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1.
A Study of the Relationship between Air Pollutants and Inversion in the ABL over the City of Lanzhou
By analyzing the pollutant concentrations over the urban area and over the rural area of the city of Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, the relationships between the daytime inversion intensity and the pollutant concentration in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are studied with the consideration of wind speed and direction, potential temperature, specific humidity profiles, pollutant concentration in the ABL, the surface temperature, and global radiation on the ground. It was shown that the daytime inversion is a key factor in controlling air pollution concentration. A clear and positive feedback process between the daytime inversion intensity and the air pollutants over the city was found through the analysis of influences of climatic and environmental factors. The mechanisms by which the terrain and air pollutants affect the formation of the daytime inversion are discussed. The solar radiation as the essential energy source to maintain the inversion is analyzed, as are various out-forcing factors affecting the inversion and air pollutants. At last, a physical frame of relationships of air pollution with daytime inversion and the local and out-forcing factors over Lanzhou is built. 相似文献
2.
In the present paper the numerical integration of the atmospheric thermodynamic equation system is carried out to simulate the flow and concentration fields over a two-dimensional mountain. The concentration distributions from a continuous elevated release point at different positions on the lee-side under a variety of atmospheric stabilities are calculated to examine the effects of topography on the diffusion of pollutants. The comparison between the results calculated by the model and those observed in field experiments indicates that the model can predict the transport and diffusion of pollutants under different atmospheric conditions over complex terrain and may become an applicable tool for solving the air quality problems in mountain areas. 相似文献
3.
Cold Air Activities in July 2004 and Its Impact on Intense Rainfalls over Southwest China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 The severe rainfall events in the mid-summer of July 2004 and the roles of cold air in the forma- tion of heavy precipitation are investigated by using daily observational precipitation data of China and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis.The results show that the severe rainfalls in Southwest China are closely related to the cold air activities from the mid-high latitudes,and the events take place under the cooperative effects of mid-high latitude circulation and low latitude synoptic regimes.It is the merging of a cold vortex over mid-latitudes with the northward landing typhoon and eastward Southwest China Vortex,as well as the abrupt transformation from a transversal trough into an upright one that causes three large alterations of mid-high atmospheric circulation respectively in the early and middle ten days of this month.Then,the amplitude of long waves soon magnifies,leading to the unusual intrusion of cold air to low-latitude areas in the mid-summer.Meanwhile,the warm and humid southwest summer monsoon is quite active.The strong interactions of cold air and summer monsoon over Southwest China result in the large-scale convective rain- falls on the southern side of cold air. With regard to the activities of cold air,it can influence rainfalls in three prominent ways.Firstly,the incursion of upper-level cold air is often accompanied by partial southerly upper-level jet.The ascending branch of the corresponding secondary circulation,which is on the left front side of the jet center,provides the favorite dynamic upward motion for the rainfalls.Secondly,the southward movement of cold air contributes to the establishment of atmospheric baroclinic structure,which would lead to baroclinic disturbances.The atmospheric disturbances associated with the intrusion of cold air can destroy the potential instability strat- ification,release the convective available potential energy(CAPE)and finally cause convective activities.In addition,the advection processes of dry and cold air at the upper level along with the advection of humid and warm air at the lower level are rather significant for the reestablishment of potential instability in the precipitation area,which is one of the crucial factors contributing to persistent rainfalls. 相似文献
4.
The atmospheric water holding capacity will increase with temperature according to Clausius-Clapeyron scaling and affects precipitation.The rates of change in future precipitation extremes are quantified with changes in surface air temperature.Precipitation extremes in China are determined for the 21st century in six simulations using a regional climate model,RegCM4,and 17 global climate models that participated in CMIP5.First,we assess the performance of the CMIP5 models and RCM runs in their simulation of extreme precipitation for the current period(RF:1982-2001).The CMIP5 models and RCM results can capture the spatial variations of precipitation extremes,as well as those based on observations:OBS and XPP.Precipitation extremes over four subregions in China are predicted to increase in the mid-future(MF:2039-58)and far-future(FF:2079-98)relative to those for the RF period based on both the CMIP5 ensemble mean and RCM ensemble mean.The secular trends in the extremes of the CMIP5 models are predicted to increase from 2008 to 2058,and the RCM results show higher interannual variability relative to that of the CMIP5 models.Then,we quantify the increasing rates of change in precipitation extremes in the MF and FF periods in the subregions of China with the changes in surface air temperature.Finally,based on the water vapor equation,changes in precipitation extremes in China for the MF and FF periods are found to correlate positively with changes in the atmospheric vertical wind multiplied by changes in surface specific humidity(significant at the p<0.1 level). 相似文献
5.
Three forms of atmospheric energy, i.e., internal, potential, and latent, are analyzed based on the historical simulations of 32 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5) models and two reanalysis datasets(NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40). The spatial pattern of climatological mean atmospheric energy is well reproduced by all CMIP5 models. The variation of globally averaged atmospheric energy is similar to that of surface air temperature(SAT) for most models. The atmospheric energy from both simulation and reanalysis decreases following the volcanic eruption in low-latitude zones. Generally, the climatological mean of simulated atmospheric energy from most models is close to that obtained from NCEP/NCAR, while the simulated atmospheric energy trend is close to that obtained from ERA-40. Under a certain variation of SAT, the simulated global latent energy has the largest increase ratio, and the increase ratio of potential energy is the smallest. 相似文献
6.
The data, measured by a three-wavelength Integrating Nephelometer over Lanzhou City during the winters of 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 respectively, have been analyzed for investigating the scattering properties of atmospheric aerosols and exploring their relationship and the status of air pollution. The aerosol particle volume distribution is inverted with the measured spectral scattering coefficients. The results show that the daily variation of the aerosol scattering coefficients is in a tri-peak shape. The average ratio of backscattering coefficient to total scattering coefficient at 550 nm is 0.158; there exists an excellent correlation between the scattering coefficients and the concentration of PM10. The average ratio of the concentration of PM10 to the scattering coefficients is 0.37g m^-2, which is contingent on the optical parameters of aerosol particles such as the size distribution, etc.; an algorithm is developed for inverting the volume distribution of aerosol particles by using the histogram and Monte-Carlo techniques, and the test results show that the inversion is reasonable. 相似文献
7.
Visibility is one of the parameters for indicating air pollution.In this study,visibility variation in Hong Kong during summer and winter is investigated.Visibility in Hong Kong has clear intraseasonal variation.Examination of different environmental parameters suggests that the intraseasonal component dominates the overall circulation anomalies in both summer and winter.Associated with the intraseasonal variation of environmental parameters,obvious variation in visibility impairment is found in both summer and winter.In summer,local visibility and air quality are found to be significantly affected by the(MJO)and the 10–30-day intraseasonal oscillation(ISO)through modulation of associated atmospheric circulations.In winter,the modulation effects appear to be weaker due to the southward shift of the associated convection.The results in this study highlight the importance of the ISO in contributing to the overall variation in visibility in Hong Kong,and provide useful implications for the development of possible mitigation strategies associated with visibility impairment and air pollution in Hong Kong. 相似文献
8.
The objective of the present study was to better understand the impacts of the additional sources of nitrous acid （HONO） on visibility, which is an aspect not considered in current air quality models. Simulations of HONO contributions to visibility over the North China Plain （NCP） during August 2007 using the fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry （WRF/Chem） model were performed, including three additional HONO sources： （1） the reaction of photo-excited nitrogen dioxide （NO~） with water vapor; （2） the NO2 heterogeneous reaction on aerosol surfaces; and （3） HONO emissions. The model generally reproduced the spatial patterns and diurnal variations of visibility over the NCP well. When the additional HONO sources were included in the simulations, the visibility was occasionally decreased by 20%-30% （3-4 km） in local urban areas of the NCP. Monthly-mean concentrations of NO3, NH＋, SO]- and PM2.5 were increased by 20%-52% （3-11μg m-3）, 10%-38%, 6%-10%, and 6%-11% （9-17 μg m-3）, respectively; and in urban areas, monthly-mean accumulation- mode number concentrations （AMNC） and surface concentrations of aerosols were enhanced by 15%-20% and 10%-20%, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that increases in concentrations of PM2.5, its hydrophilic components, and AMNC, are key factors for visibility degradation. A proposed conceptual model for the impacts of additional HONO sources on visibility also suggests that visibility estimation should consider the heterogeneous reaction on aerosol surfaces and the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity due to additional HONO sources, especially in areas with high mass concentrations of NOx and aerosols. 相似文献
9.
The Bowen ratio (B) is impacted by 5 environmental elements: soil moisture availability, m, the ratio of resist-ances between atmosphere and soil pores, ra/rd, atmospheric relative humidity, h, atmospheric stability, ΔT, and environment temperature. These impacts have been investigated over diverse surfaces, including bare soil, free water surface, and vegetation covered land, using an analytical approach. It was concluded that: (a) B is not a continuous function. The singularity exists at the condition αhcb=h, occurring preferably in the following conditions: weak turbulence, stable stratified stability, dry soil, and humid air, where hcb, defined by Eq.(11) is a critical variable. The existence of a singularity makes the dependence of B on the five variables very complicated. The value of B approaches being inversely proportional to m under the conditions m≥mfc (the soil capacity) and / or ra/rd→0. The proportional coefficient changes with season and latitude with relatively high values in winter and over the poles; (b) B is nearly independent of ra/rd during the day. The impact of m on B is much larger as compared to that of ra/rd on B, (c) when h increases, the absolute value of B also increases; (d) over bare soil, when the absolute surface net radiation increases, the absolute value of B will increase. The impact of RN on B is larger at night than during the day, and (e) over plant canopy, the singularity and the dependcies of B on m, ra , and h are modified as compared to that over bare soil. Also (i) during the daytime unstable condition, m exerts an even stronger impact on B, at night, however, B changes are weak in response to the change in m; (ii) the value of B is much more sensitive in response to the changes of turbulent intensity; (iii) the B response to the variation of h over a vegetation covered area is weaker; and (iv) the singularity exists at the condition hcp=h instead of αhcb=h as over bare soil, where hcp is defined by Eq.(49). The formulas derived over bare soil also hold the same when applied to free water bodies as long as they are visualized as a special soil in which the volumetric fraction of soil pore is equal to one and are fully filled with water. Finally, the above discussions, are used to briefly study the impact on the thermally induced mesoscale circulations. 相似文献
10.
Investigations on the short-term climate predictions by general circulation models(GCMs)inChina have been summarized and reviewed in this paper.The research shows that GCMs have thecapability to predict the seasonal and annual characteristics of atmospheric circulation in theNorthern Hemisphere and the patterns of temperature and precipitation over China.It is inspiringto notice that the GCMs have the ability to predict the summer rainfall over China before twoseasons.Several issues for the short-term climate prediction by the GCMs have been discussed inthis paper. 相似文献
11.
复杂地形城市冬季大气污染的数值模拟研究 总被引：10，自引：21，他引：10
采用中尺度大气动力模式与大气扩散模式相结合的方法，针对复杂地形条件下兰州市冬季无明显冷空气入侵天气过程时段（1994年12月2－3日）的大气污染状况，进行污染物（二氧化硫和烟尘）浓度分布的数值模拟研究，分析了模拟的风场的气温层结随时间的变化以及污染物浓度的分布及其变化，进一步分析了模拟的风场和气温层结与污染物浓度分布的关系。结果表明，该模式系统对兰州市大气边界层结构及污染物浓度的分布有较好的模拟能力，并证明了该模式系统可适用于兰州市大气质量预测预报研究。 相似文献
12.
对兰州市区2002年春季3~4月近地层TSP连续观测资料进行分析,结果表明:(1)兰州市区TSP的质量浓度随着沙尘天气的发生而显著增加,沙尘天气越强,TSP的质量浓度越高,对兰州市区的空气污染越严重;(2)在不同天气情况下,兰州市区TSP与PM10的质量浓度有很好的对应关系,沙尘天气越强,其质量浓度都越高,但两者增减的比例各不相同;(3)在不同天气情况下,同级粒径粒子的质量浓度各不相同,但在同种天气情况下,各级粒径粒子质量浓度的分布规律却相同;(4)TSP样品色度的3个独立分量与空气质量有一定的对应关系,L*、a*、b*值越大,空气中沙尘含量越高,空气污染越严重,兰州市区在一般天气情况下L*、a*、b*值均较小,说明兰州市区空气污染主要以本地排放的黑色有机物为主。 相似文献
13.
基于1961-2010年安徽省气象台站的定时观测资料,采用国标法计算安徽省近50年大气稳定度、混合层厚度和大气环境容量系数,并结合合肥市空气质量逐日观测数据初步分析了大气环境容量系数对空气质量的影响。结果表明：安徽省大气稳定度以中性类居多,稳定类其次;近50年来,中性类稳定度呈明显下降趋势,不稳定类和稳定类呈显著上升;不稳定类和稳定类有明显的季节差异,中性类不明显。年平均混合层厚度显著下降;春季混合层厚度在2000年左右发生转折,夏、秋、冬三季下降趋势显著;春、夏季混合层厚度高于秋、冬季,冬季最低,春季最高。安徽省大气环境容量系数以沿淮中部、大别山区南部和沿江中西部最大,淮北大部、大别山区北部和江南南部最小,各地均呈现一致的显著下降趋势,并具有明显的年代际变化特征。年内大气环境容量系数呈"双峰型"分布,秋、冬季为低值时段,大气对污染物容纳能力较差,不利于扩散和清除,空气质量较差。总的来看,1961-2010年安徽省大气稳定度显著增加,混合层厚度较明显下降、风速快速减弱是全省大气环境容量系数变小、大气自净能力减弱的最主要原因。 相似文献
14.
兰州城区稳定能量及其与空气污染的关系 总被引：11，自引：16，他引：11
从能量学的观点出发，提出了描述地面至特定高度大气层结构稳定度的参数－稳定能量，并给出了具体计算方法。根据1988－1992年兰州气象站逐日08：00（北京时，下同）的探空资料，计算了300－1000m每隔50m共15层的稳定能量。利用同期兰州市环境监测站自动监测系统监测的兰州城区3种主要空气污染物二氧化硫、一氧化碳和氮氧化物（SO2、CO、NOX）的日平均浓度资料，计算了地面气象要素、低空气象参数、低空风和稳定能量等气象因子与SO2、CO、NOX之间的相关。结果表明：（1）用稳定能量来描述低层大气的稳定性更为合理一些；（2）在诸多气象因子中，稳定能量与SO2、CO、NOX浓度之间的相关性最显著；（3）稳定能量的年变化规律与空气污染浓度的年变化规律基本一致；（4）逐月看，各层稳定能量与SO2浓度之间均为正相关，除7月份以外，大多数层次均通过了α＝0．01显著性水平的相关性检验。 相似文献
15.
A field-based intercomparison study of a(DOAS) instrument (OPSIS AB, Sweden) andcommercial Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopydifferent point-sample monitoring techniques (PM, basedon an air monitoring station, an air monitoring vehicle, and various chemical methods) was conducted inBeijing from October 1999 to January 2000. The mixing ratios of six trace gases including NO, NO2, SO2,03, benzene, and toluene were monitored continuously during the four months. A good agreement betweenthe DOAS and PM data was found for NO2 and SO2. However, the concentrations of benzene, toluene,and NO obtained by DOAS were significantly lower than those measured by the point monitors. Theozone levels monitored by the DOAS were generally higher than those measured by point monitors. Theseresults may be attributed to a strong vertical gradient of the NO-O3-NO2 system and of the aromatics atthe measurement site. Since the exact data evaluation algorithm is not revealed by the manufacturer ofthe DOAS system, the error in the DOAS analysis can also not be excluded. 相似文献
16.
淄博市污染气象特征与大气环境容量 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
利用淄博市环境监测站2002-2004年间的主要大气污染物浓度和同期气象资料,综合分析了淄博市大气环境污染状况及演变特征,用A-P值法对大气环境容量进行测算.结果表明该市主要污染物为可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和二氧化硫(SO2),其实际排放量均高于理想大气环境容量.此外,引入美国NOAA后向轨迹模式(HYSPLIT4),分析了影响淄博市强污染天气的外来气团,确认它们是源于东北地区和内蒙古东部的偏北气流,以及蒙古国中部的偏西气流.这些结果为今后制定城市发展规划,控制和防治大气污染提供了科学依据. 相似文献
17.
郑州市空气质量状况及冬季持续污染过程的气象机理分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用2004-2008年郑州市环境监测站所监测的SO2、NO2、PM10日平均浓度资料及历史气象资料,分析了郑州市近5a的空气质量状况与特征,并以2006年12月份的2次持续性污染过程为例,分析了气象条件对污染物浓度的影响,结果显示：郑州市以煤烟型污染为主,污染物浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,冬春季节污染物浓度明显高于夏秋季节;冬季均压场中持续多日风速小、近地面层出现逆温层是造成郑州市出现持续污染事件的主要气象条件,持续性污染过程往往因受冷空气的影响而结束。 相似文献
18.
利用逐步回归的数理统计方法及本溪市大气环境监测资料和地面常规气象观测资料，对辽宁省本溪市空气污染物TSP和SO2的浓度分别进行了计算分析并建立了预测方程，并对这两种污染物分别进行了预测检验。 相似文献
19.
利用1960—2010年兰州等3站逐日观测资料,分析了兰州冬季气温变化及其可能成因。结果表明：近50 a兰州冬季气温、日较差、冷日数、冷积温及极端高、低温日数的变化速率均在1980s发生跃变。平均气温持续显著的增温,在1960s、1970s最低气温增温起主要作用,日较差、冷积温及极端低温日数显著减少,在1980s后由最低、最高气温共同增温所致,日较差减小变缓,冷积温稳定维持在较低水平,极端高温日数显著增加。大气环流异常和城市化共同影响,导致兰州冬季显著增温,二者对增温的贡献率分别约为37.24%和62.76%。1980s中期之后中高纬度欧亚上空对流层中层盛行纬向环流,两槽一脊的振幅减弱,西北地区位于中国上空异常反气旋西部偏南气流控制下,且同期城市热岛效应更加显著,这些均有利于兰州冬季增温。 相似文献