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1.
地震发生后，人口空间分布密度是决定救援力量部署的重要依据。然而，高精度人口空间分布数据存在获取和更新困难的问题，缺少有效的解决途径。以银川市西夏区为例，基于高空间分辨率遥感影像，通过建筑物解译与实地调查相结合的方式获取住宅建筑物信息，建立人口与住宅建筑物之间的关系模型，得到更客观真实的人口空间分布情况。研究结果表明，以高空间分辨率遥感影像解译住宅建筑物作为人口空间分布指示因子建模，得到的总体预测人口误差率为3.56%，人口平均相对误差率为9.19%，研究结果具有较高的可靠性，为震前灾害风险评估和震后灾情快速评估提供可靠的人口空间分布数据。 相似文献
2.
破坏性地震发生后,山区易发生滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害。精细化人口空间分布数据能够有效提升灾情评判精度,为应急救援决策提供参考依据。本文以陕西省麟游县为例,利用"天地图"高分辨率遥感影像解译大比例尺居民地数据,结合人口、行政区划等数据,利用GIS（地理信息系统）技术制作100 m×100 m格网人口分布数据。通过与陕西省地震局现有人口空间数据进行对比,发现百米格网人口分布数据可明显提升山区次生灾害影响人口计算结果的可靠性。 相似文献
3.
长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)是一种小型齿鲸,仅分布在长江中下游干流和洞庭湖及鄱阳湖中,其种群数量仅约1000头,极度濒危.鄱阳湖是长江江豚最重要的栖息地之一,估算种群数量约450头,是长江江豚最后的避难所.本文系统地总结了鄱阳湖长江江豚种群生态学、保护遗传学和保护生物学的研究进展,着重探讨了各种人类活动对其种群迁移活动的影响,并对鄱阳湖长江江豚种群面临的威胁、保护对策和未来研究方向等进行了总结和展望,以期为今后的保护工作提供借鉴. 相似文献
4.
人员伤亡评估是实际地震应急工作中最重要的内容之一,而不同精度的人口数据对震后快速评估人员伤亡影响很大。以汶川地震为例,研究甘肃陇南地区不同精度的人口数据,基于GIS平台以高精度的居民地单元人口数据为参考,比较居民点单元、行政村单元、乡镇单元、区县单元四种空间化方法人口数据,对各种人口数据进行精度评价。研究结果表明:随着烈度区面积的减小,不同空间化方法获得的人口数据误差有变大的趋势,人口数据中行政单元越大,误差越大;区县单元人口空间化与居民地人口空间化数据误差最大,相对误差约为144.78%;居民点密度空间化人口数据误差最小,相对误差为15.38%。汶川地震甘肃陇南地区万人死亡率计算结果中,区县单元人口空间化数据计算得到的万人死亡率与居民地人口数据误差最大,绝对误差为5.31,居民点单元人口空间化数据计算得到的万人死亡率与居民地人口数据误差最小,绝对误差为0.70。 相似文献
5.
以中国大陆区县级历史人口数据为基础, 研究人口总量和人口增长率的时间序列变化规律, 并综合运用阻滞模型、 指数模型、 对数模型、 线性模型等拟合方法, 得到相当精度的拟合预测模型, 获得了经验证较可靠的中国大陆未来区县级总人口预测结果。 同时, 以2020年预测人口为例, 定量分析了2010—2020年人口空间分布格局, 各区县未来人口增减变化情况, 其能够较准确的表达未来人口空间分布。 本研究旨在为地震风险评估对人口在时间变化和空间分布上的未来预测需求提供可靠数据。 相似文献
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7.
面向防震减灾的人口数据空间化研究——以2007年宁洱地震灾区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
入口是地震灾害的重要受灾体,准确的入口空问分布信息是防震减灾工作的重要依据.本文借助地理信息系统,将人口统计数据与高分辨率遥感数据相结合,应用基于居民地的人口数据空间化方法,模拟人口空间分布.首先根据城市人口—面积异速生长模型的分形几何意义,推导出城乡人口一面积统一模型;进而以2007年宁洱地震灾区为例,在建立居民地分类体系和遥感解译标志的基础上,目视解译获得准确的居民地信息;最后应用城乡人口—面积统一模型获得网格人口密度矢量数据.经检验,本文的结果达到了较高的精度.同时在人口数据空间化完成的基础上,以地震受灾人口估算为例,探讨了人口数据空间化在防震减灾中的应用.研究结果表明,基于网格人口矢量数据的受灾人口估算结果更能客观反映地震灾情,可以为防震减灾和应急救援工作提供可靠的依据. 相似文献
8.
Iron-bearing olivines and pyroxenes occurring in Orgueil may represent a separate population distinct from the magnesian varieties previously reported. Compositions of these iron-bearing silicates are inconsistent with an origin by direct equilibrium condensation in the nebula. Such an origin is more plausible for the magnesian silicates but lacks conclusive evidence. An extra-solar system origin for either mafic population is possible though similarly lacking in evidence.About 15% of the olivines, randomly distributed with respect to iron content, retain particle track evidence of a pre-compaction irradiation. 相似文献
9.
云南地区破坏性地震的人员灾情预估方法初探 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
用云南地区1992～2001年的39次破坏性地震中的受灾人口、无家可归人数和死亡人数分别与震级拟合,得到云南地区震级与这三者的关系曲线及表达式。用云南地区某地的人口密度加权系数(震区的人口密度与云南地区人口密度之比)对前二式加以校正,即可预先评估当该地发生某级破坏性地震时的受灾人口和无家可归人数;用云南地区某地的人口密度加权系数和发震时段的人员户外系数,对第三式加以校正,则可以预先评估该地发生某级破坏性地震时的死亡人数。以云南地区2001年的6次5—6级地震为实例,用以上方法估算了这6次地震的受灾人口、无家可归人数和死亡人数,并与地震现场评估的结果作比较,多数结果都比较接近,只有少数相差较大。 相似文献
10.
The line profile inversion is as a rule used to model the atmosphere. The algorithm for determining the temperature and electron
density in the middle chromosphere has been developed based on inversion of the profiles of five Ca II chromospheric lines.
Necessary information is contained in the function called by us the population function. This function is used to calculate
the frequency-dependent source functions in lines and, consequently, the rates of radiative transitions. However, the accuracy
of population function reconstruction in the inversion procedure is insufficient for the goal to be achieved. The accuracy
is increased by using the intensity response function conception. The response functions of five Ca II lines to the population
function disturbances have been calculated. The accuracy to be achieved has been estimated using one of the semiempirical
models of the sunspot umbra as an example. 相似文献
11.
Models of habitat connectivity, and how network structure and connectivity affects resident populations, are increasingly being developed for terrestrial habitat networks. Rivers, unlike many terrestrial habitat networks, follow a rigid hierarchical branching structure to form dendritic networks. It has been hypothesised that this unique structure must have implications for population processes. We developed a theoretical model to relate local-scale habitat quality and connectivity to landscape-scale population dynamics of mobile organisms (e.g. fish, aquatic invertebrates). River networks were modelled as directed graphs, with nodes being habitat patches, and edges the connections between them. Using population simulation analyses, we investigated the effects of network structure on population abundance and persistence. Network structural complexity affected landscape-scale population abundance, but the apparent effect depended upon how structure was quantified. There were no noticeable effects of dendritic network structure on population persistence. Previous research on the effects of habitat network structure on population persistence has used metapopulation patch occupancy models, which do not directly consider population dynamics. Our results show that spatially-explicit population modelling is possible, and that it provides information beyond that possible with patch occupancy models (e.g. population abundance). More importantly, it calls into question whether metapopulation models provide an adequate representation of population dynamics in dendritic habitat networks. 相似文献
12.
Taking annual plant Eragrostis poaeides in the artificial vegetation-stabilized sand dune in the Shapotou Experimental Research Station as example, study has been done on the adaptation strategies of annual plants to random environment through fixed quadrat observations of population changes and fixed plant determinations of individual growth, seed germination,population dynamics, spatial distribution pattern of population, competition and regulation. During the growing season, the survival rate of annual plants depends on the precipitation intensity and precipitation duration which activate the germination of seeds. The optimal germination strategy of annual plants in this habitat during the growing season appears as continuous germination under suitable conditions. Such continuous germination is an adaptive characteristic of annual plants to random environment. In addition, the variation processes of population size and regulation mechanism of E. poaeoides are studied. Statistical results of natural population in four consecutive years show that water condition in the habitat is the leading factor affecting the population dynamics of E. poaeoides. During the establishment period E. poaeoides had a higher death rate, but in the middle to later period they could survive stably. Due to the limitation of soil moisture, the competition among individuals for water inevitably led to self-thinning phenomena. Under very arid condition, the survival curve of annual herbs entirely appears as Deevey Ⅲ type (C type), but under relatively adequate precipitation condition, the survival curve appears as intermediate type. The strategy of life history obviously appears as r-strategy. Plant species of r-strategy often occurs in the early succession stage of the communities. In the relatively adequate and evenly-distributed rainfall years, E. poaeoides population exhibited a density-dependent, i. e., survival rate increased with decrease in population density. The main pattern to regulate the population number for the intraspecific competition is to regulate the highly variable initial density into a final density with narrow variation range. 相似文献
13.
青虾生长规律与群体组成的研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
报道了上海川沙县孙桥河道青虾的生长呈明显的阶段性,如雄虾的第一阶段（1990年6—11月）的生长方程为L_t=3.38[1-e~(-0.4943(t+0.1674)];第二阶段（1991年2—6月）的生长方程为L_t=6.57/(1+e~(2.1805-0.2787t);它们的拐点分别为2.07月龄和11.97月龄。渔获群体分析结果表明,月龄为0-15月,体长范围为1.30—6.58cm,体重范围为0.060—13.39g;一年出现两个群体,其中夏季群体生活期从当年7月至翌年10月,数量大,占群体数量80％以上;秋季群体生活期从当年9月至翌年12月,约占群体数量20％左右。群体中一般雄虾数量多于雌虾数量,月性比(?)在0.61—1.35之间变动。 相似文献
14.
From the similarity theorem, an expression of bubble population is derived as a function of the air en-trainment rate, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) spectrum density and the surface tension. The bubble size spectrum that we obtain has a dependence of a?2.5 nd on the bubble radius, in which nd is positive and dependent on the form of TKE spectrum within the viscous dissipation range. To relate the bubble population with wave parameters, an expression about the air entrainment rate is deduced by intro-ducing two statistical relations to wave breaking. The bubble population vertical distribution is also derived, based on two assumptions from two typical observation results. 相似文献
15.
Effects of oil spill on seawater infiltration and macrobenthic community in tidal flats 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chung IY Cho KJ Hiraoka K Mukai T Nishijima W Takimoto K Okada M 《Marine pollution bulletin》2004,49(11-12):959-963
Tidal flat ecosystem simulators are used to clarify the effects of stranded fuel oil on tidal flat ecosystems. Results show that oil spills increase the periphyton on sediment by decreasing the predation stress caused by deposit feeders. About a month after an oil spill, the total population density of the macrobenthos recovered. The oxidation-reduction potential in the surface sediment drops to a negative value after the oil spill, and the anaerobic condition throughout the sediment seems to be responsible for the decrease in the population density of the macrobenthos. The infiltration volume of seawater into the oil-stranded sediment decreases to a third of that without the oil spill. The recovery of infiltration volume after about a month coincides with the recovery of the population density of the macrobenthos. This result suggests that the macrobenthic population is highly dependent on the infiltration of seawater. 相似文献
16.
Stige LC Ottersen G Hjermann DØ Dalpadado P Jensen LK Stenseth NC 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(2):395-398
Two factors determine whether pollution is likely to affect a population indirectly through loss of prey: firstly, the sensitivity of the prey to the pollutants, and secondly, the sensitivity of the predator population to loss of prey at the given life stage. We here apply a statistical recruitment model for Northeast Arctic cod to evaluate the sensitivity of cod cohorts to loss of zooplankton prey, for example following an oil spill. The calculations show that cod cohorts are highly sensitive to possible zooplankton biomass reductions in the distribution area of the cod larvae, and point to a need for more knowledge about oil-effects on zooplankton. Our study illustrates how knowledge about population dynamics may guide which indirect effects to consider in environmental impact studies. 相似文献
17.
18.
Taking annual plant Eragrostis poaeides in the artificial vegetation-stabilized sand dune in the Shapotou Experimental Research Station as example, study has been done on the adaptation strategies of annual plants to random environment through fixed quadrat observations of population changes and fixed plant determinations of individual growth, seed germination, population dynamics, spatial distribution pattern of population, competition and regulation. During the growing season, the survival rate of annual plants depends on the precipitation intensity and precipitation duration which activate the germination of seeds. The optimal germination strategy of annual plants in this habitat during the growing season appears as continuous germination under suitable conditions. Such continuous germination is an adaptive characteristic of annual plants to random environment. In addition, the variation processes of population size and regulation mechanism of E. poaeoides are studied. Statistical results of natural population in four consecutive years show that water condition in the habitat is the leading factor affecting the population dynamics of E. poaeoides. During the establishment period E. poaeoides had a higher death rate, but in the middle to later period they could survive stably. Due to the limitation of soil moisture, the competition among individuals for water inevitably led to self-thinning phenomena. Under very arid condition, the survival curve of annual herbs entirely appears as Deevey III type (C type), but under relatively adequate precipitation condition, the survival curve appears as intermediate type. The strategy of life history obviously appears as r-strategy. Plant species of r-strategy often occurs in the early succession stage of the communities. In the relatively adequate and evenly-distributed rainfall years, E. poaeoides population exhibited a density-dependent, i. e., survival rate increased with decrease in population density. The main pattern to regulate the population number for the intraspecific competition is to regulate the highly variable initial density into a final density with narrow variation range. 相似文献
19.
We introduce a two-step method to perform spatio-temporal balanced sampling in a design-based approach. For populations with spatio-temporal trends and with anisotropic effects in the variable of interest, the prediction can be further improved by selecting samples that are well spread over the entire population in space and time. We control the spread of the sample over the population by using the volume of the corresponding three-dimensional Voronoi tessellation. Indeed, spatio-temporal design-based balanced sampling is even more efficient under the presence of a trend and anisotropic effects. We present an intensive simulation study comparing our method to other available methods for spatio-temporal sampling. Finally, we analyze real data by sampling from a population of temperature stations over six European countries. 相似文献
20.
Benzene exposure is of particular concern because recent research indicates that it can result in chronic toxicity, with an
elevated risk of carcinogenesis. Exposure to benzene from automobile exhaust can be an important occupational problem for
urban population. The present study was conducted to estimate cancer risk of population living in nine densely traffic jam
area due to contact with traffic benzene vapor during daily work. The reported lifetime unit risk factor ranges from 8.30E-8
to 1.58E-6. Of interest, this number is high and can be important public health threaten. Monitoring of environmental benzene
can help classify with high risk. Annual check up and monitoring for benzene exposure among the people living in urban area
should be set as primary prevention of benzene-related cancer for them. 相似文献