共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
The soft uppermost sediments in lakes and wetlands contain important records of past environmental change. Although the technology
for coring these sediments is relatively well established, there has been a continuing effort to improve the design of equipment
that can provide the precise volumetric samples required for high-resolution dating and elemental analysis. Soft-sediment
cores are usually sectioned near a coring site under a wide range of field conditions creating a challenge for both field
crews and equipment. A new field extruder was therefore designed to simplify the process of fine-sectioning these cores in
the field while improving volumetric-sampling accuracy. The new extruder is relatively light, stable, and easy to use, but
sufficiently strong to extrude long continuous cores of stiff sediment if required. The key features of this extruder minimize
sampling errors by enabling an operator to automate the measurement and extrusion of a pre-determined volume of sediment.
The extruder was successfully field tested on a variety of sediment types in a large wetland from southern Florida, USA and
proved easy to master by even inexperienced field crews. 相似文献
2.
Parachute-assisted gravity sediment corer (Algonquin Corer) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Details are outlined for the construction and use of an easily constructed and inexpensive parachute-assisted, gravity-driven, sediment coring device. This corer has been named the Algonquin corer since it was designed, tested and constructed at École Secondaire Algonquin, North Bay, Ontario. This corer utilizes an underwater parachute to effectively control and stabilize its descent, and a driving mechanism (hammer) to increase the penetration of the corer. Other innovative features are its corrective mercury and magnetic switches, which allow the user to precisely monitor both the position of the driving mechanism and the corer's angle of sediment penetration. These optional features may be constructed for use with this particular corer or constructed separately to enhance existing coring devices. Details of these features are provided and their functions outlined. The versatile features, cost-effectiveness and ease of construction of the Algonquin corer make it an effective and practical tool for conducting sediment analysis studies at all levels. It is also well suited for the instruction of coring techniques and paleolimnological methods at both the university and high school level. 相似文献
3.
We present a design for a piston corer that can take a sediment core up to 1 m long, with an undisturbed sediment–water interface.
The coring device possesses a tripod unit and a core-tube unit, the latter comprised of a core tube, a piston with a wire,
a drive weight in which the core tube is mounted and a steel rod. The tripod stands on the sediment surface during coring,
stabilizing the system and serving as an anchor point for the piston wire. A ball clamp, the critical component of the design,
is mounted on top of the tripod. The steel rod runs through the ball clamp and at its lower end, holds the drive weight and
the core tube. The ball clamp allows the core tube to slide downward, while the piston is held in a fixed vertical position
by the wire connected to the tripod. When the corer is lifted, however, the ball clamp locks. This makes it possible to operate
the corer with a single cable, because the piston is not subject to any lifting force when the corer is retrieved. The piston
remains in position in the core tube even if the collected sediment core is very short. The piston corer can be deployed from
a raft or a boat. 相似文献
4.
Kurt A. Haberyan 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,26(2):219-223
Materials for constructing a simple piston corer are available at most well-stocked hardware stores, primarily using galvanized fence post for the barrel, and pipe for the drive rod and head. These are assembled with a modicum of machinist skills. In the field, this VolksCorer operates like similar corers; it is limited to relatively shallow water (about 10–15 m) and is poorly suited for down-the-hole coring, but it requires few specialized tools. Likewise, materials to construct the VolksExtruder are widely available; this extruder, although simple, allows very precise extrusion control. The very low cost of the corer and extruder (less than US$50 each) make them suitable for investigators operating with low budgets without sacrificing sample quality. 相似文献
5.
A freeze corer was developed specifically for the sampling of unconsolidated surface sediments by in-situ freezing. The new device which is presented here is designed to be used to a water depth of up to 1000 meters and was successfully tested at a depth of 200 m. The corer consists of a high pressure resistant housing with a vacuum insulated jacket for the ethanol which can be chilled by separate cooling agents, adjustable stabilizing legs, an electrical pump and a freezing wedge of 100 cm length. The freeze coring can be performed from a platform or a boat by using only a single cable to pull it up or to lower it. All other equipment is inside of the resistant housing. The core sample can easily be cut into two distinct slabs by use of the freeze-protectors on the small sides of the freeze wedge. 相似文献
6.
Timothy G. Fisher 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2018,59(4):479-482
A lightweight, inexpensive jig for splitting 7.6 cm diameter vibracores is described. The advantage of the jig is its simplicity, low cost and portability to the coring site whether on land, ice or a boat. Core splitting at the coring site can guide additional coring activity, similar to other coring devices that extrude sediment as part of the coring process. The simple jig ensures straight and even cuts through the aluminum tube wall, leading to precise core splitting in the field or lab. 相似文献
7.
Ian R. Patmore Carl D. Sayer Ben Goldsmith Thomas A. Davidson Ruth Rawcliffe Jorge Salgado 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2014,51(1):79-86
We present a design for a large diameter piston corer, deployed from a raft that is suitable for use in shallow lakes. The piston corer, known as Big Ben, consists of a core tube, a piston on a rope and a corer head, to which rods are attached to drive the tube into the sediment. A core catcher, which aids the support of the core tube when full of sediment, has been incorporated into the design. To extrude the sediment, a framework has been designed to keep the core tube upright and stationary and a modified bottle jack is used to push the piston upwards during the extrusion process. The practical operation of the Big Ben coring system from setting up a coring platform to collecting and safely extruding a core is detailed. Finally we summarise recent experiences of deploying the corer and highlight its potential uses in the developing field of multi-proxy palaeolimnology. 相似文献
8.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(5):199-206
Abstract Fieldwork and laboratory experiences have always been important components of physical geography education, at universities as well as secondary schools. However, the rising cost of necessary equipment and dwindling education budgets of most universities and secondary schools have placed such experiences in crisis. This is the second of two papers that present lab- and field-based items we have designed and built for student research. The equipment is easy to construct and made from low-cost materials like PVC plumbing pipe. Photographs, construction notes, and costs have been included for each of the pieces of equipment, as well as measured schematics for the more complex items. 相似文献
9.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(4):167-175
Abstract Fieldwork and laboratory experiences have always been important components of physical geography education, at universities as well as secondary schools. However, the rising cost of necessary equipment and dwindling education budgets of most universities and secondary schools have placed such experiences in crisis. This is the first of two papers that present lab- and field-based items we have designed and built for student research. The equipment is easy to construct and made from low-cost materials like PVC plumbing pipe. Photographs, construction notes, and costs have been included for each of the pieces of equipment, as well as measured schematics for the more complex items. 相似文献
10.
A new hammer-driven freeze corer 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Brenda M. Miskimmin P. Jefferson Curtis David W. Schindler Nestor Lafaut 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1996,15(3):265-269
A shortcoming of freeze corers has been the inability to collect long cores in stiff sediments. We describe a hammerdriven freeze corer that collects undisturbed sediment cores up to 1.3 m in length in stiff or soft lake sediments. The corer was tested in prairie, montane and alpine lakes of western Canada. For these stiff sediments, conventional (gravity-only) freeze coring methods collected cores ranging from 25–59 cm compared with 100–124 cm for our hammer-driven device. The maximum length of cores could exceed 1.3 m if a longer core barrel was constructed. 相似文献
11.
Mineral magnetic properties of mixtures of environmental and synthetic materials: linear additivity and interaction effects 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Joan A. Lees 《Geophysical Journal International》1997,131(2):335-346
Mineral magnetic properties have been used recently to classify and to attempt to quantify the sources of sediments through environmental systems. Linear modelling techniques could be used with a wide range of concentration-dependent magnetic measurements to quantify the sources of sediments. To investigate wider application of linear modelling techniques using mineral magnetic properties, research has been conducted using laboratory mixtures of up to six source materials, including both natural environmental materials and synthetic compounds. While six sources may seem ambitious, this figure was used as an absolute upper limit rather than giving a real prospect of mathematically unmixing six sources. It has been found that even with the most magnetically differentiable materials, large errors are encountered when modelling the sources of the mixtures. This paper investigates the causes of 'non-additivity' of certain magnetic measurements and the failure of the linear modelling of the sources of the mixtures. Possible reasons for this failure include source homogeneity, calibration and linearity of equipment, magnetic viscosity of materials and/or the changing physical characteristics of the source materials once mixed together (interaction effects). In testing linear additivity, low-frequency susceptibility is the most reliable mineral magnetic measurement, while remanence measurements suffer from a systematic error in the expected results. Results have shown that in the best controlled conditions where the sources are identified and are artificially mixed together, the results of linear modelling are quite poor and at best four sources can be 'unmixed' with reasonable success. It is suggested that interaction within the mixtures, especially when containing highly ferrimagnetic burnt environmental materials, causes some of the non-additivity phenomena. 相似文献
12.
Defining the reference state of some perturbed streams and rivers is challenging since their non-altered state is undocumented.
Despite the near-absence of pristine sites in highly anthropogenic areas, information about aquatic communities that existed
prior to human disturbance can be obtained from historic sources. Sediment coring is commonly used in paleolimnology to estimate
past environmental conditions of lakes, but this technique is often not appropriate for studies of lotic systems. An alternative
is to use diatom assemblages present in the guts of fish that were captured in the streams prior to significant human disturbance.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the biological integrity of several streams in Ontario and Québec during
the early twentieth century based on “paleo” diatom assemblages extracted from the guts of fish stored in museums. The Eastern
Canadian diatom index (IDEC: Indice Diatomées de l’Est du Canada) was used to evaluate the biological status of “paleo” and
“modern” diatom assemblages. The IDEC shows the position of diatom assemblages on a general pollution gradient. The comparison
of IDEC values calculated for the 1925–1948 and the 2003–2007 periods showed that several streams were severely polluted in
the early 1900s. In general, present water quality has declined compared to the early 1900s. The biological integrity of only
three of the 22 sites has increased. IDEC values were not influenced by the species of fish studied. 相似文献
13.
The linkages between ecology and geomorphology can be difficult to identify because of physical complexity and the limitations of the current theoretical representations in these two fields of study. Deep divisions between these disciplines are manifest in the methods used to simulate process, such as rigidly physical-deterministic methods for many aspects of geomorphology compared with purely stochastic simulations in many models of change in landcover. Practical and theoretical research into ecology–geomorphology linkages cannot wait for a single simulation schema which may never come; as a result, studies of these linkages often appear disjointed and inconsistent.The grid-based simulation framework for cellular automata (CA) allows simultaneous use of competing schemas. CA use in general geographic studies has been primarily limited to urban simulations models of change for land cover, both highly stochastic and/or expert rule-based. In the last decade, however, methods for describing physically deterministic systems in the CA framework have become much more accurate. The possibility now exists to merge separate CA simulations of different environmental systems into unified “multiautomata” models. Because CAs allow transition rules that are deterministic, probabilistic, or expert rule-based, they can immediately incorporate the existing knowledge rules in ecology and geomorphology. The explicitly spatial nature of CA provides a map-like framework that should allow a simple and deeply rooted connection with the mapping traditions of the geosciences and ecological sciences. 相似文献
14.
中国大城市土地利用集约性的综合评判 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
应用GIS数据管理与分析技术、TOPSIS综合评价方法,紧扣土地利用集约性的内涵,以城市市辖区为评价单元,从城市规模和土地利用程度,土地投入程度、土地利用效率、以及土地集约利用发展趋势等诸多层次,对北京、上海等18个大城市市辖区的土地利用集约性进行综合评判,得出以下结论:大城市的集约度都在逐年提高,土地利用将更加集约;我国大城市土地利用的集约性,存在较大的地域差异。评价结果表明,青岛、宁波等国家单列城市,规模适中,土地集约性反而很高;上海和武汉的集约度一直处于前三位,其他直辖市和省会等特大城市波动性较大,土地集约性利用还有很大潜力可挖;与上海、宁波、青岛等东部城市相比,太原、石家庄、西安等中部城市,土地利用集约度一直很低,潜力大、亟待提高。此评价方法与评价指标,以及所获得的评价结果,较好地揭示了行政区划调整对城市集约度的动态性影响。 相似文献
15.
Timothy G. Fisher 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2004,31(3):377-382
A monopod and piston coring apparatus for coring water-saturated sediment is described. The lightweight apparatus can be used from either an ice platform or the ground surface and can be transported by aircraft. Using a piston, core recovery is increased to better than 90%, and depending upon the monopod height, 7 m-long cores can be obtained. Tips for coring in freezing temperatures are also given. 相似文献
16.
Freezing of sediment in situ at the lake bottom using a freeze corer has become an important method for taking samples of
soft sediments aimed for detailed stratigraphic analyses. Over the past decades a variety of freeze corers have been designed,
from very simple metal tubes filled with dry ice that are dropped into the sediment to high-tech samplers using electric pumps,
hydraulics and liquid nitrogen. The freeze corer described here is a compromise of getting good samples without a too complicated
technique. It is designed for coring from lake ice, using a steel wire with a stopper on the ice to keep the corer in fixed
position during freezing. It consists of a thermos connected to a thin freeze wedge (width 15 cm, length 100 cm, max thickness
6 cm). The dry ice is kept in the thermos until the freeze wedge has been lowered into the sediment to avoid water freezing
on the wedge during descent through the water column; a wet steel-wedge surface disturbs the sediment stratigraphy less than
a wedge on which rapid freezing occurs. The dry ice is kept in the thermos by a trapdoor that is opened by a messenger. When
the trapdoor is opened the dry ice begins to drop into the wedge, which is filled with ethanol. This process continues concurrently
with the consumption of ice in the wedge until the thermos is empty. Using 6–8 kg of dry ice and 4 l of ethanol (95%), a 3-cm-thick
and up to 80-cm-long crust of frozen sediment is obtained in 20–25 min on each side of the wedge. The crust is easily detached
intact from the wedge using a small volume of hot water, poured inside the wedge. 相似文献
17.
陈昱 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2015,6(3):186-191
通过构建由用地结构、用地强度、土地投入和土地产出4个子目标层、9个因素层组成的工业企业土地集约利用评价指标体系,采用Bayes判别法,对湖北省9个工业行业的365家典型工业企业土地集约度进行判别分析,并对中度和低度利用企业可挖掘潜力进行了测算。结果显示:365家企业中,集约利用企业共82家,占企业总数的22.47%,中度和低度利用企业共215家,占企业总数的58.90%;集约利用企业比例较大的是金属冶炼及压延加工业和通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业,中度和低度利用企业比例较大的是专用设备制造业、医药制造业和化学原料及化学品制造业。中度和低度企业集约利用潜力总面积为865.70ha,占企业批准用地总面积的42.38%,土地集约利用潜力巨大。 相似文献
18.
Michael J. Day 《The Professional geographer》1980,32(1):72-81
The precise correlations between rock hardness, resistance to erosion, and landform development have hitherto been difficult to establish. Rock hardness has proved difficult to assess, particularly in the field, because suitable equipment has not been applied. The Schmidt Test Hammer is demonstrated to be an effective instrument for this purpose. The hammer gives an accurate and rapid measure of surface hardness, which is shown to be useful in the context of weathering and landform development. 相似文献
19.
湖泊碳库效应及校正方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
湖泊作为过去环境变化的信息载体,可以很好地提供高分辨率的连续记录,因此常被用来进行定年研究。湖泊沉积物放射性碳定年由于缺乏陆源植物残体、碳屑等可靠的定年材料,多选用其他材料（如全样有机质、水生残体及各类壳体）,但是这些材料通常受到“碳库效应”（The reservoir effect）的影响,而使得年代结果失真,导致难以建立高精度的年代框架,成为这一领域研究放射性碳年代应用的瓶颈。因此,如何对湖相沉积物14C年代结果进行有效的碳库效应校正,对高精度年代序列的建立具有重要意义。本文综览了近几十年来针对湖泊碳库效应进行研究所取得的一系列研究成果,详细总结了影响湖泊碳库效应的各种因素,讨论了碳库效应对湖泊沉积物定年结果的影响;分析了目前对湖泊碳库的各类校正方法,包括使用同一测年手段、不同测年材料建立点上碳库大小以及采用不同测年手段对碳库的校正等。本文为湖泊沉积物高精度年代序列的建立提供了一定的参考。 相似文献
20.
Chironomids have been used extensively for reconstructing past temperatures from the late glacial chronozone but far less work has focused on their use as temperature proxies throughout the Holocene, and little work has been undertaken within the UK. Northern England does have many detailed palaeoclimate records, although the majority of these are reconstructions from ombrotrophic peat bogs, which yield a combined temperature and precipitation proxy record. A lake sediment core from Talkin Tarn, dating back 6000 years, was therefore analysed for chironomid remains in an attempt to produce a Holocene temperature reconstruction. Although chironomids have been shown to respond to air temperature by many modern training sets, it is also known that they can respond to other environmental factors. Pollen and loss-on-ignition analyses were therefore undertaken to ascertain whether the lake had been subjected to major environmental changes. Some anthropogenic changes in land use were detected, which may have affected the lake water chemistry and sediments, but they seem to have had little direct impact on the chironomid fauna for the majority of the record. Part of the geology of the catchment is limestone, which suggests that the lake may be buffered against any changes in pH. A chironomid-inferred mean July temperature transfer function from a Norwegian training set was applied to the chironomid data and produced a reconstruction with significant fluctuations throughout the later Holocene, which were associated with cold and warm stenotherms within the assemblages. The uppermost chironomid sample from the lake core (less than 100 years old) has a reconstructed temperature of 14.6 °C (± sample-specific error of 1.18 °C), which compares well with the contemporary mean July average of 14.8 °C. It is therefore concluded that chironomids can be used to reconstruct Holocene temperature, provided the site is well-buffered in relation to pH changes and can be shown not to have been influenced to any great extent by anthropogenic disturbance. 相似文献