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1.
Chinese cities are plagued by the rise in resource and energy input and output over the last decade. At the same time, the scale and pace of economic development sweeping across Chinese cities have revived the debate about urban metabolisms, which could be simply seen as the ratio of output to resource and energy input in urban systems. In this study, an emergy (meaning the equivalent solar energy) accounting, sustainable indices of urban metabolisms, and an urban metabolic system dynamics model, are developed in support of the research task on Chinese cities ‘metabolisms and their related policies. The dynamic simulation model used in the paper is capable of synthesizing component-level knowledge into system behavior simulation at an integrated level, which is directly useful for simulating and evaluating a variety of decision actions and their dynamic consequences. For the study case, interactions among a number of Beijing’s urban emergy components within a time frame of 20 years (from 2010 to 2030) are examined dynamically. Six alternative policy scenarios are implemented into the system simulation. Our results indicate that Beijing’s current model of urban metabolism—tertiary industry oriented development mode—would deliver prosperity to the city. However, the analysis also shows that this mode of urban metabolism would weaken urban self-support capacity due primarily to the large share of imported and exported emergy in the urban metabolic system. The keys of improving the efficiency of urban metabolism include the priority on the renewable resource and energy, increase in environmental investment and encouragement on innovative technologies of resource and energy utilization, et al.  相似文献   

2.
EGM2008地球重力模型数据在中国大陆地区的精度分析   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8  
本文介绍了5′×5 ′的EGM2008地球重力模型及其在全球的精度评价.按照地形变化规律,将中国大陆大致分为7个区域,在10 km网度上,将EGM2008地球重力模型数据与中国地面实测空间重力网格数据进行了对比.由于数据源的问题,中国大陆的模型数据精度普遍低于北美和欧洲.二种数据在地形平坦的东部地区差别较小,向西随着地形复杂程度的增加,二种数据之间的标准差从小于10 mGal增大到50多mGal.畸变点分析表明精度极低的网格点均分布在地形起伏大的地区.总体而言,5′×5′的EGM2008地球重力模型数据在中国大陆将近80％的面积上的精度可达10 mGal之内,可用于小比例尺重力编图和构造研究.在地形起伏较大的中国西部以青藏高原为例进一步比较了EGM2008重力模型和重力测点数据,结果表明在重力点分布稀疏不均匀的地区,平面网格数据难以准确表达重力场信息.由于缺少地面重力数据控制,EGM2008重力模型数据在中国西部精度较低,但模型数据依然在很大程度上提高了空间重力异常信息的丰富程度.将中国区域重力调查成果数据应用于地球模型的构建是一项有意义的工作.  相似文献   

3.
Urbanization in China has expanded at an unprecedented speed since the declaration of "Reform and Open Policy"and presented many challenges. Unbalanced regional development, appearance of super megacities and concomitant problems,and conflicts between urbanization and cultivated land protection are three critical problems that Chinese urbanization has to face. To develop new plans for foreseeable future urbanization in China, it is critical to understand the evolving history of cities across China. This study maps urban expansion of 60 typical Chinese cities based on large amount of remote sensing data and the labor-intensive image interpretation method, in order to understand the history of urban expansion from the 1970 s to 2013.Results showed that area of cities expanded 5.23 times compared to their area in the 1970 s. Urban expansion in China accelerated three times(1988–1996, 1999–2006, and 2009–2011) and decelerated three times(1997–1998, 2007–2008, and 2012–2013) over the 40 years. The urban area of South China expanded most significantly 9.42 times, while the urban area in Northeast China expanded only 2.37 times. The disparity among different administrative ranks of cities was even greater than(3.81 times) the differences among different regions. Super megacities have been continuously expanding at a fast rate(8.60-fold), and have not shown obvious signs of slowing down. The proportion of cultivated land among the land sources for urban expansion decreased to a small extent in the 1990 s, but cultivated land continues to be the major land source for urban expansion. Effective future urbanization needs controlling the expansion scale of large cities and reasonably developing medium and small cities, as well as balancing regional development.  相似文献   

4.
China is a country with vast population and scarce arable land per capita. China’s population is more than 1.2 billion, about one-fifth of the world’s total, while the arable land area is only 0.106 hm2 per capita, less than half of the world’s average of 0.23 hm2[1]. Arable land conservation/food security has been acknowl- edged as one of the main factors affecting the sustain- able socio-economic development in China[2], which catches the special attention of many scholars at home and abr…  相似文献   

5.
Based on the global land cover data at 30 m resolution (GlobeLand30) in the year 2000 and 2010, the urban expansion process of 320 cities in China was analyzed using lognormal regression, and the expansion model were established. Three metrics were presented for the models, including the peak position, the full width at half maximum, and the skewness. It was found that the three metrics could reveal different patterns of the urban expansion process of cities with different sizes. Specifically, cities with larger size tend to expand outward strongly, and their expansion intensity and influence are likely to be higher. Moreover, most cities’ expansion occurs around the urban core with spatially limited influence. In addition, it was also found that the city’s expansion intensity is related to the city size. These results showed that the lognormal regression model could describe the distribution of urban expansion with effectiveness and robustness.  相似文献   

6.
为增强城市的防震减灾能力,韧性理念提供了一种新的解决思路。从避难场所韧性的吸收能力、恢复能力和适应能力出发,选取24个指标构建避难场所的防震减灾韧性评价指标体系,并以地处我国南方港口且经济发达的上海市为例,分析市区31个避难场所的防震减灾韧性水平。结果表明：上海市区的避难场所大部分处于中等韧性水平,该评价体系可以有效发现避难场所应对地震灾害时存在的薄弱之处,从而提出针对性的措施,可以为我国城市避难场所的韧性规划提供借鉴。  相似文献   

7.
Urban growth along the middle section of the ancient silk-road of China (so called West Yellow River Corridor—He-Xi Corridor) has taken a unique path deviating from what is commonly seen in the coastal China. Urban growth here has been driven by historical heritage, transportation connection between East and West China, and mineral exploitation. However, it has been constrained by water shortage and harsh natural environment because this region is located in arid and semi-arid climate zones. This paper attempts to construct a multi-city agent-based model to explore possible trajectories of regional urban growth along the entire He-Xi Corridor under a severe environment risk, over urban growth under an extreme threat of water shortage. In contrast with current ABM approaches, our model will simulate urban growth in a large administrative region consisting of a system of cities. It simultaneously considers the spatial variations of these cities in terms of population size, development history, water resource endowment and sustainable development potential. It also explores potential impacts of exogenous inter-city interactions on future urban growth on the basis of urban gravity model. The algorithmic foundations of three types of agents, developers, conservationists and regional-planners, are discussed. Simulations with regard to three different development scenarios are presented and analyzed.  相似文献   

8.
Information entropy is introduced to describe the interactions between diverse agents in urban ecosystems. Basing on maximum information entropy method, a holistic structural parameter and its dynamic equation are derived to reflect urban ecosystem health (UEH). In this way, a new UEH assessment model has been proposed. We then apply the model to assess the UEH of Beijing, Dalian, Shanghai, Wuhan, Xiamen and Guangzhou in China. It is shown that the holistic structural parameter, the radar chart, and the associated correlations from the model can reveal the health features of different cities. According to the calculated ranges of the holistic structural parameter, a new UEH assessment grade standard is suggested and applied to the UEH assessment of some typical cities in China. It is demonstrated that the new model and the new assessment grade standard are precise and readily operational, which can be widely used in other urban ecosystems.  相似文献   

9.
全国尺度的城市建筑地震风险评估对城市防震减灾工作有着重要意义。本文根据全国人口普查和城市统计年鉴等给出的宏观指标建立城市建筑数据库,通过GEAR1方法(Global earthquake activity rate model 1)和第五代中国地震动参数区划图给出具体场地的地面运动强度,通过地面坡度与剪切波速的对应关系确定的场地类别来考虑地震动输入,采用城市抗震弹塑性分析方法建立建筑分析模型,通过地震经济损失风险指标和建筑严重破坏和倒塌风险作为风险评价指标,给出中国大陆主要城市建筑地震风险分布图。结果分析表明,本文方法可以基于可公开获取的数据预测全国不同城市的建筑震害风险;根据第五代地震动参数区划图给出的地面强度,地震经济损失高风险区主要是设防加速度0.3g以上地区;考虑城市人口、GDP因素后,中、东部城市因人口和财富密度较高,建筑地震风险增加明显;不同地震动选波对经济损失风险影响较小,而对倒塌风险影响较大。本文分析方法可以为城市建筑地震风险分析提供相关参考。  相似文献   

10.
A new concept of urban environmental entropy was introduced to investigate the effect of urbanization on air environment considering the fact that rapid development of urbanization may have negative influence on the whole air environment system. The urban environmental entropies which were built based on the generalized thermodynamic entropy and the generalized statistic entropy, respectively. These two entropy models have been used to analyze the relationship between the development of urbanization and air environment. The negative entropy flow mechanism was proposed to reveal the advantages and approaches of regional cities in improving air environment system. A case study on 17 cities in Shandong Province of China showed that the values of urban environmental entropy were negative in most cities from 2001 to 2008, which implies that there is a positive correlation between the development of urbanization and air environment and that is a negative entropy development level in Shandong Province of China. In 2008, the urbanization of Qingdao city and Jinan city improved their air environments. Moreover, restraints for both cities in air environment improvement were recognized according to the analysis of negative entropy flow mechanism.  相似文献   

11.
薄景山    王玉婷    薄涛  陈亚男 《世界地震工程》2022,38(3):090-100
城市的安全稳定、美丽宜居和可持续发展是人类对城市发展的美好追求。韧性城市理念的孕育和产生是城市在漫长发展的历史中,逐步产生和形成的城市公共安全治理的重要途径和全新理念,对城市的建设和发展至关重要,近年来受到科技界的广泛关注。本文系统地梳理了当前有关韧性城市的研究成果;追溯了韧性城市理念的起源;全面地总结了不同学者和有关国际组织关于韧性城市定义和内涵的研究成果,给出了韧性城市新的定义;总结并归纳了韧性城市的主要特征、评价指标及方法;评述了韧性城市研究领域的最新研究进展;提出了我国开展韧性城乡建设的建议。本文的工作对从事韧性城市研究的科技工作者具有参考价值,对推动韧性城市建设及理论研究有重要意义。  相似文献   

12.
An urban water supply network(WSN)is a crucial lifeline system that helps to maintain the normal functioning of modern society.However,the hydraulic analysis of a significantly damaged WSN that suffers from pipe breaks or leaks remains challenging.In this paper,a probability-based framework is proposed to assess the functionality of WSNs in the aftermath of powerful earthquakes.The serviceability of the WSN is quantified by using a comprehensive index that considers nodal water flow and nodal pressure.This index includes a coefficient that reflects the relative importance of these two parameters.The demand reduction(DR)method,which reduces the water flow of nodes while preventing the negative pressure of nodes,is proposed.The difference between the negative pressure elimination(NPE)method and the DR method is discussed by using the example of a WSN in a medium-sized city in China.The functionality values of the WSN are 0.76 and 0.99 when nodal pressure and nodal demands are used respectively as the index of system serviceability at an intensity level that would pertain to an earthquake considered to occur at a maximum level.When the intensity of ground motion is as high as 0.4 g,the DR method requires fewer samples than the NPE method to obtain accurate results.The NPE method eliminates most of the pipes,which may be unrealistic.  相似文献   

13.
本文利用灰色系统理论GM(1,1)模型研究了地震活跃幕的预测,建立了中国大陆及邻区地震活跃幕的灰色预测模型,通过实例计算证明该模型精密度较高,可以用来预测中国大陆及邻区下一地震活跃幕的大致开始时间以及持续时间。  相似文献   

14.
Many studies have been conducted on heavy metal concentrations in urban outdoor dust in China,showing that differences exist in the metal concentrations of different cities. However, no report has studied the distribution of heavy metals across Chinese cities. This work presents the spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban outdoor dust in Chinese cities and discusses the causes for the differences in heavy metal levels across cities by analyzing and summarizing data for 20 provincial capitals from the published scientific literature. The results show that the geometric mean values of Ni and Cr in urban dust of China are lower than or comparable to crustal levels, whereas levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn are significantly greater than crustal levels. The spatial distributions of Cu, Pb, and Zn in urban dust all exhibit a pattern in which heavy metal levels are greater in cities located in the south of China than in the north. Commercial areas and residential-education areas accumulate more Cd in their dust than industrial areas and traffic areas, and industrial areas and residential-education areas accumulate more Pb than commercial areas and traffic areas. The Zn level in dust from industrial areas is significantly greater than in other areas, and Cu exhibits no significant difference between different functional areas. A positive correlation exists between Cd and Zn in urban dust and population density. Urban dust Pb in Chinese cities is lower than the world average as calculated using data for thirteen cities in different countries. Cd, Cu, and Zn levels in China are close to world averages.  相似文献   

15.
Urban ecology is experiencing the third paradigm shift. To understand the interactions between the social system and the natural system in the city across time and space, and to provide theories and solutions to sustainable urban development are essential tasks for urban ecology in the next decade. Big data can play a crucial role in future urban ecology studies due to the interdisciplinary nature of urban ecology, the fact that cities are factories of big data, and the new insights gained by using big data in studies. Nevertheless, to translate big data from a concept to research results that can guide planning, policymaking, and management of cities, we need to overcome multiple challenges existing in the theoretical framework, data acquisition, and analytic methods. Urban ecologists should enhance the collaboration with the data scientists to increase the application of big data in studies of urban biodiversity, urban ecosystem services and human wellbeing, and processes of urban ecosystems.  相似文献   

16.
EUTROPHICATION AND RED TIDES AS CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
1 mTRoorcnoxThe EnvirDment AgenCy of UK (l997) defins eUtIDPhication as "the enrichInnt of waters byinorgedc plant nUtrientS that result in the simulation of an mp Of syInPtOInati changes. These includethe inCrased PrOduCtiOn Of aigae or othe aquatic PlantS, affeChng the quallty of the water and distUIbingthe balance Of orpedsms Present within it. Such changes Inay be undesirable and intetw with wateuses." Sndth et al. (l999) indicated tha eopation of waters is mainly caused by h…  相似文献   

17.
Risk analysis of urban flood and drought can provide useful guidance for urban rainwater management. Based on an analysis of urban climate characteristics in 2,264 Chinese cities from 1958 to 2017, this study evaluated urban flood and drought risks. The results demonstrated that the annual average values of precipitation, aridity index, frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation and extreme drought events differed significantly in these cities. The values of the above six climatic indicators in the cities ranged from 9.29–2639.30 mm, 0.47–54.73, 1.08–8.79 time, 7.82–107.25 mm, 0.76–2.99 time, and 10.30–131.19 days, respectively. The geographical patterns of urban precipitation, aridity index, intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation and drought events in China fit well to the Hu‐Huanyong Line that was created in 1940s to identify the pattern of population distribution. Extreme precipitation in most cities has upward trends, except for those around the Hu‐Huanyong Line. The extreme drought events had upward trends in the cities east of the Hu‐Huanyong Line, but there were downward trends in the cities west of the line. The risk assessment indicated that 3.80% cities were facing serious flood and 6.01% cities were facing serious drought risks, which are located in the coast of southern China and northwestern China, respectively, and other 90.19% cities were facing different types of drought and flood risks in terms of their intensity and frequency.  相似文献   

18.
城市湖泊作为城市与自然之间进行水气交换的蓝色空间,具有供水、防洪、休闲、气候调节以及改善城市生态环境等诸多生态服务功能。中国地域辽阔、城市众多,不同区域的城市湖泊受自然地理环境和社会经济发展等因素的影响而具有显著的空间差异特征。目前已有研究对我国省会城市和个别大型城市的湖泊空间分布及变化特征等开展研究,但全国范围内各行政等级单元内城市湖泊分布的空间格局及其影响因素仍缺乏综合分析。本研究基于中国城市湖泊数据集,从城市分布的地域单元、行政等级、城市规模3个方面对城市湖泊分布特征进行统计分析和比较,并结合自然和人类活动要素,初步探讨影响城市湖泊分布规模和丰度的主控因子。结果表明,2020年全国共有约11万个面积大于0.001km2城市湖泊(不包括太湖、滇池等大型湖泊),总面积约2112 km2,约占全国城市(遥感城市不透水层区域)面积的1.1%。城市湖泊的分布具有显著的集聚和分异特征,数量超过70%的城市湖泊分布在约20%的县(区)级行政单元,约21%的县(区)级行政单元基本没有(<10 m遥感影像分辨率下10个像元)城市湖泊分布。城市湖泊数...  相似文献   

19.
城市活断层探测中的浅层地震勘探方法   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
对大量地震灾害的研究表明，地震发生时，位于地表活动断层上的房屋或构筑物的破坏最严重，尤其是20世纪90年代后期美国北岭地震，日本阪神地震和中国台湾集集大地震等的发生后，世界许多国家的政府和地震科学家都清楚地认识到城市活断层探测与研究的重要性和急迫性，城市活断层的探测对于城市规划，抗震设防，减轻地震对城市设施的破坏都具有重要的现实意义，浅层高分辨地震勘探是城市活断层探测手段中最有效，最可靠的方法之一，可以在地表探测到地下活断层的位置，埋深，产状和空间展布情况，但由于城市环境的强干扰背景和场地条件的复杂性，必须针对实际情况，在观测系统，震源，数据采集环境的强干扰背景和场地条件的复杂性，必须针对实际 情况，在观测系统，震源，数据采集和处理方法等环节中，采用一系列提高分辨率， 提高信噪比的有效方法，才能取得可靠的探测成果，本文对城市活断层探测中的浅层地震勘探方法的技术难点和相应的解决方法进行了讨论，并结合我们近几年来在城市开展浅层地震勘探的一些经验，介绍一些实用性的浅层地震勘探工作方法。  相似文献   

20.
Numerous studies related to the simulation and prediction of urban growth to address land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes have been conducted in recent years, but very few have considered the impact of climate change, flooding impact, government relocation, corridor cities, and long-term rainfall variations simultaneously. To bridge the gap, this study predicts possible future LULC changes for 2030 and 2050 in Beijing (China), since Beijing is one of the fastest-growing megacities in the world. The proposed integrated modeling analysis covers four key scenarios to reflect the influences of different factors and constraints on LULC changes, in which cellular automata, Markov chain, and multi-criteria evaluation are fully coupled. While fuzzy membership function was used to address the uncertainty associated with the decision analysis, Markov chain, which is regarded as a stochastic process, was applied to predict future urban growth pathways. In addition, a statistical downscaling model driven by possible climate change scenarios was employed to address long-term rainfall variations in Beijing, China. This study differs from previous ones for Beijing in terms of not only the effects of climate change and flooding impact but also the newly-developed economic free trade zone in Xiong’an and the central government’s plan to relocate to the Tongzhou district. Findings indicate that there is no marked difference in LULC over the four key scenarios. Compared to the baseline LULC in 2010, the predicted results indicate that urban expansion is expected to increase more than 6 and 11% in 2030 and 2050, respectively.  相似文献   

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