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1.
《Geoforum》2017
Moving beyond the ‘world-class’ institutional model of international student mobility, this paper examines alternative narratives of distinction relating to place of study. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with international students at universities in the UK, Austria and Latvia, we illustrate how students inside and outside mainstream reputable higher education institutions narrate and reconfigure markers of distinction to validate their international mobility and location of study, in part to compete with peers at other (more prestigious) institutions. We demonstrate the importance of lifestyle and experiential places within a global differentiated higher education landscape and argue that many students engage in comparative narratives of place of study to authorise the symbolic capital associated with international education. The findings also consider how experiential places and mobility capital are used for distinction not only during educational mobility but within post-study aspirations. 相似文献
2.
《Geoforum》2017
This paper uses a Swedish micro-dataset containing 2,696,909 hires during the period 2002–2006 to assess the impact of job-related mobility on plant-level performance. The analysis classifies new recruits according to their work experience and level of formal qualification, as well as by the region of origin and of destination. New hires are divided into graduates and experienced workers and between high- and low-educated. The results point towards the importance of acknowledging both the experience and the skills of new recruits. The greatest benefits are related to hiring new workers from outside the region where the plant is located. The analysis also stresses the importance of geography, with plants in metropolitan regions gaining the most from labour mobility, while the benefits of mobility for plants in smaller, more peripheral regions are more diverse and dependent on both the type and origin of new workers. 相似文献
3.
Tim Schwanen 《Geoforum》2006,37(6):882-894
The time-geographical concept of coupling constraints, which define when, where and for how long individuals have to join other individuals and material objects, can be useful to ‘time squeeze’ studies. Geographers have typically operationalised the ‘when’ dimension of coupling constrains through arrival times at locations in physical space or the starting time of specific activities. This paper questions this approach and posits that it may be more productive to identify time-spans of acceptable or appropriate arrival times. However, these time-spans should not be expressed solely with reference to clock time. This is because boundaries on what is acceptable or appropriate depend not only on clock time but also on the times of the body and especially the time inherent to the dynamics in the juxtapositions and presence/absence of human beings and inanimate objects within a bounded physical space. Interview excerpts are presented to reveal how clock time interacts with contextual times in the modes in which parents in two-worker families perceive and cope with coupling constraints during workdays. 相似文献
4.
John Langdale 《Geoforum》1985,16(1):1-13
Growth of electronics funds transfer (EFT) is examined in the context of the internationalisation of the banking and finance industry. EFT has grown in response to the internationalisation of the industry and in turn has facilitated its development. Reasons for the geographical diversification of transnational banks and other financial institutions are discussed. The growing interdependence between international financial centres of New York and London is highlighted as is the emergence of Asian financial centres of Tokyo, Hong Kong and Singapore. Various types of international EFT systems are examined including SWIFT and leased networks operated by transnational banks. In addition, entry of non banking institutions into the international EFT area is considered. Competition between banks as well as between banks and non-banking institutions is examined in the context of these EFT developments. 相似文献
5.
The Sample Catchment Basin (SCB) mapping technique extends the representativeness of the geochemical features of stream sediments to the surface of the whole upstream drainage basin. SCB boundaries clash with the water divides traced from each sampling point and are limited upstream by the presence of further SCBs. They are also assumed to represent the elementary map unit. The rank of SCBs can be defined counting the number of upstream SCBs along the branches of a fluvial network. The presence of low rank SCBs minimizes the statistical redundancy of measures. The SCB technique is particularly suitable for the geochemical mapping of mountainous or hilly areas and to correctly display the information into a morphological context. This approach can be also valuable in the case of low sampling density, inhomogeneous sampling schemes, and especially when very accurate evaluations of the spatial distribution of chemicals (with natural or anthropogenic origin) are required. 相似文献
6.
Evidence for partial melting along subgrain boundaries in quartz and plagioclase is documented for rocks from the Lost Creek Gneiss of the Llano Uplift, central Texas, the Wet Mountains of central Colorado, and the Albany-Fraser Orogen, southwestern Australia. Domains of quartz or plagioclase crystals along subgrain boundaries are preferentially involved in partial melting over unstrained domains of these minerals. Material along subgrain boundaries in quartz and plagioclase has the same morphology as melt pseudomorphs present along grain boundaries and is commonly laterally continuous with this former grain boundary melt, indicating the material along subgrain boundaries can also be categorized as a melt pseudomorph. Subgrain boundaries consist of arrays of dislocations within a crystal lattice, and unlike fractures would not act as conduits for melt migration. Instead, the presence of former melt along subgrain boundaries requires that partial melting occurred in these locations because it is kinetically more favorable for melting reactions to occur there. Preferential melting in high strain locations may be attributed to strain energy, which provides a minor energetic contribution to the reaction and leads to preferential melting in locations with weakened bonds, and/or the presence of small quantities of water associated with dislocations, which may enhance diffusion rates or locally lower the temperature needed for partial melting. 相似文献
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8.
龙湖周边机井开采对地下水流影响的数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
人工湖、库和河流等将改变区域水文循环过程,特别是地表水与地下水交换关系。本文对郑州市规划的龙湖入渗水利用和龙湖周边机井布设方案进行比较分析。龙湖水体形成后,湖区与周围地下水位的2.5m落差将使湖水大量入渗补给地下水,大范围抬升湖区周围地下水位,龙湖周围低洼处将有发生盐碱化的危险,威胁到紧靠龙湖的西部国家森林公园和规划中的东北部生态回廊绿地。本文利用美国地质调查局(USGS)颁布的三维地下水数值模型(MODFLOW),模拟不同湖底防渗措施和机井开采方案下龙湖周围地下水位变化以及龙湖入渗量,对龙湖周边布井方案可行性和降低地下水效果加以分析和比较。 相似文献
9.
In South Africa attempts are being made to address the socio-spatial distortions of the apartheid era through a more equitable
distribution of resources, and the re-drawing of municipal geographical boundaries. However, boundaries are not neutral geographic
lines. Boundary changes are often associated with a redistribution of political power and resources. The aim of this paper
is to analyse the effects of the contemporary territorial and administrative restructuring on urban dynamics in South Africa.
More specifically, the focus is on how the process of territorial restructuring impacted on metropolitan areas as well as
on secondary cities and their hinterlands. Examining and elucidating the manner in which various social, economic and political
forces have manifested themselves in the process of boundary delimitation in a major metropolitan centre as well as adjacent
rural areas is a central theme of this paper. There were considerable contestations over the delimitation of new local government
boundaries. Affluent metro authorities like that in Durban were opposed to the spatial extension of their boundaries because
of the costs of the providing services and infrastructure in the deprived margins. Similarly, there was concern that incorporation
of rural areas will result in increased municipal service charges being imposed on these communities. Tensions were heightened
between urban and rural regions because traditional leaders believed that their territorial jurisdiction and authority were
being undermined. In other parts of the country, the merger of traditionally white and black fragments of secondary cities
often resulted in many black locations continuing to be marginalized. There appears to be neither the political will nor the
economic capacity to upgrade these zones of marginalized urban communities. While the Municipal Demarcation Board was largely
successful in eliminating the political geography of apartheid at a macro- scale, this paper suggests that the greater challenge
for government and policy makers is to reduce the socio-spatial and economic inequalities which appears to be still very high
and perhaps increasing.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Manuel B. Aalbers 《Geoforum》2005,36(5):562-580
Redlining research is common practice in the US but not in other countries. Does this imply redlining does not take place elsewhere? This paper presents evidence from Rotterdam, the second largest city of the Netherlands, showing that in the 1990s it was impossible to get a home mortgage in large parts of the city. However, after Rotterdam joined the National Mortgage Guarantee (an institutional control measure) in 2000, hardly any evidence of redlining was found. This paper not only shows that redlining takes place outside of the US context, but also that a (discursive) treatment based on case study research has the possibility to gain a fuller understanding of redlining practices than a statistical/correlation analysis of mortgage data. Interviews with key actors are instrumental to unravelling how, why and when those in power make their decisions: agents are structured by the existing system while, at the same time, some of these agents have the power to re-produce as well as re-structure (transform) the system. One of the geographical outcomes of the agency-structure interaction is that credit is “redirected away from poorer to richer (and therefore “safer”) groups” as part of a strategy of risk avoidance [Leyshon and Thrift, 1997]. Thus redlining, like any other form of financial exclusion, deepens and accentuates prevailing levels of uneven development by creating geographical variations in access to the financial system [Dymski and Veitch, 1992]. 相似文献
11.
Qom is the eighth most populated city in center of Iran, and its population growth rate is among the highest in this country. Th presence of a Great Salt Lake, petroleum potential and tourism attractions in this city sheds light on the importance of how solid waste landfill locations should be disposed, located and managed as an environmental issue. Considering the key parameters in landfill site selection, in this study a series of location analysis have been conducted to locate optimum regions for municipal solid waste disposal, using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). The main factors in selecting the suitable location for waste disposal include geomorphology–hydrography, environmental–social factors and design criteria, each of which are subdivided into several categories. Criteria are selected according to the regional condition; therefore, important factors such as distance from sea and forested areas were not considered. In the next step, digital layers are weighted and classified according to the available standards and expert judgment. Then, analytical multi-criteria decision-making algorithms as AHP and weighted linear combination are applied upon existing layers in GIS. The results show that by implementing the AHP method in this region only 7% of the study area has a very good and appropriate condition for landfill location and the field observation confirms them. Finally, considering the environmental effects of landfill, appropriate locations are suggested. 相似文献
12.
《Geoforum》2014
This article examines recent higher education projects in two resource-rich, developmental states: Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia. These projects are indicative of broader trend across Asia to move beyond previous national universities, toward a state-initiated model of the globally competitive university, which is designed to become an regional hub for elite education. Drawing on a range of qualitative methods, I consider the geopolitical context in which these projects have been conditioned and materialized, with a focus on how they are legitimated by policy-makers in the two case countries. By reframing discussions about the globalization of higher education in terms of a geopolitics of higher education, I argue that the cases of Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia are not exceptions set outside of the hegemonic liberal system, but that they are ‘mirrors’ of recent internationalization agendas undertaken by elite Western universities. Through considering localized discourses of promoting knowledge-based economies, I consider how elites simultaneously work with and reconfigure globally-hegemonic discourses, and specifically how these elite university projects are part of broader authoritarian political configurations in Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia. 相似文献
13.
Kai Zhang Wenjuan Zhang Liming Zhang Jun Yao Yuxue Chen Ranran Lu 《Computational Geosciences》2014,18(2):139-156
An improper well pattern will have considerable adverse effects on the ultimate recovery of oil and gas considering the geological complexities usually associated with reservoirs. Designing an optimal well pattern for a given reservoir is often challenging because of following two categories of reasons: static factors including strong heterogeneities of reservoirs, the existence of outer boundaries, faults and pinch-out belts, variations of sedimentary facie physical properties; dynamic factors including the producers and injectors drilled previously, the multitudes of well patterns and the transformation among them. To overcome the difficulties of designing well patterns under complex conditions, a new method of constructing triangular adaptive well pattern is proposed in this paper. This new triangular adaptive well pattern can adjust the locations of wells spontaneously according to the conditions of reservoirs, achieving optimal effects using fewest wells. Inspired by the similarities between triangular well pattern often encountered in the industry and the triangulation of domains in computational geometry, the well-known Delaunay triangulation is employed to determine the locations of wells. By taking full advantage of the properties of Delaunay triangulation, the construction of triangular adaptive well pattern on the basis of boundaries, faults, and existing wells can be easily obtained and the number of control variables is greatly decreased in the optimization process. Therefore, a gradient-based algorithm coupled with reservoir numerical simulator is used to optimize the well pattern. Compared with conventional regular well patterns, the well pattern proposed here differs in that the scale and orientation of local flooding units are not the same in different parts of the reservoir depending on the geological conditions and the distribution of oil and water in the reservoir. Additionally, the heterogeneity of permeability is taken into account and a uniform displacement of oil in each flooding unit is realized by adjusting the locations of injectors. Detailed results are present ed for two different examples. The results show that the method proposed here can be successfully applied to the construction and optimization of well pattern for large-scale reservoirs. 相似文献
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15.
In most multiple-point simulation algorithms, all statistical features are provided by one or several training images (TI) that serve as a substitute for a random field model. However, because in practice the TI is always of finite size, the stochastic nature of multiple-point simulation is questionable. This issue is addressed by considering the case of a sequential simulation algorithm applied to a binary TI that is a genuine realization of an underlying random field. At each step, the algorithm uses templates containing the current target point as well as all previously simulated points. The simulation is validated by checking that all statistical features of the random field (supported by the simulation domain) are retrieved as an average over a large number of outcomes. The results are as follows. It is demonstrated that multiple-point simulation performs well whenever the TI is a complete (infinitely large) realization of a stationary, ergodic random field. As soon as the TI is restricted to a limited domain, the statistical features cannot be obtained exactly, but integral range techniques make it possible to predict how much the TI should be extended to approximate them up to a prespecified precision. Moreover, one can take advantage of extending the TI to reduce the number of disruptions in the execution of the algorithm, which arise when no conditioning template can be found in the TI. 相似文献
16.
This paper explores young people’s experiences and perceptions of mobility and mobility constraints in poorer urban areas of Ghana, Malawi and South Africa within the specific context of inter-generational relations. Drawing principally on qualitative research findings from a study involving both adult and child researchers, our aim is to chart the diversities and commonalities of urban young people’s mobility experiences in the everyday - how they use and experience the city - developing a comparative perspective across three urban study sites which links young people’s mobility with the power relations that operate to shape their movements in individual locations. In particular, we consider how positive and negative images of young people’s mobility play out in terms of the inter-generational frictions and negotiations generated by their mobility performances. We also reflect on the developmental implications, in terms of young people’s access to services and income and their participation in the social networks and peer culture which may shape their life trajectories. Three themes are explored in detail: mobility as challenge, mobility as temptation and mobility control. 相似文献
17.
河南省宝泉抽水蓄能电站龟山滑坡体稳定性分析及危险性评估 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过对滑坡体的特征、地质条件等方面的分析,并结合工程建设项目自身特点．进行了滑坡体的稳定性和危险性评估。提出了相应的防治措施。 相似文献
18.
《Geoforum》2014
Political memories—which are crucial for establishing and maintaining ‘political capital’, based on individual and group positioning during past conflict and wars, but also in relation to presentday politics—are important when considering varied outcomes from negotiations and other interactions that occur in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic in relation to large-scale economic land concessions. This paper continues to expand on the idea of political memories of past conflicts and wars by considering the concept in relation to the theoretical framework proposed by Hall et al. (2011) in their book Powers of Exclusion, which stresses the importance of interactions between regulation, force, the market and legitimation for understanding different types of exclusionary processes, especially those linked to land access. I argue that political memories are particularly relevant when it comes to legitimation, but that expanding the concept so as to include political memories is important. In relation to large-scale plantation, mining and hydropower dam concessions, I also stress the importance of political memories in (re)shaping understandings of landscapes, thus creating particular varieties of memory laden political landscapes, which too are constituted by the past but are also politically mobilized in the present. 相似文献
19.
扩展有限元法的网格剖分不需要考虑裂纹的位置,但计算时需根据计算网格和裂纹位置关系确定加强节点和加强类型。一般根据加强单元类型确定加强节点和加强类型。确定加强单元类型,不仅要考虑裂纹位置,还要考虑单元形状。指出现有文献中只考虑裂纹位置根据节点水平集值判别加强单元类型的不足,提出相应的改进方法。对于复杂形状裂纹,采用水平集法确定加强单元类型并不方便;给出了一种确定加强单元类型、加强节点和加强类型的有效方法,即根据裂纹与单元边界交点数和裂纹拐点位置确定加强单元类型,然后根据加强单元类型确定加强节点及加强类型;给出了该方法详细的执行过程。算例分析表明了本文方法的正确性。 相似文献
20.
For over 35 years, deep seismic reflection profiles have been acquired routinely across Australia to better understand the crustal architecture and geodynamic evolution of key geological provinces and basins. Major crustal-scale breaks have been interpreted in some of the profiles, and are often inferred to be relict sutures between different crustal blocks, as well as sometimes being important conduits for mineralising fluids to reach the upper crust. The widespread coverage of the seismic profiles now allows the construction of a new map of major crustal boundaries across Australia, which will better define the architecture of the crustal blocks in three dimensions. It also enables a better understanding of how the Australian continent was constructed from the Mesoarchean through to the Phanerozoic, and how this evolution and these boundaries have controlled metallogenesis. Starting with the locations in 3D of the crustal breaks identified in the seismic profiles, geological (e.g. outcrop mapping, drill hole, geochronology, isotope) and geophysical (e.g. gravity, aeromagnetic, magnetotelluric) data are used to map the crustal boundaries, in plan view, away from the seismic profiles. Some of the boundaries mapped are subsurface boundaries, and, in many cases, occur several kilometres below the surface; hence they will not match directly with structures mapped at the surface. For some of these boundaries, a high level of confidence can be placed on the location, whereas the location of other boundaries can only be considered to have medium or low confidence. In other areas, especially in regions covered by thick sedimentary successions, the locations of some crustal boundaries are essentially unconstrained, unless they have been imaged by a seismic profile. From the Mesoarchean to the Phanerozoic, the continent formed by the amalgamation of many smaller crustal blocks over a period of nearly 3 billion years. The identification of crustal boundaries in Australia, and the construction of an Australia-wide GIS dataset and map, will help to constrain tectonic models and plate reconstructions for the geological evolution of Australia, and will provide constraints on the three dimensional architecture of Australia. Deep crustal-penetrating structures, particularly major crustal boundaries, are important conduits to transport mineralising fluids from the mantle and lower crust into the upper crust. There are several greenfields regions across Australia where deep crustal-penetrating structures have been imaged in seismic sections, and have potential as possible areas for future mineral systems exploration. 相似文献