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1.
Yao Yao 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(3):375-387
Hydraulic fracturing technology is being widely used within the oil and gas industry for both waste injection and unconventional
gas production wells. It is essential to predict the behavior of hydraulic fractures accurately based on understanding the
fundamental mechanism(s). The prevailing approach for hydraulic fracture modeling continues to rely on computational methods
based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). Generally, these methods give reasonable predictions for hard rock hydraulic
fracture processes, but still have inherent limitations, especially when fluid injection is performed in soft rock/sand or
other non-conventional formations. These methods typically give very conservative predictions on fracture geometry and inaccurate
estimation of required fracture pressure. One of the reasons the LEFM-based methods fail to give accurate predictions for
these materials is that the fracture process zone ahead of the crack tip and softening effect should not be neglected in ductile
rock fracture analysis. A 3D pore pressure cohesive zone model has been developed and applied to predict hydraulic fracturing
under fluid injection. The cohesive zone method is a numerical tool developed to model crack initiation and growth in quasi-brittle
materials considering the material softening effect. The pore pressure cohesive zone model has been applied to investigate
the hydraulic fracture with different rock properties. The hydraulic fracture predictions of a three-layer water injection
case have been compared using the pore pressure cohesive zone model with revised parameters, LEFM-based pseudo 3D model, a
Perkins-Kern–Nordgren (PKN) model, and an analytical solution. Based on the size of the fracture process zone and its effect
on crack extension in ductile rock, the fundamental mechanical difference of LEFM and cohesive fracture mechanics-based methods
is discussed. An effective fracture toughness method has been proposed to consider the fracture process zone effect on the
ductile rock fracture. 相似文献
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This paper investigates the possibility of interpreting progressive shear failure in hard soils and soft rocks as the result of shear propagation of a pre‐existing natural defect. This is done through the application of the principles of fracture mechanics, a slip‐weakening model (SWM) being used to simulate the non‐linear zone at the tips of the discontinuity. A numerical implementation of the SWM in a computation method based on the boundary element technique of the displacement discontinuity method (DDM) is presented. The crack and the non‐linear zone at the advancing tip are represented through a set of elements, where the displacement discontinuity (DD) in the tangential direction is determined on the basis of a friction law. A residual friction angle is assumed on the crack elements. Shear resistance decreases on elements in the non‐linear zone from a peak value at the tip, which is characteristic of intact material, to the residual value. The simulation of a uniaxial compressive test in plane strain conditions is carried out to exemplify the numerical methodology. The results emphasize the role played by the critical DD on the mechanical behaviour of the specimen. A validation of the model is shown through the back analysis of some experimental observations. The results of this back analysis show that a non‐linear fracture mechanics approach seems very promising to simulate experimental results, in particular with regards to the shear band evolution pattern. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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基于Drucker-Prager（下简称D-P）准则,建立压缩载荷作用下的非贯通节理岩石的弹塑性断裂模型。针对节理岩石小范围屈服翼裂纹尖端塑性区,推导了D-P屈服准则的纯I、纯II及I、II复合型3种翼裂纹无量纲塑性区径长函数,并与Mises准则的塑性区进行对比;结果表明,D-P准则的I型和复合型塑性区较Mises屈服准则的塑性区大,且其II型及I、II复合型塑性区在翼裂纹上下表面不连续。进一步,引入断裂软化因子以表征节理岩石裂隙断裂扩展后的断裂软化规律,考虑非贯通节理岩石复合型断裂软化,是由于节理尖端翼裂纹应变能密度超过最小应变能密度导致其成核扩展引起的,提出用应变能密度的指数函数形式表征断裂软化变量的演化;塑性屈服函数采用Borja等的应力张量3个不变量的硬化/软化函数,反映塑性内变量及应力状态对硬化函数的影响;建立节理岩石的弹塑性断裂本构关系及其数值算法,并用回映隐式积分算法编制了弹塑性断裂模型的程序。以单轴压缩下非贯通节理岩石为例,分析岩石断裂韧度、节理摩擦系数和节理倾角等参数的影响,结果表明,所提出的弹塑性断裂模型与数值和试验结果比较吻合。 相似文献
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Two-dimensional hydraulic fracturing simulations using the cohesive zone model (CZM) can be readily found in the literature; however, to our knowledge, verified 3D cohesive zone modeling is not available. We present the development of a 3D fully coupled hydro-mechanical finite element method (FEM) model (with parallel computation framework) and its application to hydraulic fracturing. A special zero-thickness interface element based on the CZM is developed for modeling fracture propagation and fluid flow. A local traction-separation law with strain softening is used to capture tensile cracking. The model is verified by considering penny-shaped hydraulic fracture and plain strain Kristianovich‑Geertsma‑de Klerk hydraulic fracture (in 3D) in the viscosity- and toughness-dominated regimes. Good agreement between numerical results and analytical solutions has been achieved. The model is used to investigate the influence of rock and fluid properties on hydraulic fracturing. Lower stiffness tip cohesive elements tend to yield a larger elastic deformation around the fracture tips before the tensile strength is reached, generating a larger fracture length and lower fracture pressure compared with higher stiffness elements. It is found that the energy release rate has almost no influence on hydraulic fracturing in the viscosity-dominated regime because the energy spent in creating new fractures is too small when compared with the total input energy. For the toughness-dominated regime, the released energy during fracturing should be accurately captured; relatively large tensile strength should be used in order to match numerical results to the asymptotic analytical solutions. It requires smaller elements when compared with those used in the viscosity-dominated regime. 相似文献
5.
Wangcheng Zhang Dong Wang Mark F. Randolph Alexander M. Puzrin 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(17):2312-2338
Quantitative assessment of the risk of submarine landslides is an essential part of the design process for offshore oil and gas developments in deep water, beyond the continental shelf. Landslides may be triggered by a reduction in shear strength of subsea sediments over a given zone, caused for example by seismic activity. Simple criteria are then needed to identify critical conditions whereby the zone of weakness could grow catastrophically to cause a landslide. A number of such criteria have been developed over the last decade, based either on ideas drawn from fracture mechanics, or considering the equilibrium of the initial weakened zone and adjacent process zones of gradually softening material. Accounting for the history of the weak zone initiation is critical for derivation of reliable propagation criteria, in particular considering dynamic effects arising from accumulating kinetic energy of the failing material, which will allow the failure to propagate from a smaller initial zone of weakened sediments. Criteria are developed here for planar conditions, taking full account of such dynamic effects, which are shown to be capable of reducing the critical length of the softened zone by 20% or more compared with criteria based on static conditions. A numerical approach is used to solve the governing dynamic equations for the sliding material, the results from which justify assumptions that allow analytical criteria to be developed for the case where the initial softening occurs instantaneously. The effect of more gradual softening is also explored. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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岩石的破坏和断裂是密切相关的,岩石强度准则的材料参数和断裂理论的断裂韧度是存在特定关系的,基于此,设计了紧凑的试验方案,对干燥和饱水状态下的砂岩试样进行了3点弯曲断裂韧度试验和抗压、抗拉强度试验,试验结果表明,饱水后,砂岩的Ⅰ型断裂韧度软化效应明显,饱水试样和干燥试样的 比值与砂岩抗压强度的软化系数相近,具有相似的软化效应。同时,从理论上分析了岩石I型断裂韧度与抗拉强度之间的关系,并结合大量的试验数据进行了验证,相关结论为以往的岩石I型断裂韧度与抗拉强度之间的数据统计拟合公式提供了理论基础。最后,统计分析了砂岩Ⅰ型断裂韧度与抗压强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角等强度参数之间的关系。研究成果对于把握砂岩Ⅰ型断裂韧度及其与强度参数的相关性具有较大的参考价值,相关的分析结论、试验方法和试验结果也可以为其他类型岩石的研究提供有益的参考。 相似文献
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扬子-华夏接合带的韧性剪切与金的迁移富集关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
扬子与华夏地块间发育一条近东西向展布的巨型板块缝合带--华南中部复合混杂岩带,对其次级北东向剪切带(进贤-婺源韧性剪切带)进行的构造地球化学剖面研究发现:①剪切带中构造岩金元素含量总体上高于原岩中金元素含量,从剪切带边部至中心,从原岩带至糜棱岩化带、糜棱岩带,随剪切程度的逐渐增强,金元素含量逐渐增高;②金元素有2个峰值点,1个出现在韧性剪切最强的糜棱岩中,另1个出现在叠加于早期韧性剪切糜棱岩化岩石之上的晚期脆性破裂张性构造角砾岩中;③叠加在原岩(千枚岩、砾岩)上的晚期脆性破裂张性构造角砾岩金元素没有出现富集作用.说明韧性剪切及叠加在韧性剪切之上的脆性破裂均有利于金的富集成矿. 相似文献
9.
Experimental tests performed on quasi-brittle materials show that a process zone develops ahead of a crack tip. This zone can affect the strength and the deformation pattern of a structure. A discrete element approach with a softening contact bond model is utilized to simulate the development of the fracture process zone in the three-point bending tests. Samples with different dimensions and particle sizes are generated and tested. It is shown that as the material brittleness decreases, the width of the process zone becomes more dependent on the specimen size. Furthermore, the increase in the particle size, results in increase in the width of the process zone. A dimensional analysis together with the numerical results shows that the width of process zone is a linear function of particle size (radius). This finding is discussed and compared with published experimental data in the literature. 相似文献
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We introduce a discrete fracture network model of stationary Darcy flow in fractured rocks. We approximate the fractures by a network of planar circle disks, which is generated on the basis of statistical data obtained from field measurements. We then discretize this network into a mesh consisting of triangular elements placed in three-dimensional space. We use geometrical approximations in fracture planes, which allow for a significant simplification of the final triangular meshes. We consider two-dimensional Darcy flow in each fracture. In order to accurately simulate the channeling effect, we assign to each triangle an aperture defining its hydraulic permeability. For the discretization we use the lowest order Raviart-Thomas mixed finite element method. This method gives quite an accurate velocity field, which is computed directly and which satisfies the mass balance on each triangular element. We demonstrate the use of this method on a model problem with a known analytical solution and describe the generation and triangulation of the fracture network and the computation of fracture flow for a particular real situation. 相似文献
12.
基于Hoek-Brown准则的隧洞围岩变形研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于在许多实际条件下,比如节理岩体中,线性的M-C准则不太适用,非线性的Hoek-Brown比较适用,因此,可以尝试使用这一非线性屈服准则对洞室变形进行研究。研究隧洞变形时,将围岩分为弹性区、应变软化区、塑性流动区。采用Hoek-Brown准则和非关联流动法则对洞室变形进行了理论推导;软化区域围岩参数随着塑性变形增加而变化,解析法难以求得应力,采用龙格－库塔方法进行数值计算,求解得到塑性软化区和流动区半径,并最终求得洞室变形。通过算例计算表明,在不考虑软化区和流动区时,方法和Carranza-Torres计算结果相差甚小;随着原岩应力的增加,膨胀角对洞室变形的影响增大。 相似文献
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For non-linear dynamic problems, it has been recognized that an explicit time-integration method of approach is a very efficient way of solving the dynamic equations of motion. The numerical formulation and computation for such problems fall into the two general categories of finite elements and finite differences. Over the years, there have been many arguments between schools which adopt the finite element approach and those which adopt the finite difference approach. At one extreme, arguments areconcerned with the superiority of each approach and at the other end of the spectrum the arguments are about which approach is a subset of the other. The most common of these arguments are concerned with efficiency and accuracy. This publication addresses the accuracy issue with specific reference to explicit calculations in which the analysis domain is discretized into triangular or quadrilateral plane-strain elements. It concludes that if the same basic assumptions are made in the two approaches, they, will give identical answers for problems in this category. 相似文献
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通过对甘肃省陇南文康地区的地质背景分析,采用区域1:5万水系沉积物测量的17种常量元素含量数据,分别运用传统统计学方法、S-A（能谱密度-累计面积）多重分形滤波法,确定成矿元素（以Au为例）异常下限值,圈定化探异常。结果表明,与传统方法相比,S-A多重分形法所圈定的异常面积小、数量多,传统统计法圈定的面积较大;两种方法圈定的异常展布方向基本一致,与研究区内已知的矿点吻合度高。本次研究认为S-A多重分形法所圈定的异常基本位于传统方法所圈定异常的内带之中,重点突出,与矿床空间位置对应关系较好,便于野外开展工作。同时在传统异常周边提取了部分低背景区的弱异常,这些弱异常可作为下一步找矿工作的新靶区。 相似文献
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Numerical studies of shear banding in interface shear tests using a new strain calculation method 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Strain localization is closely associated with the stress–strain behaviour of an interphase system subject to quasi‐static direct interface shear, especially after peak stress state is reached. This behaviour is important because it is closely related to deformations experienced by geotechnical composite structures. This paper presents a study using two‐dimensional discrete element method (DEM) simulations on the strain localization of an idealized interphase system composed of densely packed spherical particles in contact with rough manufactured surfaces. The manufactured surface is made up of regular or irregular triangular asperities with varying slopes. A new simple method of strain calculation is used in this study to generate strain field inside a simulated direct interface shear box. This method accounts for particle rotation and captures strain localization features at high resolution. Results show that strain localization begins with the onset of non‐linear stress–strain behaviour. A distinct but discontinuous shear band emerges above the rough surface just before the peak stress state, which becomes more expansive and coherent with post‐peak strain softening. It is found that the shear bands developed by surfaces with smaller roughness are much thinner than those developed by surfaces with greater roughness. The maximum thickness of the intense shear zone is observed to be about 8–10 median particle diameters. The shear band orientations, which are mainly dominated by the rough boundary surface, are parallel with the zero extension direction, which are horizontally oriented. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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为了研究深埋圆形隧道围岩的应变软化行为,首先通过引入应变软化度,即软化区与残余区交界面处的切向应变和弹塑性交界面处的切向应变的比值,来表征应变软化程度。其次,推导了求解软化区与残余区位移方程,并将该方法求得的位移曲线与Lee法和Cui法对比,验证了方法的正确性。最后,通过算例分析,研究不同力学模型对塑性区半径的影响,以及应变软化度对塑性区中软化区与残余区比例和位移的影响。结果表明：弹塑性交界面处的围压与软化度和支护力均无关,塑性区半径与支护力有关;软化度直接影响软化区与残余区的比例,随着软化度的增加,软化区范围增加,相应的残余区范围减小;软化区与残余区交界面的位移随着软化度的增加而逐渐增加,应变软化度的增加,支护力对其影响增加;洞壁处的位移受支护力的影响较大,随支护力的增加而减小。 相似文献
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美姑河断裂活动性研究及对水电工程影响评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
美姑河断裂带穿越拟建的美姑河瓦洛水电站，其展布及活动性直接影响工程建设。通过地貌、第四系、地质构造及地震等野外地质调查和断裂带石英形貌扫描、ESR测年等方法综合研究表明，美姑河断裂带是由3条断层组成的叠瓦断层带，在中更新世（Q2）以来已不具活动性，不属于活动断层，亦不具有诱发地震的能力，因此断裂带活动性对工程建设影响不大。 相似文献
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内蒙阿拉善希莫勒地区位处铁、金、铜、钛、钴、镍找矿远景区,区内原生晕处在奥陶纪辉长岩体区和NE向断裂破碎带中,规模较大,分带明显。原生晕主要成晕元素组合为Co、V、Ti、Ni、Zn,Co是主成矿元素、直接指示元素,V、Ti是直接指示元素,Ti、Co、Zn、Cu、V元素相关性好,具外、中、内三级浓度分带,主要成晕元素Co、V、Ti内浓度带直接指示磁铁矿体、强磁异常体的赋存位置,As、Ni、V、Co为原生晕前端元素,Cu、Ag、Au、Mo为原生晕过渡带元素,Ti、Pb、Zn为原生晕后端元素。前缘晕元素(Ti×Co×Zn×V)与尾晕元素(Cu×Ni×Au×As)的累乘比值反映矿化体剥蚀程度,随地形标高降低和深度增加,累乘比值逐渐升高,进而反映该区剥蚀程度较浅,深部矿体资源潜力较大。希莫勒地区成矿地质和地球化学环境较好,深部找矿潜力大,具较好的铁、钴、钒等多金属矿找矿前景。 相似文献