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1.
Michael Bohlander 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1997,17(4):345-354
The article deals with the development of the legal profession in the former German Democratic Republic after 1949 and in the five new Bundesländer since 3 October 1990, the day of German unification. It shows the transition from the traditional western concept of an independent bar to a profession bound by socialist ideals. The process of change before, and the development after, unification are highlighted from the viewpoints of the East German bar's perception of itself, the financial and social background and of the inequality in the provision of legal services within East Germany and in comparison to the West. The paper concludes that there are still significant differences in the provision of legal services in East and West Germany, and that the legal profession faces a formidable challenge to its self-regulating abilities. 相似文献
2.
The restitution of private property has been a widespread and controversial part of the post-socialist transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, raising issues about social justice and the responsibilities of national governments for the actions of their predecessors. This paper reviews the implementation of the restitution process in the countries of the region and assesses the impact on the social and economic landscape. The policy has been most extensive in Germany and most controversial in Poland, and the impacts in these two countries are considered in detail. The results show that everywhere restitution has resulted in winners and losers, with some claimants having long-lost property returned, but too often at the cost of residents losing their homes. However, an important benefit, notably in Germany's New Bundesländer, has been the introduction of much-needed new investment into the urban fabric of towns and cities, although the landscape impacts elsewhere have been less significant. Nevertheless, throughout Central and Eastern Europe restitution policies have helped governments to come to terms with a difficult aspect of the past and move forward. 相似文献
3.
Mark Blacksell 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1997,17(4):257-265
This paper provides a geographical context and overview of the critical steps leading to German unification on 3 October 1990. It examines the extent to which the whole process was typical of the sequence of events in other states that have been partitioned and have subsequently reunited, with particular reference to the so-called Wende in East Germany. This was a spontaneous, popular movement for internal reform which, spurred on in late 1989 by the impending collapse of the East German government and its protector, the Soviet Union, became a rallying point for German unification. 相似文献
4.
Bettina Reimann 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1997,17(4):301-313
The constitutional decision to return to their original owners all real-estate property in East Germany that had either been expropriated or placed under state administration (the restitution principle) has had significant consequences for urban development and urban renewal. Experiences from East Berlin's innercity residential areas illustrate the effects on the state of repair of housing, the character of residential neighbourhoods, the tenants living in the areas affected, and the future structure of real-estate ownership. The case studies reveal a picture of a contradictory development of residential neighbourhoods, including shifting power relations and new polarizations, especially between tenants and landlords. 相似文献
5.
Tatiana Matejskova 《Urban geography》2013,34(1):30-52
Abstract This article examines the micro-politics of belonging in the post-socialist outskirts of Berlin, in Marzahn, one of many new urban immigrant settlement areas in Europe. More specifically, it focuses on what locals perceive as an acceptance-precluding conspicuous presence of nominally white immigrants of German ancestry from the former Soviet Union, the Aussiedler (resettlers). Long-term residents read and interpret these immigrants’ everyday embodiments by constructing what I call micro-economies of embodied difference in order to mark immigrants as non-belonging Eastern-European. In order to make sense of such practices and local antipathy towards the Aussiedler, I analyze the embeddedness of this suburban locality in the regional politics of belonging, showing how Marzahn and its long-time residents have themselves become post-wall Berlin's (and Germany's) internal Others, saturated with uncommodifiable traces of now-denigrated state-socialist Easternness. I suggest that in such a context these residents’ practice of ascribing the unwanted Easternness to recent immigrants works to deflect it in order to buttress their own claims to full membership citizenship in the unified Germany from which they have long been excluded. [Key words: belonging, immigrants, embodied difference, Othering, Easternness, Berlin.] 相似文献
6.
Tim Coles 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1997,17(4):315-333
After unification in 1990 the German government was faced with the task of modernizing the economies of the five new Länder. This process has focused on service sector expansion, particularly the growth of consumer services, which were underdeveloped in the German Democratic Republic. This paper presents a preliminary survey of the impact of the political transition on the structure, organization and spatial pattern of retail services. The new retail sector is characterized by channels of distribution imported from West Germany, uneven development of retail services, and the survival of artefacts from the retail system of the socialist era. Close convergence with levels of retail provision in the old Länder has not been achieved and the changing nature of economic, legislative and political conditions render further expansion problematic. The introduction of legislation to regulate retail growth, the increasingly contested nature of retail change and the complex politics surrounding economic redevelopment in eastern Germany will influence the nature and extent of future retail development. 相似文献
7.
二战以来联邦德国乡村地区的发展与演变 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
二战以后联邦德国①已成为世界第四和欧洲最大的经济体,然而,城乡以及联邦各州之间,特别是东西部之间的区域发展仍然不平衡.本文在国内相关初步研究基础上,从动态、区域和景观视角对联邦德国战后至今乡村地区整体发展过程、特征与区域差异及未来发展趋势进行了分析与研究,并对我国乡村地区未来发展思路进行了探讨.战后德国乡村地区经历了农业规模减小、生产率提高,传统乡村景观改变,特别是德国东西部地区乡村差异化发展的过程.原东德地区经过社会主义改造由传统乡村和农业向农田规模化、经营产业化、居住城镇化、农民工人化的社会主义集体农庄和集体农业转变,但德国统一后这一体系难以适应欧盟的标准,导致农村衰落,居民大规模外迁.经过战后短暂的再城市化,原西德乡村地区经历了一个逆城市化过程,大量工厂和年轻人搬到农村,很多乡村已经由传统的农庄转变为有吸引力的现代化居民点.然而,尽管乡村现代化改善了乡村基础设施和居住环境,但城市风格的楼房和宽阔笔直的道路也破坏了乡村原有的结构形态和优美的自然风貌.20 世纪70 年代以后西德开始制定乡村发展和更新规划,并实施"我们的乡村应更美丽"的行动计划,其主要目标包括提高农产品质量和种类、开发农业房地产和乡村旅游,初步实现了传统乡村和农业向现代代化和生态化的转变.联邦德国乡村地区未来4 个发展的趋势包括高科技农业、可更新的能源、生态公园和非农业化发展.根据联邦德国发展经验和我国乡村城市化的现状,我国的城乡一体化路径应首先完善乡村发展的政策纲领、规划体系和行动计划,鼓励当地居民参与乡村发展规划的制定;城乡一体化应包括乡村城市化与乡村现代化及生态化两部分;具有特色的乡村地区应实现基础设施和公共服务现代化,但保持村庄形态结构和景观的乡村风貌;提高农产品质量和数量,发展乡村地产和乡村服务业;部分生态脆弱的乡村地区进行生态移民,建成生态和自然公园. 相似文献
8.
Services of general interest fulfill people's daily needs and are important for their well-being. In Germany, interacting socioeconomic and demographic processes currently lead to a spatial concentration of such services. Rural areas are particularly affected, resulting in a deterioration of living conditions. Nevertheless, although in the media and in policy these processes are intensely discussed against the background of the German political and scientific discourse on ‘Daseinsvorsorge’, little is known about their dimensions. However, such knowledge is important for both policy and scientific policy advice, as ‘Daseinsvorsorge’ is a key concept in German spatial planning discourse, rooted in the normative political goal of guaranteeing comparable living conditions throughout Germany. This goal includes the aim of ensuring a sufficient offering of services indispensable for life throughout the country. One subject area where a spatial concentration can be observed is retail food sales. As a consequence, especially in rural areas, the network of food shopping locations becomes more wide meshed. Against this background, the German petrol-sector claims that in rural regions, petrol station shops (PSS) might replace a missing local food retailer. Based on the data from an accessibility analysis of petrol stations, supermarkets and discounters, together with considerations on the assortment of PSS, the article analyses the potential of such shops to fulfill this function in rural Germany through the lens of ‘Daseinsvorsorge’. The analysis reveals the following: (1) PSS still mainly serve impulse shopping needs, offering only a very limited assortment of staple foods; (2) in the majority of regions with no supermarket or discounter accessible by foot, PSS are also not accessible by foot; and (3) by car, the picture is very similar. Considering these points, it can be concluded that in Germany, PSS cannot at this time fully replace a missing local retail trade, especially in rural areas. 相似文献
9.
In this paper we explore the motivations to migrate and the migration experiences of 22 Indian IT professionals in Germany. When studying skilled migration, Germany is an interesting case as it struggled with waves of extreme right activities whilst trying to attract IT professionals from outside the European Union at the same time. In this context, we are interested in the conflicts that the migrants may experience as a result of their desire or obligation to move, their specific cultural baggage and the way in which they encounter the different sides of German society. 相似文献
10.
德国饮用水水源保护区的建立与保护 总被引：33，自引：1，他引：32
在德国,饮用水被确定为生活中的第一物质材料,饮用水水源保护区的建立与保护是一项法律程序。德国人经过１００多年的长期实践,迄今为止已建立近２００００个饮用水水源保护区,在水源地保护方面积累了大量经验,被欧美工业国吸收采纳。本文介绍了德国饮用水水源保护区的政策、规范与模型;保护区的划定原则与方法,以及利用岩石土壤对水污染的过滤净化能力或者水体自然净化功能,分区分级保护和利用水源保护区的实用哲学。本文还描述了全流域生态系统保护与水源保护区的关系,东德与西德水源保护工作的差距。 相似文献
11.
Events in eastern Germany since 1989 pose major challenges for geographical interpretation. This paper examines the spatial impacts of the post-unification economic and social upheavals in the new Länder. Using unemployment rates as a key indicator of regional differentiation, spatial variability within the new Länder is examined in terms of two fundamental dimensions. First, the relationship with former patterns of economic specialization is explored, and secondly, the effects of basic geographical properties such as settlement structure, location and peripherality. Prominent regional polarities are described, notably between major agglomeration cores and rural residuals, and between ‘bridgehead’ locations and less-accessible districts. Within this context the paper then identifies some ‘green shoots’ of recovery and new growth. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of incorporating sub-regional variations into any new framework of regional policy. 相似文献
12.
创新逐步取代资本,成为新时代区域发展新动力。德国在科技创新方面一直领跑世界,区域系统发展优势明显。在了解德国创新发展的历史和现状的基础上,本文对德国的创新政策的特征加以归纳,一是在指导思想上,告别了“以邻为壑、以大为强、引外劳、降成本”的旧时代,开启了“以邻为伴、一致对外、创新为王、引人才”的新时代;二是在具体举措上,实施多种方式并举,提供科创资金支持;“自上而下”和“自下而上”相结合,推动创新集群发展;以科技中介服务机构为核心,激活技术扩散与创新活动。尽管中德两国所处的经济发展阶段不同,但是德国在创新的顶层设计、“门槛”研究和创新联盟的开放式区域创新系统建设等方面的经验值得我国借鉴。 相似文献
13.
德国是中国在欧洲最大的贸易伙伴,研究中德双边贸易潜力对中德及时调整对外贸易战略、推进"一带一路"建设具有十分重要的理论价值与现实意义。首先利用双边贸易数据和贸易结合度指数分析中德双边贸易现状,继而用2014年37个主要国家的贸易数据,从两国GDP、人均GDP、两国首都之间距离、是否加入WTO和是否加入APEC五方面,运用EViews软件建立贸易引力模型对中德贸易发展潜力进行预测,得出以下结论:中德双边贸易规模较大,增长速度较快,贸易逐渐深化;中德商品结构有较强的互补性;德国对中国的贸易结合度正由弱变强,中国对德国的贸易结合度有减弱趋势;中德双边贸易潜力值在波动中增大,且大于1.2,属于"潜力再造型",贸易潜力已经得到充分发挥,上升空间狭小。 相似文献
14.
Kathrin Hörschelmann 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1997,17(4):385-396
Coming from a socio-cultural geography perspective this paper sets out to question the ‘essentiality’ of East/West German differences, often said to persist in Germany despite (re)unification, by analysing the way in which they are socially constructed in German television reports and films today. Particular emphasis is placed upon the social and spatial positioning of the TV producers, of those represented, and of the audience. It is suggested that television representations such as those analysed in the paper effect a marginalization of East Germans and East Germany that can be partially resisted on the basis of contradictions ‘within’ and ‘outside’ filmic texts. 相似文献
15.
Rates of sheet and rill erosion in Germany — A meta-analysis 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Knowledge of erosion rates under real conditions is of great concern regarding sustainability of landuse and off-site effects on water bodies and settlements. Experimentally derived rates of sheet and rill erosion are often biased by experimental settings, which deviate considerably from typical landuse, by short measuring periods and by small spatial extensions, which do not account for the pronounced spatio-temporal variability of erosion events. We compiled data from 27 studies covering 1076 plot years to account for this variability. Modelling was used to correct for deficiencies in the experimental settings, which overrepresented arable land and used steeper and shorter slopes as well as higher erosivity than typically found in reality. For example, the average slope gradient was 5.9° for all arable plot experiments while it is only 2.6° on total arable land in Germany. The expected soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in Germany after taking real slopes, landuse and erosivity into account averaged 2.7 t ha− 1 yr− 1. Annual crops contributed the largest proportion (90%) but hops despite its negligible contribution to landuse (0.06%) still contribute 1.0% due to its extraordinary rapid erosion, which was even faster than the measured bare fallow soil loss standardized to otherwise identical conditions. Bare fallow soil loss, which is often used as baseline, was 80 t ha− 1 yr− 1 when standardized to 5.1° slope gradient, 200 m flow path length, and average German erosivity. 相似文献
16.
PETER J. HUGILL 《Geographical review》2008,98(1):1-23
ABSTRACT. Wilhelmine Germany had a powerful economy and, after 1898, began construction of a fleet to challenge Great Britain's global power. This article analyses Germany's cultural “will to power” in the period through the eyes of the avant‐garde, Munich‐published weekly magazine Simplicissimus as it examined the series of security crises between 1896 and the outbreak of war in 1914. The magazine was no fan of Wilhelmine militarism, its principal artist having been jailed for criticism of the kaiser, but it showed a deep support for Germany's rise to power on moral grounds. Many illustrations dealt with global power projection through the navy and the need for a suitable security partner within Europe. Its illustrators depicted Great Britain as an immoral world power only Germany might check and France as its preferred security partner to keep Europe at peace. 相似文献
17.
作为生态和环境保护手段的空间规划:联邦德国的经验及对中国的启示 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
联邦德国生态环境保护走过了一条污染-治理-预防的道路, 即由技术性和应激性转为政策性和预防性的环境保护。生态环境保护政策和措施由环保活动家,大企业,学术界,地方及联邦各级有关部门共同制定,并由一个国家级综合的监测体系监督执行。公众不仅有权力了解结果,而且也将参与政策措施的制订和监督。德国空间规划包含欧盟,联邦,州,区域,城镇和城市建设6个层面。空间规划,特别是生态环境规划已成为预防生态环境破坏的重要措施。然而,联邦德国生态环境规划实施也面临个人交通和小企业污染以及环保成本提高造成企业区位劣势所带来的挑战。这些经验教训对中国的生态环境保护目标,政策措施的完善及生态空间规划的制订和监督落实,环境评价,特别是规划本身的环境评价具有借鉴意义。具体包括4个方面: 1)生态环境保护政策实现从提高环保技术手段向预防污染产生转变; 2)保证生态环境保护政策及实施的有效性; 3)把空间规划作为实现区域经济和社会稳定可持续发展的手段,提高生态和环保目标的地位; 4)在规划的技术层面上关注居住,休闲,交通和自然保护区用地的增长。 相似文献
18.
Tassilo Herrschel 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1997,17(4):267-281
Economic transformation in post-socialist eastern Germany revealed inherent inequalities in development opportunities, which had been disguised during the socialist ancien régime. Using local examples from the two contrasting Länder of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Saxony, this paper explores how market forces not only exposed these differences, but further entrenched them at the regional and local scales. Local economies demonstrate the differential development very clearly, exposing the significance of regional economic context and raisons d'être of local economic structures. This is genuine locational advantages vis-à-vis activities imposed through ideology rather than economy-driven decrees by the old GDR regime. Many of these state-decreed activities lacked local, and regional, embeddedness, rendering the respective local economies most vulnerable to market operation. They will continue to rely on state support. The problems were exacerbated in those localities lacking support from a regional economy, as in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Conversely, market-favoured, economically attractive regions, like Saxony, generally help localities develop their new economic roles, including those with few indigenous advantages. These fundamental differences in opportunities, illustrated here for six cities, are reflected in local policy-making, especially the role of localness and utilization of local identity. 相似文献
19.
Since Berry argued in 1976 that counterurbanization had replaced urbanization in the U.S., a debate has ensued as to whether the phenomenon also exists in Western Europe. Proponents of a developmental theory of counterurbanization contend that the phenomenon should be evident in countries which have achieved a very high level of socioeconomic development, including the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Most of the German and English language literature on the topic suggests the contrary for the FRG. Here urbanization and counterurbanization are restricted to specific geographic meanings, i.e., spatial agglomeration and deglomeration. Results from four interrelated tests show a trend toward counterurbanization evident as early as the 1960s in the post-war regional demographic data of the FRG. 相似文献
20.
德国是近代自然地理学的发源地,也是人文地理学的故乡。近代德国地理学不仅助推了德国社会经济的发展,还为世界各国地理学的发展奠定了理论基础,推动了地理学的科学化、系统化与全球化。本文运用文献计量法综述国内外1975—2019年关于近代德国地理学的539篇文献,从年度载文量、研究者国别、研究方向和研究方法四方面入手,突出时间顺序与空间差异,系统梳理与凝练近代德国地理学家的理论与重要贡献,结果表明：近代德国自然地理学与人文地理学的经典理论,尤其是地质地貌、地学革命,以及区域、景观与环境三大学派、区位理论、地缘政治等领域对人类做出了卓越的贡献,近代德国地理学的理论与研究方法值得我们借鉴与思考。 相似文献