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近年来,中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会组织了多个针对大洋中脊海底热液活动的航次调查.自从2007年在西南印度洋中脊49.6°E发现了第一个海底热液活动区以来,已经在西南印度洋中脊和东太平洋海隆赤道地区发现了十几个海底热液区[1~4].2009年11~12月,大洋21航次在南大西洋中脊13°~14°S段发现了两个新的海底热液活动区,这是我国第一次在大西洋中脊发现海底热液活动区,也是当时发现的位于大西洋中脊最南端的两个热液活动区. 相似文献
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现代海底热液系统广泛分布于全球大洋中脊、海山、弧后盆地等地.根据基岩环境的不同,海底热液系统主要分为玄武岩型热液系统和超基性岩型热液系统两种,这两种不同类型的热液系统呈现出不同的磁异常特征.玄武岩型热液区主要呈现低磁异常特征,超基性岩型热液区则呈现高磁异常.这些热液区所呈现的磁场异常主要都来源于热液流体对基底岩石的蚀变作用.热液过程既可以破坏玄武岩中的磁性矿物,也可以与超基性岩作用产生磁性矿物.然而,即使是同一类型的海底热液系统,在不同的地质环境下其磁异常特征也有些许差异.如在中快速扩张脊、慢速和超慢速扩张脊、弧后盆地、火山海山等不同地质环境下的玄武岩型热液系统中,热源活动程度和流体通道形态的不同会造成弱磁区在形状和范围上的差异.通常情况下,海底热液区的磁异常区只有几百米的范围甚至更小,它所产生的短波长磁异常通常难以在海面上分辨出来,近底高分辨率磁力测量则是探测热液场磁性结构、寻找热液矿床的有效方法. 相似文献
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通过对南海北部与西部大量反射地震剖面海水层部分进行再处理,与以往地震海洋学主要关注海水层内部的反射结构不同,本文重点对海底附近水体的各种复杂反射地震特征进行分类、分析与总结.与传统对海底边界层的定义不同,我们将海底边界附近的水体称之为海底边界层.本文利用传统地震相分析方法,分析海底边界层各种复杂反射地震结构的几何形态、内部反射结构、连续性、振幅以及视频率特征,结合过去相关的地震海洋学研究成果、海底边界层理论与其它各种海底附近作用/过程,不仅对中尺度涡旋、内孤立波和背风波在地震剖面上的反射地震特征进行了归类与分析,并推断最新发现的一些反射地震特征可能揭示的各种海洋作用/过程,例如不同的地震相特征可能反映了海底湍流边界层,海底沉积物再悬浮,天然气渗漏羽状流和麻坑内部异常上升流相关海底界面作用过程.结果分析表明,地震海洋学方法不仅能够对海洋内波、涡旋等物理海洋现象进行研究,同时也能够对海底附近各种复杂海洋作用/过程进行成像,从而拓展了地震海洋学的研究领域,一定程度上也能为过去不能有效对海底边界面发生的各种冷泉热液活动、生物和沉积等作用过程进行现场观测提供新的探测方法和研究视角. 相似文献
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海底流体逃逸活动对海洋油气勘探、天然气水合物勘查和试采、海底固体矿产勘探与全球气候变化研究等方面具有重要意义.理解海底流体逃逸活动规律,研究流体逃逸活动演化过程,并建立综合探测体系显得尤为重要.本文系统梳理了海底流体逃逸活动在海底可视技术、综合声学水体成像技术、"磁亮点"技术以及卫星遥感技术等相关探测方法下的不同地球物理响应.分析认为,海底流体逃逸活动容易改变海底地层的物理性质和形态,在地震剖面和声学图像上表现为独特的流体异常反射特征和声学响应;烃渗漏形成烃蚀变带,在航磁图像上表现为弱磁异常;渗漏油膜在SAR卫星图像上表现为黑色斑块;天然地震控制下的断裂带流体逃逸活动在临震时震中附近在热红外图像上表现为亮温异常.结合不同探测方法的探测效率和优势特征,提出了利用卫星遥感和"磁亮点"等方法进行平面约束预测,用剖面或立体声学水体成像数据进行海底流体活动确认,再通过海底可视数据进行精细探测的综合地球物理探测方法,为深入研究海底流体活动系统理论提供参考,同时指出流体逃逸活动研究的相关方向. 相似文献
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2003年11月5日~11月21日DY105-12, 14航次第六航段在东太平洋海隆12~13°N之间进行了海底热液活动调查, 并在EPR12°39′N~12°54′N之间进行了CTD作业. 经过对CTD所采水样的温度和Mg, Cl, Br数据的分析, 发现该调查区有异常的站位显示镁相对于海水亏损9.3%~ 22.4%, Cl和Br相对于正常海水分别富集10.3%~28.7%和10.7%~29.0%, 且温度异常和化学异常出现在同一层位. Mg亏损可能由热液流体和海水混合达到平衡后上浮的一种贫Mg液体引起, Cl和Br富集可能是热液活动引起相分离后后期卤水注入海水的结果. 另外, 调查区内异常层位的Br/Cl比值与海水相似, 说明不仅热液流体喷出时没有发生石盐的溶解(或沉淀)过程, 热液流体携带周围海水上浮形成热液柱的过程中也没有发生此过程. 从E55站位的异常情况来看, 该站位附近可能存在新的热液活动区. 相似文献
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海底重力测量以其高精度、横向高分辨率等优势,完善了海洋勘探技术体系,为基础地质研究、资源勘查、重大工程建设、大地水准面精化等提供支持。通过在渤海海域开展海底重力测量,取得了约15 000 km2的重力数据,对海底重力测量精度的影响因素及评价方法进行了研究。海底重力测量精度相比于陆域存在诸多干扰因素,主要受水深、海底底质、海况、平面和高程测量精度、近区地形改正等因素的影响。本文以测点布格重力异常值为评价指标,研究分析各项因素对海底重力测量精度的影响。结果表明:①超浅水域,环境干扰对海底重力测量精度影响较大;②海底底质较硬区域,重力测量精度较高;③风力对海底重力测量精度影响较小,引起的海浪、海流会有限地影响观测精度;④平面定位精度对海底重力测量精度影响相对较小;⑤高程是海底重力测量精度影响最大的因素;⑥海底地形平缓区域、近区地形改正对重力精度的影响可忽略不计。同时评估了相对重力值法、布格重力异常值法、重力异常插值法3种质量检查方法,研究揭示以布格重力异常值为指标的评价方法更具合理性,符合海底重力测量的特点。 相似文献
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针对我国西南印度洋合同区热液硫化物矿快速、有效以及便捷地质勘探装备的要求,研发了由甲板控制系统、万米光电复合缆、仪器舱拖体和天线拖体组成的深海6000 m拖曳式瞬变电磁系统.为了便于拖体布放和快速发现异常,选择重叠回线收发装置类型;采用理论数值计算确定了在拖曳高度不大于50 m的前提下,观测1～100ms窗范围内的二次场响应,可以发现近海底深海热液硫化物矿堆;另外,通过不同拖延深度海上试验,研究了拖曳深度对瞬变电磁的影响规律及仪器性能.大洋第30航次第二航段在西南印度洋脊热液区,应用该系统发现了明显的瞬变电磁异常.印证了系统的有效性. 相似文献
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海洋地球物理以物理学的思维与方法研究占地球三分之二面积的海洋系统.20世纪地球科学迅猛发展，它的重大进展是海底扩张说与板块构造说的出现和海底大洋的发现，以及前者所引发的地球科学思想革命，从固定论向活动论的思维转变.海底研究对于20世纪地球科学发展的贡献极为巨大，而海洋地球物理是推动海底科学研究的重要原动力.海洋地球物理在20世纪地球科学的发展中有过辉煌的成就，占有十分重要的地位；在新的21世纪里，海洋地球物理研究仍然保持着前沿科学的地位，继续推动着地球科学的进展.目前的海底探测主要还是依赖于声学探测技术.水下声学定位技术是实现水下探测系统精确定位和海底高精度探测的基础.传统性的海洋地震探测技术是研究海底构造与海洋岩石圈深部结构和寻找海底矿产的主力技术，它近年来无论在海上采集技术还是数据处理技术方面都发展得很快.多波束测深、侧扫声呐测图和海底地层剖面测量等则是近数十年快速发展起来探测海底浅部结构信息的技术.这些技术已经在当代海底科学研究、海底资源勘查、海洋工程和海洋开发，以及海洋军事活动等方面发挥出极其重要的作用. 相似文献
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大西洋TAG热液活动区流体演化模式 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在大型海底热液硫化物矿体内部,海水与热液流体的混合过程在热液硫化物矿体的形成过程中扮演着重要角色,与之相关的一些科学问题,例如热液活动区不同性质热液流体之间的关系,热液硫化物矿体的化学组成和矿物组合特征及其控制因素等,成为近年来海底热液活动调查研究的重要内容．利用数值模拟方法,结合TAG区热液流体化学组成的实测资料,模拟了经过不同程度改造的海水同热液流体之间的混合过程,在此基础上探讨了TAG热液活动区黑、白烟囱流体之间的关系和硬石膏的沉淀机制．模拟计算结果表明：①海水的加热和海水与热液流体的混合是控制TAG区硬石膏沉淀的两个重要过程．②下渗海水被加热应该不会高于150℃,而热液端员流体的最高温度则应该高于400℃．③提出了TAG区热液硫化物矿体内部流体的演化模式：海水在下渗过程中被围岩加热,加热海水与热液端员流体发生混合,混合流体经过传导降温和上升过程喷出海底形成白烟囱或者温度较低的黑烟囱．另外一部分热液端员流体未与下渗海水发生混合,经传导降温过程喷出海底形成喷溢高温热液流体的黑烟囱． 相似文献
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Hydrothermal circulation of seawater has been suggested as a mass transport mechanism for the formation of sulphide ore deposits in the ophiolitic rocks of Cyprus. Since ophiolitic sequences are generally regarded as fragments of oceanic crust and upper mantle, hydrothermal circulation of a form inferred from geological observations on Cyprus may be analogous to that thought to occur in oceanic crust at spreading ridges. The hypothesis that ore deposits were formed in ascending plumes of hot, buoyant fluid is examined by considering thermal convection in a permeable medium. To match the inferred pattern of circulation, finite amplitude convection in a cylindrical geometry is studied using finite difference approximations. These results combined with available geological and geochemical data are applied to understand better the physical controls on mineralisation.A simple model for the formation of the hydrothermal ore deposits of Cyprus is discussed. The model is semi-quantitatively reasonable in terms of vertical fluid flow rate, thermal structure, permeability and basal heat flow, and predicts volumes of maximum mineralisation similar to those observed. Three factors are identified which were important in confining mineralisation to a small volume immediately beneath the sea water/rock boundary: (1) hot fluid was confined to a narrow core zone of a rising plume, (2) the upward fluid flux was greatest in this same core zone, and (3) significant temperature decrease occurred within a thin surface boundary layer. 相似文献
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J.-L. Chemine e P. Stoffers G. McMurtry H. Richnow D. Puteanus P. Sedwick 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1991,107(2)
In January 1989 we observed submarine eruptions on the summit of Macdonald volcano during a French-German diving programme with the IFREMER submersible Cyana. Gas-streaming of large amounts of CH4, CO2 and SO2 from summit vents, inferred from water column anomalies and observed by submersible, was accompanied on the sea surface by steam bursts, turbulence, red-glowing gases, and black bubbles comprising volcanic ash, sulphur and sulphides. Chloride depletion of water sampled on the floor of an actively degassing summit crater suggests either boiling and phase separation or additions of magmatic water vapour. Submersible observations, in-situ sampling and shipboard geophysical and hydrographic measurements show that the hydrothermal system of this hotspot volcano is distinguished by the influence of magmatic gases released from its shallow summit. 相似文献
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Fluxes of fluid and heat from the oceanic crustal reservoir 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Recent discoveries define a global scale fluid reservoir residing within the uppermost igneous oceanic crust, a region of seafloor that is both warm and may harbor a substantial biosphere. This hydrothermal fluid reservoir formed initially within volcanic rocks newly erupted at mid-ocean ridges, but extends to the vastly larger and older ridge flanks. Upper oceanic crust is porous and permeable due to the presence of lava drainbacks, fissuring, and inter-unit voids, and this porosity and permeability allows active fluid circulation to advect measurable quantities of lithospheric heat from the crust to an average age of 65 Myr. A compilation of crustal porosities shows that this fluid reservoir contains nearly 2% of the total volume of global seawater. Heat flow and sediment thickness data allow calculation of reservoir temperatures, predicting 40°C mean temperatures in Cretaceous crust. Utilizing these temperature estimates, heat flow measurements and models for the thermal structure and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere, we have computed mean hydrothermal fluxes into the deep ocean as a function of plate age. The total hydrothermal volume flux into the oceans approaches 20% of the total riverine input and may contribute to the global seawater mass balance. 相似文献
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洋底特殊环境的限制使数值模拟成为研究海底热液对流与成矿机制的有效方法.本文通过数值模拟的方法,研究洋壳渗透率单因素变化对热液对流系统的形态和输出参数(热液喷发温度和热流值)进行研究.模拟结果表明,洋壳平均渗透率分别与热液喷发温度和热量输出呈反相关和正相关关系,符合达西流体热对流的基本解析规律.另外,洋壳渗透率的垂向变化不会使洋壳内部的对流系统产生明显的横向偏移,只使热液羽规模在垂向上产生规律性变化,且渗透率越大,热液羽规模越小.渗透率在水平方向的变化则是引发热液羽和热液喷发位置横向偏移的主要因素,且只有在特定的渗透率水平变化率范围内,上涌热液羽才会发生向高渗区的明显偏移,这也从一定程度上解释了现今拆离断层相关的热液系统均未发育于断层终止线上的事实.以大西洋Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse(TAG)热液区为例,断裂带高渗区必然影响相邻洋壳内部热液的上涌路径,但受区内拆离断裂带周缘的渗透率水平变化规律的影响,上涌热液羽不至于完全偏移至断裂带,从而产生拆离断层上盘的热液活动. 相似文献
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Vitali Tarasov Sergei Bogovski Vladimir Muzyka 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2003,65(1):73-80
In this study we assessed the biochemical adaptations of biotic specimens from the hydrothermal vent fields from different geographical zones. Algabacterial and bacterial mats and specimens of bivalves (9 species) and sea urchins (2 species) from different coastal shallow-water fields of hydrothermal activity along the West Rift zones of the Pacific Ocean were sampled to compare biochemical activities to volcanogenic chemical characteristics. The algabacterial and bacterial mat cells and subcellular fractions of bivalve gills and sea urchin guts were measured for 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), cytochromes b, (c + c1), (a + a3) and P450 (CYP), and activities of ALA synthetase and CYP-dependent aminopyrine N-demethylase (APND). The algabacterial mats from the Kuril Islands and New Zealand displayed comparable ALA and cytochrome levels and enzyme activities. Similar ALA synthesis, APND activity, and levels of cytochromes b and (c + c1) were observed in bacterial mats from hydrothermal fields from Kuriles, New Britain Island and New Zealand. More active ALA synthesis, APND activity and enhanced content of cytochromes b and (c + c1) and lower levels of CYP were found in bacterial mats than in algabacterial mats. Further, all bivalves influenced by hydrothermal discharges had elevated CYP levels and APND activity as well as a significant increase in ALA content and ALA synthesis (P < 0.05). Statistically sufficient (P < 0.05) alterations in ALA synthesis, APND activity and total CYP level were found in sea urchins under hydrothermal influence. Our findings contribute to the global assessment of hydrothermal effluents on biota and indicate that living conditions near hydrothermal vents accelerate metabolism of bivalves and sea urchins in examined hydrothermal zones in the northern and southern West Pacific Ocean. 相似文献
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Based on structural and mineralogical characteristics of four hydrothermal chimney samples collected by submersible Alvin, growth history and formation environment of hydrothermal chimney at EPR 9―10°N are established. It is shown that there occur two types of hydrothermal chimney with different deposition environments at EPR 9―10°N according to differences in their shape, structure and mineral assemblage: type I chimney forms in an environment with high temperature, low pH and strong reducing hydrothermal focus flow and type II chimney forms in a relatively low temperature, high pH and rich Zn hydrothermal environment. Growth of type I chimney begins with the formation of anhydrite. Subsequently deposition of Cu-Fe-Zn sulphide in various directions of chimneys decides the final structure of this type of chimney. According to observation and analysis of mineral assemblages, the formation process of type I chimney could be divided into three stages from early, middle to late. Changes of temperature and major chemical reaction type in the process of hydrothermal chimney formation are also deduced. Different from type I chimney, quenching crystalline of pyrite and/or crystalline of sphalerite provide the growth foundation of type II chimney in the early stage of chimney formation. 相似文献
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Based on structural and mineralogical characteristics of four hydrothermal chimney samples collected by submersible Alvin,
growth history and formation environment of hydrothermal chimney at EPR 9-10°N are established. It is shown that there occur
two types of hydrothermal chimney with different deposition environments at EPR 9-10°N according to differences in their shape,
structure and mineral assemblage: type I chimney forms in an environment with high temperature, low pH and strong reducing
hydrothermal focus flow and type II chimney forms in a relatively low temperature, high pH and rich Zn hydrothermal environment.
Growth of type I chimney begins with the formation of anhydrite. Subsequently deposition of Cu-Fe-Zn sulphide in various directions
of chimneys decides the final structure of this type of chimney. According to observation and analysis of mineral assemblages,
the formation process of type I chimney could be divided into three stages from early, middle to late. Changes of temperature
and major chemical reaction type in the process of hydrothermal chimney formation are also deduced. Different from type I
chimney, quenching crystalline of pyrite and/or crystalline of sphalerite provide the growth foundation of type II chimney
in the early stage of chimney forma-tion. 相似文献
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Drylands account for approximately 41% of the global total land area. Significant warming and rare precipitation in drylands result in a fragile ecology and deterioration of the living environment, making it more sensitive to global climate change. As an important regulator of the Earth's climate system, the oceans play a vital role in the process of climate change in drylands. In modern climate change in particular, the impact of marine activities on climate change in drylands cannot be neglected. This paper reviews the characteristics of climate change in drylands over the past 100 years, and summarizes the researches conducted on the impact of marine activities on these changes. The review focuses on the impact of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO), El Ni?o and La Ni?a on climate change in drylands, and introduces the mechanisms by which different oceanic oscillation factors synergistically affect climate change in drylands.Studies have shown that global drylands have experienced a significant intensification in warming in the past 100 years, which shows obvious characteristics of interdecadal dry/wet variations. The characteristics of these changes are closely related to the oscillatory factors of the oceanic interdecadal scale. Different phase combinations of oceanic oscillation factors significantly change the land-sea thermal contrast, which in turn affects the westerly jet, planetary wave and blocking frequency, resulting in changes in the temperature and dry/wet characteristics of drylands. With the intensification of climate change in drylands, the impact of marine activities on these regions will reveal new characteristics in the future, which will increase the uncertainty of future climate change in drylands and intensify the impact of these drylands on global climate. 相似文献