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1.
Although the basic physical relationships between various remotely sensed signatures and soil are sound, the representativeness of pixel-averaged wetness used to interpret the remotely sensed data is often suspect and at times even doubtful. To study the affect of local variation in soil moisture on the large-area average, mean areal precipitation, temperature and modelled soil moisture in 1/4° grid cells were analyzed for a 700 km by 400 km region in the US Southern Great Plains. Variability in five years of mean daily grid cell data was investigated for 150 km2 study sites, approximately corresponding in size to a satellite microwave pixel. The number of wetted grid cells and the magnitude of precipitation in grid cells within a site were highly variable. The variability of each of these factors is critical, and will not only influence mean site wetness, but also how the area will be seen from space. Analysis indicated that similar mean site precipitation values may result from numerous widely differing combinations of precipitation magnitude and watted gric cell population. Consequently, mean site moisture is also highly variable in the distribution and magnitude of the individual cell moisture values. Extreme values in several grid cells may severely bias the quadrant mean, while influencing a remote measurement much less. Although large-scale surface wetness may eventually be reliably inferred from satellite measurements, a degree of uncertainty will always exist, especially in semi-arid areas. One may be required to associate mean soil moisture with an expected distribution of wetness within a pixel. 相似文献
2.
遥感技术在陆面过程研究中的应用进展 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
探讨了当前陆面过程 (LSP)研究的特点 ,指出遥感在陆面过程研究中的应用以及陆面过程国际合作实验是突出的特点 ,进而对遥感技术的陆面参数获取、地表能量通量的计算以及与 LSP模式的结合研究及进展进行了综述。根据不同特征的地表参数选择光学遥感或微波遥感已成共识 ,而综合利用不同遥感数据获取同一种地表参数也已成为研究热点 ,当前及今后发射的携载多种遥感仪器的众多遥感卫星为此项研究提供了条件 ;遥感与 LSP模式的结合研究是遥感在陆面过程研究中深入应用的一个方面 ,国际陆面过程合作实验是这项研究的重要保证。 相似文献
3.
A daily surface soil moisture model described and tested previously with data from the Phoenix, AR (USA) area, has been applied now to climate data collected in semi-arid Botswana over a multi-year period. The physically based model was calibrated with observed surface moisture data from one growing season and validated with data from another. Good overall agreement (r2 = .89) was found between the observed and modelled data. The seasonal variability of precipitation in this region is reflected in the simulated daily surface moisture. The response of the natural savanna vegetation as observed from monthly composites of satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is also monitored for the same period. It is seen that the NDVI peaks at different times during the rainy season from one year to the next, according not only to the total seasonal precipitation, but its temporal distribution as well. It is also seen that there is a delay in intraseasonal vegetation response. While the NDVI is poorly correlated with the current month's average soil moisture, a distinct relationship with the previous month's average soil moisture was found. 相似文献
4.
This study investigates the performance of empirical and semiempirical models to predict soil moisture from the data of RADARSAT II synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for the Yarmouk basin in Jordan. Data of SAR were obtained for May and June 2010 and were processed to obtain backscatter (σ o ) data for the study area. Results showed significant correlations between soil moisture content (m v ) and horizontally polarized σ o , with coefficient of determination (R 2) of 0.64. The root mean square error for the SAR volumetric soil moisture content was 0.09 and 0.06 m3/m3 for the empirical and semiempirical regression models, respectively. Both models had different clustering patterns in the soil moisture maps in the study area. The spatial agreement between maps of soil moisture was in the range of 55 to 65 % when the maps were reclassified based on intervals of 5 % m v for both models. In terms of soil moisture interval, both models showed that most of soil moisture changes between the two images (dates) were in the range of ±5 %. Some high differences in ?m v were observed between the two models. These were mainly attributed to the non-inverted pixels in the soil moisture maps produced by the semiempirical model. Therefore, this model may be applied for a limited range of soil moisture prediction. The use of regression model could predict a wider range for soil moisture when compared with the semiempirical model. However, more work might be needed to improve the empirical model before scaling it up to the whole study area. 相似文献
5.
This paper presents a new approach for modeling shoreline change due to wave energy effects from remotely sensed data. The
airborne AIRSAR and POLSAR data were employed to extract wave spectra information and integrate them with historical remotely
sensed data such as aerial photography data to model the rate of change of the shoreline. A partial differential equation
(PDE) of the wave conversion model was applied to investigate the wave refraction patterns. The volume of sediment transport
at several locations was estimated based on the wave refraction patterns. The shoreline change model developed was designed
to cover a 14-km stretch of shoreline of Kuala Terengganu in Peninsular Malaysia. The model utilized data from aerial photographs,
AIRSAR, POLSAR, ERS-2, and in situ wave data. The results show that the shoreline rate of change modeled from the quasi-linear
wave spectra algorithm has a significant relationship with one estimated from historical vector layers of aerial photography,
AIRSAR, and POLSAR data. With the quasi-linear algorithm, an error of ±0.18 m/year in shoreline rate of change determination
was obtained with C
vv band. 相似文献
6.
C K Unnikrishnan John P George Abhishek Lodh Devesh Kumar Maurya Swapan Mallick E N Rajagopal Saji Mohandas 《Journal of Earth System Science》2016,125(5):935-944
Surface level soil moisture from two gridded datasets over India are evaluated in this study. The first one is the UK Met Office (UKMO) soil moisture analysis produced by a land data assimilation system based on Extended Kalman Filter method (EKF), which make use of satellite observation of Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) soil wetness index as well as the screen level meteorological observations. Second dataset is a satellite soil moisture product, produced by National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) using passive microwave Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 measurements. In-situ observations of soil moisture from India Meteorological Department (IMD) are used for the validation of the gridded soil moisture products. The difference between these datasets over India is minimum in the non-monsoon months and over agricultural regions. It is seen that the NRSC data is slightly drier (0.05%) and UKMO soil moisture analysis is relatively wet during southwest monsoon season. Standard AMSR-2 satellite soil moisture product is used to compare the NRSC and UKMO products. The standard AMSR-2 and UKMO values are closer in monsoon season and AMSR-2 soil moisture is higher than UKMO in all seasons. NRSC and AMSR-2 showed a correlation of 0.83 (significant at 0.01 level). The probability distribution of IMD soil moisture observation peaks at 0.25 m3/m3, NRSC at 0.15 m3/m3, AMSR-2 at 0.25 m3/m3 and UKMO at 0.35 m3/m3 during June–September period. Validation results show UKMO analysis has better correlation with in-situ observations compared to the NRSC and AMSR-2 datasets. The seasonal variation in soil moisture is better represented in UKMO analysis. Underestimation of soil moisture during monsoon season over India in NRSC data suggests the necessity of incorporating the actual vegetation for a better soil moisture retrieval using passive microwave sensors. Both products have good agreement over bare soil, shrubs and grassland compared to needle leaf tree, broad leaf tree and urban land cover types. 相似文献
7.
贵州喀斯特区域土壤水分时空分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于贵州喀斯特区域2011-2015年53个自动土壤水分观测站0~100 cm的逐日土壤水分、降水、气温资料,分析了不同农业气候区土壤水分时空分布特征、变异系数以及土层之间的相关关系。得出以下主要结论:（1）各区土壤水分的范围总体相差较小,据 0~100 cm层土壤水分相对小值区的分布形态,可分为持续性土壤干旱区、季节性土壤干旱区、土壤湿润区。（2）依据各区土壤水分的变异系数相对大值区的时空分布形态类似可分为变异一致区、季节变异区及持续变异区。（3）通过10~50 cm对其下层土壤水分的关系研究发现,温暖湿润区、温和湿润区、高寒区研究土层（10~50 cm）与其下层（20~90 cm）土壤水分相关系数均>0.60,其余各区土层只与其下20~40 cm土层相关系数较大,而对其下更深土层相关系数较小;从滑动日数来看,各区10~50 cm土层与其下10~20 cm、30~50 cm、60~100 cm层最大相关系数的滑动日数随深度的增加而增加,分别为3~10日、10~20日、20~30日。（4）通过对比各区土壤水分与其变异系数分布特征发现,土壤水分的低值区发生的层次及时间与变异系数大值区基本相对应,土壤水分的变化除与降水、气温直接关系外,还可能与土质及环境等其他要素有关。 相似文献
8.
This study examines linear spectral unmixing technique for mapping the surface soil types using field spectroscopy data as the reference spectra. The investigated area is located in North Sinai, Egypt. The study employed data from the Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite sensor with improved spatial and spectral resolution. Mixed remotely sensed image pixels may lead to inaccurate classification results in most conventional image classification algorithms. Spectral unmixing may solve this problem by resolving those into separate components. Four soil type end-members were identified with minimum noise fraction and pixel purity index analyses. The identified soil types are calcareous soils, dry sabkhas, wet sabkhas, and sand dunes. Soil end-member reference spectra were collected in the field using an ASD FieldSpec Pro spectrometer. Constrained sum-to-one and non-negativity linear spectral unmixing model was applied and the soil types map was produced. The results showed that linear spectral unmixing model can be a useful tool for mapping soil types from ETM+ images. 相似文献
9.
基于地表温度与植被指数特征空间反演地表参数的研究进展 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
遥感反演的地表温度(Ts)和植被指数(VI)构成的特征空间结合模型分析可以对显热通量、潜热通量及土壤含水量等地表参数进行估算.这种方法比较实用,且不过多地依赖地面观测数据.随着研究的深入,许多学者在Ts/VI特征空间基础上提出了更加丰富的空间变量.基于此,以不同空间变量为标准,分类介绍在Ts/VI特征空间的基础上对地表能量通量及土壤水分等参数的反演.其中包括在Ts/NDVI特征空间基础上提出温度植被干旱指数和条件植被温度指数来监测干旱;利用Ts/albedo特征空间反演蒸发比;用DSTV/VI特征空间反演蒸散量;用地气温差/植被指数特征空间反演蒸散量等.并介绍了Ts/VI特征空间与微波遥感结合反演地表含水量等相关研究的进展情况,最后提出未来研究的发展方向. 相似文献
10.
基于ASAR-APP影像数据和光学影像数据,根据水云模型研究了小麦覆盖下地表土壤含水量的反演方法。利用TM和MODIS影像构建的植被生物、物理参数与实测小麦含水量进行回归分析,发现TM影像提取的归一化水分指数(NDWI)反演精度较好,相关系数达到0.87。根据这一关系,结合水云模型并联立裸露地表土壤湿度反演模型,建立了基于多源遥感数据的土壤含水量反演模型和参数统一求解方案。反演结果表明:该方案可得到理想的土壤水分反演精度,并可控制参数估计的误差。反演土壤含水量和准同步实测数据的相关系数为0.9,均方根误差为3.83%。在此基础上,分析了模型参数的敏感性,并制作了研究区土壤缺水量分布图。 相似文献
11.
Studying the influence of plants on soil biological variables in an arid zone is important to the understanding of soil processes and relationships between above and below ground. The objective of this study was to quantify the pattern and degree of soil heterogeneity for soil moisture and its relationship with microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration using geostatistical techniques at stand scale of an arid scrubland. The experiment was conducted in a scrubland landscape using a 2 × 2 m grid within a 16 × 14 m plot in the lower reach of Sangong River watershed in Xinjiang, northwest China. The results revealed the following: (1) Soil moisture and soil microbial biomass carbon had moderate spatial variation, but soil respiration had strong variation. Spatial variability of soil moisture in the study plot decreased when soil moisture changed from wet in April to dry in June. In addition, correlations of soil moisture with microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration were positive and significant (p < 0.005). (2) Variation of soil microbial biomass carbon and soil moisture had a strong spatial autocorrelation in the study plot, mainly induced by structural factors, and the spatial autocorrelation of microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration was mainly determined by soil moisture. (3) The location of the high-value positions of soil moisture, soil microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration were clearly around the positions of scrubs in the study plot. Such information provided some insights to explain the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties at stand scale in an arid region. 相似文献
12.
切沟中土壤水分的空间变化特征 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
切沟侵蚀不仅破坏土地资源，而且影响下游地区环境。目前的土壤侵蚀预报模型没有包括切沟侵蚀，因此研究切沟中土壤水分空间变化是建立切沟侵蚀模型的基础，也是恢复植被的基础。在陕西省安塞大南沟流域选择一个切沟，从1998-2000年连续 3年在 4～10月间对切沟不同部位土壤水分状况进行了观测。分析结果表明，切沟中浅层土壤水分空间分异规律明显，沟顶土壤水分状况较好，土壤容积湿度达到10．3％。沟坡则较差，但沿沟坡向下到沟底，土壤水分不断增加，分别为 6．3％、6．4％和10．4％。沟坡陡崖的土壤水分条件最差，接近凋萎湿度，容积含水量仅为4.6％～5.9％。沟底土壤湿度有所好转，为 7．7％。从雨季开始到结束，整体上土壤水分呈下降趋势，但随降雨事件发生波动。季节变化比较明显的是土壤水分条件好的部位，如沟顶、沟坡底部和沟底。尤以沟底变化最大。沟坡陡崖土壤湿度随季节没有任何变化。从1998-2000年，随降水量减少，切沟所有部位土壤湿度持续下降，即使在水分条件较好的沟顶和沟坡下部，土壤湿度也仅为 8．1％～8．8％，其它部位则都接近于凋萎湿度。土壤水分亏缺相当严重。切沟不同部位土壤水分的季节和年际变化主要受降雨入渗补给影响，而沟底则与径流的产生有关。因此应进一步研究不同降雨类型与径流产生、以及土壤湿度变化的关系。 相似文献
13.
Mira MoroviĆ 《Journal of Earth System Science》2002,111(3):215-225
Spatial and temporal variability of pigments was studied from the CZCS satellite data and fromin situ chlorophyll and transparency for the period 1979-1985. The three Adriatic sites, Northern, Middle, and Southern Adriatic
are differently influenced by meteorological, hydrological and oceanographic parameters. The differences between seasonalin situ chlorophyll and remotely sensed pigment concentrations (from CZCS satellite data) from the Adriatic are large in winter.
Through the correlation analysis, pigments were compared to meteo-oceanographic and hydrological parameters from different
Adriatic sites. The PCA (principal component analysis) was applied to the pigment data series and significant components were
compared. Different correlations are obtained for warm and cold periods of the year pointing to seasonal differences in the
underlying mechanism of pigment variability. The first PC is influenced mainly by temperature. In the warm period more parameters
seem to influence the pigment field, than in the cold period. The pigments in the Adriatic are in good correlation to a number
of hydrologic and meteo-oceanographic factors. 相似文献
14.
遥感图像异常识别是遥感应用领域一个颇受关注的研究课题,在军事目标识别和自然环境保护等许多领域都有潜在应用价值。不妨假设遥感图像背景像素分布于随空间位置缓慢变化的一系列高斯超椭球体内,异常像素则分布于超椭球体之外。在这种假设前提下,首先应用Weiszfeld方法估算遥感图像中一系列高斯超椭球体的重心和波段协方差矩阵;然后,计算各像素到对应的超椭球体重心的马氏距离,并用直方图法确定马氏距离的异常下限;最后,把马氏距离高于异常下限的像素作为异常像素识别出来。在GDAL遥感图像数据输入输出函数库基础上,用VC++语言开发了遥感图像像素级异常识别的算法程序;用美国亚特兰大TM图像进行了方法的应用实验研究。结果表明,该方法对遥感图像中的局部异常具有很好的识别效果。 相似文献
15.
基于MODIS遥感影像和表观热惯量法,以新疆为研究区,建立了适用于干旱半干旱区1 m土体的土壤含水量反演模型。模型根据高表观热惯量,高土壤含水量,低表观热惯量,低土壤含水量这一理论,通过日地表温差和宽波段反照率确定土壤含水量的时空变化。假设通过1 m土体的土壤水通量正比于上下底层土壤含水量的差值,利用水平衡方程建立土壤表面和底层土壤含水量关系方程,并利用中国土壤类型特点确定优化模型。通过验证结果表明,壤土和壤质粘土这两类土壤含水量接近真实值,砂土在区域验证中,模拟与实测差值为2.16%,整个模型模拟精度较好,能够准确地从时空上反演干旱半干旱地区1 m土体的土壤水分情况。 相似文献
16.
Kriging with imprecise (fuzzy) variograms. II: Application 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The geostatistical analysis of soil liner permeability is based on 20 measurements and imprecise prior information on nugget effect, sill, and range of the unknown variogram. Using this information, membership functions for variogram parameters are assessed and the fuzzy variogram is constructed. Both kriging estimates and estimation variances are calculated as fuzzy numbers from the fuzzy variogram and data points. Contour maps are presented, indicating values of the kriged permeability and the estimation variance corresponding to selected membership values called levels. 相似文献
17.
土壤水分是黄土高原植物生长发育和生态环境重建的主要限制因子。为揭示黄土高原区域尺度深层土壤水分的空间变异性,在黄土高原共布点234个,采集深剖面土壤水分样品12198个。采用经典统计和地统计学相结合的方法系统分析了土壤水分的分布规律、变异特征及影响因素。结果表明:①黄土高原地区土壤水分在水平方向上表现出由东南向西北递减,在垂直方向上(0~500cm)表现出先减小后增加的分布特征;②土地利用对区域尺度土壤水分的数量及垂直分布规律具有显著影响;③土壤水分在不同土层深度(0~500cm)的变异系数、空间异质比等参数的垂直分布均呈先减小后增加趋势,这些参数在表达土壤水分变异的效果上具有一致性。相关结果对黄土高原区域尺度水土过程调控、生态水文过程研究具有一定参考价值。 相似文献
18.
Statistical analyses and controls of root-zone soil moisture in a large gully of the Loess Plateau 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yinguang Shi Pute Wu Xining Zhao Hongchen Li Jiawen Wang Baoqing Zhang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(11):4801-4809
Soil moisture variability and controls are little known in large gullies of the Loess Plateau which represent complex topography with steep slopes. This study analyzed spatial–temporal variability of soil moisture at the 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depths in a large gully of the Loess Plateau based on root-zone soil moisture measurements for 3 years (2009–2011). The result showed that mean soil moisture, standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation, were highly dependent on depth; the highest mean value was observed at the 20–40 cm depth, while the lowest one was at the 0–20 cm depth. The SD increased with mean soil moisture for various depths as soil moisture was relatively wet; however, a transition that SD decreased with mean soil moisture occurred when soil moisture was relatively dry. Positive correlations exist between moisture contents over different depths, and that the relationships of the neighboring layers are relatively high with R 2 from 0.70 to 0.76. Correlation analysis, principle component analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that soil particle size distribution and topography (slope and elevation) were the main environmental factors controlling soil moisture variability in the large gully. 相似文献
19.
The Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 26, 2004 devastated coastal ecosystems across South Asia. Along the coastal regions of South India, increased groundwater levels (GWL), largely caused by saltwater intrusion, infiltration from inundated land, and disturbance of freshwater lenses, were reported. Many agencies allocated funding for restoration and rehabilitation projects. However, to streamline funding allocation efforts, district-level groundwater inundation/recession data would have been a useful tool for planners. Thus, to ensure better preparedness for future disaster relief operations, it is crucial to quantify pre- and post-tsunami groundwater levels across coastal districts in India. Since regional scale GWL field observations are not often available, this study instead used space gravimetry data from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), along with soil moisture data from the Global Land Data Assimilation Systems (GLDAS), to quantify GWL fluctuations caused by the tsunami. A time-series analysis of equivalent groundwater thickness was developed for February 2004–December 2005 and the results indicated a net increase of 274 % in GWLs along coastal regions in Tamil Nadu following the tsunami. The net recharge volume of groundwater due to the tsunami was 16.8 km3, just 15 % lower than the total annual groundwater recharge (19.8 km3) for the state of Tamil Nadu. Additionally, GWLs returned to average within 3 months following the tsunami. The analysis demonstrated the utility of remotely sensed data in predicting and assessing the impacts of natural disasters. 相似文献
20.
土壤水消退的时空变化规律分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
冉庄实验站在种植小麦、玉米情况下坚持实测土壤含水量，积累了大量实验资料，据此，对表层土壤水消退的时空变化规律进行了全面分析，揭示了土壤水由湿变干的完整变化过程以及消退系数K值的变化规律。 相似文献