grains of high fineness with an Fe admixture of up to 4 at %, as well as intergrowths of kustelite and electrum. The Au and Pt contents in the black shales and ores vary in a wide range (g/t): Au 0.01–13.12, Pt 0.001–1.34. The highest Au contents (up to 1748 g/t) were noted in the sulfide fraction. The Pt-bearing phases were not found, whereas a Pt content of about 0.61 wt % was determined using an electron microscope in a carbonaceous matrix. The initial rocks have a steady and low Pt content (less than 0.007 g/t). A stable even Au distribution in the studied rocks was established within 1.14–2.46 g/t. The chemical analysis of the soluble fraction of the carbonaceous matter extracted from the black shales showed the presence of Au 0.375, Ag 3.68, Pt 0.147, and Pd 0.052 g/t. It has been concluded that the carbon-bearing rocks of the Pionerskaya Formation play a resource role in the accumulation of noble metals, whereas economic concentrations of the latters are formed in the course of the superimposed metamorphic-hydrothermal processes.  相似文献   

2.
Peculiarities of formation and ore potential of black shales of the Paleoproterozoic Udokan Group are considered. They are compared to the stratotype (Khokholma Formation, Sukhoi Log gold deposit). The black shales are confined to lower parts of the Paleoproterozoic sequence of the Udokan Group. They are observed in sections of the Chitkanda, Inyr, Ayan, and Ikab’ya formations. The black shale complex of the Udokan Group is divided into three levels of Au concentration. The first level with background Au contents is typical of barren shales; the second level is confined to sulfidized rocks; and the third level is related to sulfide-quartz veins in the black shales. The average Au content is 0.12 g/t in the sulfidized shales and 0.28 g/t in the sulfide-quartz veins. Black shales of the Udokan Group and Khokholma Formation were formed in a relatively deep shelf zone, while those of the Shaman Formation precipitated in a shallow zone. Protoliths of black shales of the Udokan Group contained graywackes, diorites, syenites, basic rocks, and tuffites. Protoliths of black shales of the Khokholma Formation were produced by the intense weathering of basic and ultrabasic rocks.  相似文献   

3.
Three major mineralization events are recorded at the Rožná uranium deposit (total mine production of 23,000 t U, average grade of 0.24% U): (1) pre-uranium quartz-sulfide and carbonate-sulfide mineralization, (2) uranium, and (3) post-uranium quartz-carbonate-sulfide mineralization. (1) K–Ar ages for white mica from wall rock alteration of the pre-uranium mineralization style range from 304.5 ± 5.8 to 307.6 ± 6.0 Ma coinciding with the post-orogenic exhumation of the Moldanubian orogenic root and retrograde-metamorphic equilibration of the high-grade metamorphic host rocks. The fluid inclusion record consists of low-salinity aqueous inclusions, together with H2O-CO2-CH4, CO2-CH4, and pure CH4 inclusions. The fluid inclusion, paragenetic, and isotope data suggest that the pre-uranium mineralization formed from a reduced low-salinity aqueous fluid at temperatures close to 300°C. (2) The uraniferous hydrothermal event is subdivided into the pre-ore, ore, and post-ore substages. K–Ar ages of pre-ore authigenic K-feldspar range from 296.3 ± 7.5 to 281.0 ± 5.4 Ma and coincide with the transcurrent reorganization of crustal blocks of the Bohemian Massif and with Late Stephanian to Early Permian rifting. Massive hematitization, albitization, and desilicification of the pre-ore altered rocks indicate an influx of oxidized basinal fluids to the crystalline rocks of the Moldanubian domain. The wide range of salinities of fluid inclusions is interpreted as a result of the large-scale mixing of basinal brines with meteoric water. The cationic composition of these fluids indicates extensive interaction with crystalline rocks. Chlorite thermometry yielded temperatures of 260°C to 310°C. During this substage, uranium was probably leached from the Moldanubian crystalline rocks. The hydrothermal alteration of the ore substage followed, or partly overlapped in time, the pre-ore substage alteration. K–Ar ages of illite from ore substage alteration range from 277.2 ± 5.5 to 264.0 ± 4.3 Ma and roughly correspond with the results of chemical U–Pb dating of authigenic monazite (268 ± 50 Ma). The uranium ore deposition was accompanied by large-scale decomposition of biotite and pre-ore chlorite to Fe-rich illite and iron hydrooxides. Therefore, it is proposed that the deposition of uranium ore was mostly in response to the reduction of the ore-bearing fluid by interaction with ferrous iron-bearing silicates (biotite and pre-ore chlorite). The Th data on primary, mostly aqueous, inclusions trapped in carbonates of the ore substage range between 152°C and 174°C and total salinity ranges over a relatively wide interval of 3.1 to 23.1 wt% NaCl eq. Gradual reduction of the fluid system during the post-ore substage is manifested by the appearance of a new generation of authigenic chlorite and pyrite. Chlorite thermometry yielded temperatures of 150°C to 170°C. Solid bitumens that post-date uranium mineralization indicate radiolytic polymerization of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons and their derivatives. The origin of the organic compounds can be related to the diagenetic and catagenetic transformation of organic matter in Upper Stephanian and Permian sediments. (3) K–Ar ages on illite from post-uranium quartz-carbonate-sulfide mineralization range from 233.7 ± 4.7 to 227.5 ± 4.6 Ma and are consistent with the early Tethys-Central Atlantic rifting and tectonic reactivation of the Variscan structures of the Bohemian Massif. A minor part of the late Variscan uranium mineralization was remobilized during this hydrothermal event.  相似文献   

4.
The relationships between oil shales, evaporites and sedimentary ore deposits can be classified in terms of stratigraphic and geochemical coherence. Oil shale and black shale deposition commonly follows continental red beds and is in turn followed by evaporite deposition. This transgressive-regressive sequence represents an orderly succession of depositional environments in space and time and results in stratigraphic coherence. The amount of organic carbon of a sediment depends on productivity and preservation, both of which are enhanced by saline environments. Work on Great Salt Lake. Utah, allows us to estimate that only 5% of TOC originally deposited is preserved. Inorganic carbonate production is similar to TOC production, but preservation is much higher.Oil shales and black shales commonly are enriched in heavy metals through scavenging by biogenic particles and complexation by organic matter. Ore deposits are formed from such rocks through secondary enrichment processes, establishing a geochemical coherence between oil shales and ore deposits. The Permian Kupferschiefer of N. Europe is used as an example to define a Kupferschiefer type (KST) deposit. Here oxygenated brines in contact with red beds become acidified through mineral precipitation and acquire metals by dissolving oxide coatings. Oxidation of the black shale leads to further acid production and metal acquisition and eventually to sulfide deposition along a reducing front. In order to form ore bodies, the stratigraphic coherence of the red bed-black shale-evaporite succession must be joined by the geochemical coherence of the ore body-evaporite-black shale association. The Cretaceous Cu-Zn deposits of Angola, the Zambian Copperbelt as well as the Creta, Oklahoma, deposits are other KST examples. In the Zambian Copperbelt, evaporites are indicated by the carbonate lenticles thought to be pseudomorphs after gypsum-anhydrite nodules. MVT deposits are also deposited by acid brines, but at more elevated temperatures and with carbonates as principal host rocks. The Pine Point deposits are cited for their close association with evaporites.Alkaline, metal-rich brines are postulated for the HYC deposit of McArthur River, Australia. Such brines are known from the Green River Formation and deposits formed from such brines constitute the GRT class. They can be recognized by the presence of Magadi-type cherts and zeolite-analcime-K-spar tuffs. The Cu-Co ore bodies of Outokumpu, Finland, might also belong to this type. A new classification of sedimentary ore deposits is proposed, based on their geochemical environment. KST and MVT are formed from acid ore fluids, while GRT and CT (Creede type) are derived from basic ore fluids. pH of the fluids is best evaluated not from the ores themselves, but from their effect on the host-rocks.  相似文献   

5.
锑属亲铜元素,易与硫结合。锑在地核(0. 14×10~(-6))、地幔(0. 006×10~(-6))和地壳(0. 02×10~(-6))中的丰度均很低,而在黑色页岩(5. 0×10~(-6))中明显富集。锑是一种典型的低温成矿元素。我国华南地区低温成矿域拥有世界60%的锑探明储量。研究结果显示锑的成矿主要经历两阶段富集过程:一是与风化和沉积作用有关的表生过程;二是地球内部热驱动过程。寒武纪时华南位于赤道附近,受冈瓦纳大陆的造山带的影响,是全球地表风化最强烈的地区之一。在新元古代氧化事件的驱动下,锑在表生风化过程中被氧化为更易迁移的水溶性的SbO_3~-。因埃迪卡拉生物群所产生的有机质,有利于萃取水体中的锑并沉淀在还原性沉积物(黑色页岩)中。华南中生代岩浆活动烘烤表层富锑的寒武纪黑色页岩,产生的成矿流体向上迁移,淋滤黑色页岩中的Sb或与黑色页岩变质脱水或熔融产生成矿流体混合;而后搬运至远离岩体的有利位置沉淀,最终形成大规模的华南锑矿带。  相似文献   

6.
The Dongsheng sandstone-type uranium deposit is one of the large-sized sandstone-type uranium deposits discovered in the northern part of the Ordos Basin of China in recent years. Geochemical characteristics of the Dongsheng uranium deposit are significantly different from those of the typical interlayered oxidized sandstone-type uranium ore deposits in the region of Middle Asia. Fluid inclusion studies of the uranium deposit showed that the uranium ore-forming temperatures are within the range of 150–160℃. Their 3He/4He ratios are within the range of 0.02–1.00 R/Ra, about 5–40 times those of the crust. Their 40Ar/36Ar ratios vary from 584 to 1243, much higher than the values of atmospheric argon. The δ18OH2O and δD values of fluid inclusions from the uranium deposit are -3.0‰– -8.75‰ and -55.8‰– -71.3‰, respectively, reflecting the characteristics of mixed fluid of meteoric water and magmatic water. The δ18OH2O and δD values of kaolinite layer at the bottom of the uranium ore deposit are 6.1‰ and -77‰, respectively, showing the characteristics of magmatic water. The δ13CV-PDB and δ18OH2O values of calcite veins in uranium ores are -8.0‰ and 5.76‰, respectively, showing the characteristics of mantle source. Geochemical characteristics of fluid inclusions indicated that the ore-formation fluid for the Dongsheng uranium deposit was a mixed fluid of meteoric water and deep-source fluid from the crust. It was proposed that the Jurassic-Cretaceous U-rich metamorphic rocks and granites widespread in the northern uplift area of the Ordos Basin had been weathered and denudated and the ore-forming elements, mainly uranium, were transported by meteoric waters to the Dongsheng region, where uranium ores were formed. Tectonothermal events and magmatic activities in the Ordos Basin during the Mesozoic made fluids in the deep interior and oil/gas at shallow levels upwarp along the fault zone and activated fractures, filling into U-bearing clastic sandstones, thus providing necessary energy for the formation of uranium ores.  相似文献   

7.
The Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo, hosts world-class cobalt deposits accounting for ~50% of the world reserves. They originated from sediment-hosted stratiform copper and cobalt sulfide deposits within Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks. Heterogenite, the main oxidized cobalt mineral, is concentrated as “cobalt caps” along the top of silicified dolomite inselbergs. The supergene cobalt enrichment process is part of a regional process of residual ore formation that also forms world-class “manganese cap” deposits in western Katanga, i.e., the “black earths” that are exploited by both industrial and artisanal mining. Here, we provide constraints on the genesis and the timing of these deposits. Ar–Ar analyses of oxidized Mn ore and in situ U–Pb SIMS measurements of heterogenite yield Mio–Pliocene ages. The Ar–Ar ages suggest a multi-phase process, starting in the Late Miocene (10–5 Ma), when the metal-rich substratum was exposed to the action of meteoric fluids, due to major regional uplift. Further oxidation took place in the Pliocene (3.7–2.3 Ma) and formed most of the observed deposits under humid conditions: Co- and Mn-caps on metal-rich substrata, and coeval Fe laterites on barren areas. These deposits formed prior to the regional shift toward more arid conditions in Central Africa. Arid conditions still prevailed during the Quaternary and resulted in erosion and valley incision, which dismantled the metal-bearing caps and led to ore accumulation in valleys and along foot slopes.  相似文献   

8.
Hypogene Zn carbonate ores in the Angouran deposit,NW Iran   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The world-class Angouran nonsulfide Zn–Pb deposit is one of the major Zn producers in Iran, with resources estimated at about 18 Mt at 28% Zn, mainly in the form of the Zn carbonate smithsonite. This study aims to characterize these carbonate ores by means of their mineralogy and geochemistry, which has also been extended to the host rocks of mineralization and other local carbonate rock types, including the prominent travertines in the Angouran district, as well as to the local spring waters. Petrographical, chemical, and stable isotope (O, H, C, Sr) data indicate that the genesis of the Zn carbonate ores at Angouran is fairly distinct from that of other “classical” nonsulfide Zn deposits that formed entirely by supergene processes. Mineralization occurred during two successive stages, with the zinc being derived from a preexisting sulfide ore body. A first, main stage of Zn carbonates (stage I carbonate ore) is associated with both preexisting and subordinate newly formed sulfides, whereas a second stage is characterized by supergene carbonates (Zn and minor Pb) coexisting with oxides and hydroxides (stage II carbonate ore). The coprecipitation of smithsonite with galena, pyrite and arsenopyrite, as well as the absence of Fe- and Mn-oxides/hydroxides and of any discernible oxidation or dissolution of the sphalerite-rich primary sulfide ore, shows that the fluids responsible for the main, stage I carbonate ores were relatively reduced and close to neutral to slightly basic pH with high fCO2. Smithsonite δ18OVSMOW values from stage I carbonate ore range from 18.3 to 23.6‰, while those of stage II carbonate ore show a much smaller range between 24.3 and 24.9‰. The δ13C values are fairly constant in smithsonite of stage I carbonate ore (3.2–6.0‰) but show a considerable spread towards lower δ13CVPDB values (4.6 to −11.2‰) in stage II carbonate ore. This suggests a hypogene formation of stage I carbonate ore at Angouran from low-temperature hydrothermal fluids, probably mobilized during the waning stages of Tertiary–Quaternary volcanic activity in an environment characterized by abundant travertine systems throughout the whole region. Conversely, stage II carbonate ore is unambiguously related to supergene weathering, as evidenced by the absence of sulfides, the presence of Fe-Mn-oxides and arsenates, and by high δ18O values found in smithsonite II. The variable, but still relatively heavy carbon isotope values of supergene smithsonite II, suggests only a very minor contribution by organic soil carbon, as is generally the case in supergene nonsulfide deposits.  相似文献   

9.
江西相山铀矿田科学深钻3号孔在深部-700 m发现大量铅锌多金属矿化脉,垂向上呈"上铀下多金属"的分布特征。本文选取深部多金属矿脉主成矿阶段(S3)自形闪锌矿样品6件和不同阶段的毒砂、黄铁矿、方铅矿、方解石等样品12件,以及围岩全岩样品17件,进行了Rb、Sr同位素组成研究。结果表明:(1)由闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线法确定的相山铀矿田深部多金属矿化形成于121. 0±3. 5Ma,与围岩火山岩存在较大时差,可能与晚于围岩的深部次火山有关。根据穿插关系,多金属矿化略晚于碱性交代铀矿化,但明显早于酸性交代铀矿化;(2)多金属矿化脉体中金属矿物的Rb和Sr含量分别介于0. 041×10~(-6)～1. 38×10-6和2. 35×10-6～23. 11×10-6之间,Sr同位素初始比值(87Sr/86Sr)i变化较大,介于0. 706114～0. 718814之间,平均值为0. 713579,暗示相山铀矿田深部多金属矿化的成矿物质主要来源于地壳。初始流体Sr同位素值(0. 718665)明显高于成矿时赋矿围岩(流纹英安岩为0. 714581,碎斑流纹岩为0. 714417)的Sr同位素组成,表明多金属成矿流体和物质并非来自围岩火山岩;(3)由早到晚阶段的(87Sr/86Sr)i呈明显降低的演化趋势,表明成矿流体演化过程中受到大气降水的不断稀释作用。相山矿田的铀矿和深部多金属矿化同形成于华南中生代板内伸展构造背景。  相似文献   

10.
The formation conditions and age of the Sukhoi Log gold deposit are considered on the basis of new isotopic-geochemical data. The U-Pb isotopic study of zircon and monazite from high-grade ore and host black slates at the Sukhoi Log deposit was carried out with SIMS technique using a SHRIMP II instrument. Two generations of monazite are distinguished on the basis of optical and scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, and micro X-ray spectroscopy. Monazite I is characterized by black opaque porphyroblasts with microinclusions of minerals pertaining to metamorphic slates and structural attributes of pre- and synkinematic formation. Monazite II occurs only within the ore zone as transparent crystals practically free of inclusions and as rims around monazite I. The REE contents are widely variable in both generations. Porphyroblastic monazite I differs in low U and Th (0.01–0.7 wt % ThO2) contents, whereas transparent monazite II contains up to 4 wt % ThO2. The average weighted U-Pb isotopic age of monazite I is 650 ± 8.1 Ma (MSWD = 1.6; n = 9) and marks the time of metamorphism or catagenesis. The U-Pb age estimates of synore monazite II cover the interval of 486 ± 18 to 439 ± 17 Ma. Zircons of several populations from 0.5 to 2.6 Ga in age are contained in the ore. Most detrital zircon grains have porous outer rims composed of zircon and less frequent xenotime with numerous inclusions of minerals derived from slates. The peaks of 206Pb/238U ages in the most abundant zircon populations fall on 570 and 630 Ma and correspond to the age of newly formed metamorphic mineral phases. The discordant isotopic ages indicate that the U-ThPb isotopic system of ancient detrital zircons was disturbed 470–440 Ma ago in agreement with isotopic age of monazite II and the Rb-Sr whole -rock isochron age of black slates (447 ± 6 Ma). The new data confirm the superimposed character of the gold-quartz-sulfide mineralization at the deposit. Black shales of the Khomolkho Formation of the Bodaibo Synclinorium were affected by metamorphism over a long period; the peaks of metamorphism and catagenesis are dated at 570 and 650–630 Ma. The high-temperature ore formation was probably related to a hidden granitic pluton emplaced 450–440 Ma ago, that is, 200 Ma later than the events of greenschist metamorphism. Hercynian granitoid magmatism (320–270 Ma) did not exert a substantial effect on the U-Th-Pb isotopic system in accessory minerals from the ore and could not have been a major source of ore-forming fluids.  相似文献   

11.
Accumulation of metals in anoxic environments occurs by sorption and precipitation from seawater, fossil brines or hydrothermal solutions. Metals can be remobilized during subsequent metamorphic and magmatic processes and form ore deposits. This type of mineralization is governed chiefly by the type of tectonic setting of the anoxic environment. Carbonaceous sediments of passive margins contain only subeconomic concentrations of uranium, vanadium and molybdenum. Cubearing black shales and the submarine-exhalative type of mineralization are confined to the environments of continental rifts and aulacogens or to back-arc basins of active margins. Metamorphogenic deposits are mainly connected with collision margins but they may also occur in other types of tectonic environments. The formation of Cu-bearing black shales was controlled by period of low sea-level during the break-up of supercontinents in the Earth's evolution. Increased contents of uranium and vanadium accumulated in black shales in periods of sealevel highstands. Lithological control is apparent in deposits of Cu-bearing and uraniferous black shales. On the contrary, the occurrence of polymetallic mineralization does not depend on the lithological maturity of carbonaceous sediments.  相似文献   

12.
Re-Os isotopes were used to constrain the source of the ore-forming elements of the Tharsis and Rio Tinto mines of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, and the timing of mineralization. The pyrite from both mines has simila]r Os and Re concentrations, ranging between 0.05–0.7 and 0.6–66 ppb, respectively. 187Re/188Os ratios range from about 14 to 5161. Pyrite-rich ore samples from the massive ore of Tharsis and two samples of stockwork ore from Rio Tinto yield an isochron with an age of 346 ± 26 Ma, and an initial 187Os/188Os ratio of about 0.69. Five samples from Tharsis yield an age of 353 ± 44 Ma with an initial 187Os/188Os ratio of about 0.37. A sample of massive sulfide ore from Tharsis and one from Rio Tinto lie well above both isochrons and could represent Re mobilization after mineralization. The pyrite Re-Os ages agree with the paleontological age of 350 Ma of the black shales in which the ores are disseminated. Our data do not permit us to determine whether the Re-Os isochron yields the original age of ore deposition or the age of the Hercynian metamorphism that affected the ores. However, the reasonable Re-Os age reported here indicates that the complex history of the ores that occurred after the severe metamorphic event that affected the Iberian Pyrite Belt massive sulfide deposits did not fundamentally disturb the Re-Os geochronologic system. The highly radiogenic initial Os isotopic ratio agrees with previous Pb isotopic studies. If the initial ratio is recording the initial and not the metamorphic conditions, then the data indicate that the source of the metals was largely crustal. The continental margin sediments that underlie the deposits (phyllite-quartzite group) or the volcanic rocks (volcanogenic-sedimentary complex) in which the ores occur are plausible sources for the ore-forming metals and should constrain the models for the genesis of these deposits. Received: 15 March 1999 / Accepted: 26 July 1999  相似文献   

13.
The Lower Cambrian black shale sequence of the Niutitang Formation in the Yangtze Platform, South China, hosts an extreme metal-enriched sulfide ore bed that shows >10,000 times enrichment in Mo, Ni, Se, Re, Os, As, Hg, and Sb and >1,000 times enrichment in Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd, when compared to average upper continental crust. We report in this paper trace- and rare-earth-element concentrations and Pb–Pb isotope dating for the Ni–Mo–PGE–Au sulfide ores and their host black shales. Both the sulfide ores and their host black shales show similar trace-element distribution patterns with pronounced depletion in Th, Nb, Hf, Zr, and Ti, and extreme enrichment in U, Ni, Mo, and V compared to average upper crust. The high-field-strength elements, such as Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Sc, Th, rare-earth elements, Rb, and Ga, show significant inter-element correlations and may have been derived mainly from terrigenous sources. The redox sensitive elements, such as V, Ni, Mo, U, and Mn; base metals, such as Cu, Zn, and Pb; and Sr and Ba may have been derived from mixing of seawater and venting hydrothermal sources. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns, positive Eu and Y anomalies, and high Y/Ho ratios for the Ni–Mo–PGE–Au sulfide ores are also suggestive for their submarine hydrothermal-exhalative origin. A stepwise acid-leaching Pb–Pb isotope analytical technique has been employed for the Niutitang black shales and the Ni–Mo–PGE–Au sulfide ores, and two Pb–Pb isochron ages have been obtained for the black shales (531±24 Ma) and for the Ni–Mo–PGE–Au sulfide ores (521±54 Ma), respectively, which are identical and overlap within uncertainty, and are in good agreement with previously obtained ages for presumed age-equivalent strata.Editorial handling: R. Coveney Jr.  相似文献   

14.
新疆天山黑色岩系型矿床的地质特征及找矿方向   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  
概要介绍了中国天山黑色岩系分布和黑色岩系型矿床的地质特征。中国天山黑色岩系发育，主要集中在古生代，其次为中生代，目前发现与黑色岩系有关的矿种有金、钒、铀、磷、锑。中亚天山黑色岩系中发现了穆龙套和库姆托尔世界级金矿床，中国天山是其东延部分，发现了萨瓦亚尔顿、大山口、萨恨托亥等金矿床，呈现出良好的找矿前景。穆龙套金矿和萨瓦亚尔顿金矿是黑色岩系型金矿的典型代表，中国黑色岩系型金矿与中亚黑色岩系型金矿有许多相似之处。分析认为，吉根-塔尔特库里、乌兰赛尔-大山口、乌什北山、阿克牙孜河等地是最具前景的找金矿靶区，今后应加大萨瓦亚尔顿金矿的勘查和研究力度，同时注意寻找黑色岩系中的铂、钯、铜等矿种。  相似文献   

15.
The abandoned As–Au–Ag mining district Rotgülden is located within the eastern Tauern window of the Eastern Alps and was reinvestigated in order to evaluate ore deposition during Alpine/late orogenic tectonic processes. Four major ore types have been recognized: (1) quartz-sulfide veins within Variscan basement rocks; (2) deformed metamorphic massive ores within fold hinge zones (“saddle reefs”) of Permian to Mesozoic cover sequences; (3) ores in tension gashes of the cover sequence; and (4) irregular replacement ore bodies in marbles of the cover sequence. Ore deposition was intimately related to late orogenic exhumation by stretching of footwall sequences within the Tauern metamorphic core complex during late Oligocene and Neogene. Hydrothermal systems developed and metals from apparently distinct sources were deposited under decreasing temperature conditions. Lead is distinctly radiogenic and resembles the lead in Au-quartz veins of the Mesozoic cover sequence of the Hohe Tauern. Received: 24 January 1996 / Accepted: 24 July 1997  相似文献   

16.
Summary ?The NW–SE-trending Yulong porphyry Cu–Mo ore belt, situated in the Sanjiang0 area of eastern Tibet, is approximately 400 km long and 35 to 70 km wide. Complex tectonic and magmatic processes during the Himalayan epoch have given rise to favorable conditions for porphyry-type Cu–Mo mineralization. Porphyry masses of the Himalayan epoch in the Yulong ore belt are distributed in groups along regional NW–SE striking tectonic lineaments. They were emplaced mainly into Triassic and Lower Permian sedimentary-volcanic rocks. K–Ar und U–Pb isotopic datings give an intrusion age range of 57–26 Ma. The porphyries are mainly of biotite monzogranitic and biotite syenogranitic compositions. Geological and geochemical data indicate that the various porphyritic intrusions in the belt had a common or similar magma source, are metaluminous to peraluminous, Nb–Y–Ba-depleted, I-type granitoids, and belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series. Within the Yulong subvolcanic belt a number of porphyry stocks bear typical porphyry type Cu–Mo alteration and mineralization. The most prominent porphyry Co–Mo deposits include Yulong, Malasongduo, Duoxiasongduo, Mangzong and Zhanaga, of which Yulong is one of the largest porphyry Cu (Mo) deposits in China with approximately 8 × 106 tons of contained Cu metal. Hydrothermal alteration at Yulong developed around a biotite–monzogranitic porphyry stock that was emplaced within Upper Triassic limestone, siltstone and mudstone. The earliest alteration was due to the effects of contact metamorphism of the country rocks and alkali metasomatism (potassic alteration) within and around the porphyry body. The alteration of this stage was accompanied by a small amount of disseminated and veinlet Cu–Mo sulfide mineralization. Later alteration–mineralization zones form more or less concentric shells around the potassic zone, around which are distributed a phyllic or quartz–sericite–pyrite zone, a silicification and argillic zone, and a propylitic zone. Fluid inclusion data indicate that three types of fluids were involved in the alteration–mineralization processes: (1) early high temperature (660–420 °C) and high salinity (30–51 wt% NaCl equiv) fluids responsible for the potassic alteration and the earliest disseminated and/or veinlet Cu–Mo sulfide mineralization; (2) intermediate unmixed fluids corresponding to phyllic alteration and most Cu–Mo sulfide mineralization, with salinities of 30–50 wt% NaCl equiv and homogenization temperatures of 460–280 °C; and (3) late low to moderate temperature (300–160 °C) and low salinity (6–13 wt% NaCl equiv) fluids responsible for argillic and propylitic alteration. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic studies show that the early hydrothermal fluids are of magmatic origin and were succeeded by increasing amounts of meteoric-derived convective waters. Sulfur isotopes also indicate a magmatic source for the sulfur in the early sulfide mineralization, with the increasing addition of sedimentary sulfur outward from the porphyry stock. Received August 29, 2001; revised version accepted May 1, 2002 Published online: November 29, 2002  相似文献   

17.
El Galeno and Michiquillay are early to middle Miocene Cu–Au–Mo porphyry-related deposits located in the auriferous Cajamarca district of northern Peru. The El Galeno deposit (486 Mt at 0.57% Cu, 0.14 g/t Au and 150 ppm Mo) is associated with multiple dioritic intrusions hosted within Lower Cretaceous quartzites and shales. Emplacement of the porphyry stocks (17.5–16.5 Ma) in a hanging wall anticline was structurally controlled by oblique faults superimposed on early WNW-trending fold-thrust structures. Early K-feldspar–biotite–magnetite (potassic) alteration was associated with pyrite and chalcopyrite mineralisation. A quartz–magnetite assemblage that occurs at depth has completely replaced potassically altered rocks. Late- and post-mineralisation stocks are spatially and temporally related to weak quartz–muscovite (phyllic) alteration. High Au grades are associated with early intrusive phases located near the centre of the deposit. Highest Cu grades (~0.9% Cu) are mostly associated with a supergene enrichment blanket, whilst high Mo grades are restricted to contacts with the metasedimentary rocks. The Michiquillay Cu–Au–Mo deposit (631 Mt at 0.69% Cu, 0.15 g/t Au, 100–200 ppm Mo) is associated with a Miocene (20.0–19.8 Ma) dioritic complex that was emplaced within the hanging wall of a back thrust fault. The intrusive complex is hosted in quartzites and limestones. The NE-trending deposit is crosscut by NNW-trending prospect-scale faults that influenced both alteration and metal distribution. In the SW and NE of the deposit, potassic alteration zones contain moderate hypogene grades (0.14 g/t Au and 0.8% Cu) and are characterised by chalcopyrite and pyrite mineralisation. The core of the deposit is defined by a lower grade (0.08 g/t Au and 0.57% Cu) phyllic alteration that overprinted early potassic alteration. Michiquillay contains a supergene enrichment blanket of 45–80 m thickness with an average Cu grade of 1.15%, which is overlain by a deep leached cap (up to 150 m). Cu–Au–Mo (El Galeno-Michiquillay) and Au-rich (Minas Conga) deposits in the Cajamarca region are of similar age (early–middle Miocene) and intrusive rock type (dioritic) associations. Despite these geochronological and geochemical similarities, findings from this study suggest variation in metal grade between the hybrid-type and Au-rich deposits result from a combination of physio-chemical factors. These include variations in temperature and oxygen fugacity conditions during hypogene mineralisation resulting in varied sulphide assemblages, host rock type, precipitation of ubiquitous hydrothermal magnetite, and late hydrothermal fluid flow resulting in a well-developed phyllic alteration zone.  相似文献   

18.
Regional carbonization was examined in Riphean metamorphic complexes in the northern part of the Khanka terrane. The results obtained by various techniques of physicochemical analysis indicate that all petrographic rock varieties of this complex bear elevated concentrations (from 10−4 to 10−6 wt %) of Au and PGE. XRF data were used to describe a wide spectrum of trace elements: Ti, V, Ni, Cr, Pt, Pd, Re, Rh, Os, Ir, Cu, Hg, Au, Ag, Ta, Nb, Sr, Rb, Zr, La, W, Sn, Pb, and Zn. The Rb/Sr-Ba diagram shows the fields of anatectic granite-gneisses, biotite granites, lamprophyres, graphitized crystalline schists, black shales, skarns, and quartz-graphite metasomatic rocks. The C isotopic composition in graphite from the metaigneous rocks (lamprophyres and crystalline schists of the amphibolite facies) corresponds to δ13C from −8.5 to −8.7‰, which suggests that the carbon could be of endogenic provenance. The carbon isotopic composition of the greenschist-facies black shales corresponds to δ13C from −19.9 to −26.6‰, as is typical of organogenic carbon. The concentrations of precious metals in the rocks are, on average, one order of magnitude lower than in the graphitized crystalline schists. The origin of the precious-metal ore mineralization was likely genetically related to the regional carbonization process.  相似文献   

19.
The Upper Permian Xuanwei Formation widely occurs in western Guizhou, unconformably overlying the Emeishan basalts, and mainly consists of black shales. It is ∼170 m thick at Cuyudong Village, Weining County, West Guizhou, China, where the samples of black shale and sandy shale were collected and analyzed. The shales mainly contain SiO2, 18.9%–44.1%, Al2O3, 14.8%–52.8%, Fe2O3, 1.0%–41.2%, LOI, 3.2%–21.1%, TiO2, 1.0%–6.7%, and MgO, 0.2%–2.5%. The contents of all other major elements are lower than 1.0%. It is shown that the black shales have higher contents of Fe2O3 and LOI than normal shales. The siderites occurred in the black shales with higher contents of Fe2O3, which may be attributed to hydrothermal activities on seafloor. All analyzed shale samples have extremely high Ga, 47.8×10−6–109.9×10−6 (70.5×10−6 on average), higher than the industrial mining standard of Ga Resource Industry Standard. The total contents of rare-earth elements (REE) of 9 black shale samples vary from 213×10−6 to 1460×10−6, suggesting that these black shales are enriched in REE. The shale-normalized REE patterns display both positive and negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* from 0.5 to 1.7), revealing that the Xuanwei shales were precipitated under oxic and anoxic conditions. The Rb-Sr chronological diagram of 6 shale samples in the Xuanwei Formation shows an age of 255±12 Ma. Strontium isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr)t0 range from 0.70635 to 0.70711, suggesting that these Xuanwei black shales might be derived from chemical weathering of the Emeishan basalts.  相似文献   

20.
The Ljubija siderite deposits, hosted by a Carboniferous sedimentary complex within the Inner Dinarides, occur as stratabound replacement-type ore bodies in limestone blocks and as siderite–sulfides veins in shale. Three principal types of ore textures have been recognized including massive dark siderite and ankerite, siderite with zebra texture, and siderite veins. The ore and host rocks have been investigated by a combination of inorganic (major, trace, and rare earth element concentrations), organic (characterization of hydrocarbons including biomarkers), and stable isotope geochemical methods (isotope ratios of carbonates, sulfides, sulfates, kerogen, and individual hydrocarbons). New results indicate a marine origin of the host carbonates and a hydrothermal–metasomatic origin of the Fe mineralization. The differences in ore textures (e.g., massive siderite, zebra siderite) are attributed to physicochemical variations (e.g., changes in acidity, temperature, and/or salinity) of the mineralizing fluids and to the succession and intensity of replacement of host limestone. Vein siderite was formed by precipitation from hydrothermal fluids in the late stage of mineralization. The equilibrium fractionation of stable isotopes reveals higher formation temperatures for zebra siderites (around 245°C) then for siderite vein (around 185°C). Sulfur isotope ratios suggest Permian seawater or Permian evaporites as the main sulfur source. Fluid inclusion composition confirms a contribution of the Permian seawater to the mineralizing fluids and accord with a Permian mineralization age. Organic geochemistry data reflect mixing of hydrocarbons at the ore site and support the hydrothermal–metasomatic origin of the Ljubija iron deposits.  相似文献   

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