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1.
Daniel Reinert Volkmar Wirth Joachim Eichhorn Walter-Georg Panhans 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,125(1):109-132
This paper presents the dry version of a new large-eddy simulation (LES) model, which is designed to simulate air flow and
clouds above highly complex terrain. The model is three-dimensional and nonhydrostatic, and the governing equations are sound
filtered by use of the anelastic approximation. A fractional step method is applied to solve the equations on a staggered
Cartesian grid. Arbitrarily steep and complex orography can be accounted for through the method of viscous topography. The
dynamical model core is validated by comparing the results for a spreading density current against a benchmark solution. The
model accuracy is further assessed through the simulation of turbulent flow across a quasi two-dimensional ridge. The results
are compared with wind-tunnel data. The method of viscous topography is not restricted to moderately sloped terrain. Compared
to models using curvilinear grids, it allows this model to be applied to a much wider range of flows. This is illustrated
through the simulation of an atmospheric boundary-layer flow over a surface mounted cube. The results show that the dry model
version is able to accurately represent the complex flow in the vicinity of three-dimensional obstacles. It is concluded that
the method of viscous topography was successfully implemented into a micrometeorological LES model. As will be shown in Part
II, this allows the detailed study of clouds in highly complex terrain. 相似文献
2.
复杂地形下北京雷暴新生地点变化的加密观测研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
2008 年8 月14 日北京发生了雷暴群形式的局地暴雨,雷暴新生地点复杂多变,形成了多个γ 中尺度的强降水中心。本文利用近年来北京气象现代化建设取得的加密地面自动站、多普勒雷达、风廓线仪、微波辐射计等多种新型高时空分辨率观测资料及雷达四维变分同化系统（VDRAS）反演资料,通过精细分析地面（边界层）风场、温度场等的演变特征,讨论了雷暴新生地点变化的机制。结果表明:复杂地形与雷暴冷池出流作用相结合,主导了雷暴新生地点的变化,进而影响γ 中尺度强降水中心的变化;天气尺度高低空涡、槽的配合不一致,并且系统移动缓慢,以及对流层低层的弱的环境垂直风切变,是雷暴冷池结合复杂地形发挥雷暴新生地点主导作用的重要前提;复杂地形使得冷空气在一定范围内流动,在边界层产生碰撞和辐合,起到触发和增强对流作用,并使得对流风暴的形态和走向与地形呈现出紧密相关性;一定强度的冷池出流、边界层前期的暖湿空气和对流不稳定能量的积累,是冷池出流触发雷暴新生和演变的必要条件;北京周边地区的雷暴,通过其雷暴冷池出流沿着沟谷地形或向平原地区流动,与北京山谷或城区的边界层暖湿空气形成辐合抬升机制,触发雷暴新生。 相似文献
3.
A numerical two-dimensional-mesoscale model with a level 1.5 closure scheme for turbulence is described. The model is used to simulate the boundary layer over coastal complex terrain. Meteorological data available from the Øresund land-sea-land terrain experiment are used to study the performance of the model. The model could simulate generally observed complexities in the mean wind and temperature fields. Internal boundary layers over the water and land surfaces were identified by the height of lowest value in the turbulence kinetic energy profile and this showed good agreement with radiosonde (RS) observations.Some disagreements with the data were also noticed, especially near the surface. The wind speed was over-predicted. Attempts were made to improve the model performance by adopting different schemes for model initialisation. Results showed that initialisation with an early model start time and observed wind profile near the inflow boundary improved the performance. The wind speed over-prediction could be further minimised by using a more realistic objective initialisation scheme. The problem centred around the proper estimation of the turbulent diffusion coefficient K through the closure scheme. Despite using the most popular empirical relationships in the level 1.5 closure scheme, these differences persisted. While this needs further investigation, the present model can be used to supply wind fields for practical purposes such as air pollution calculations. 相似文献
4.
Arctic outbreaks over the Canadian Western Plains during the late spring period frequently take the form of a cold east-northeasterly flow over a warmer, sloping surface. A mesoscale numerical model is developed in an attempt to simulate such circulations. Following Lavoie (1972) the atmospheric structure of the cold air mass is represented by three layers: a constant flux layer in contact with the earth's surface, a well-mixed planetary boundary layer capped by an inversion, and a deep stratum of overlying stable air. Averaging the set of governing primitive equations through the depth of the mixed layer yields predictive equations for the horizontal wind components, potential temperature, specific humidity, and the height of the inversion. Time-dependent calculations are limited to this layer by parameterizing the interactions between the mixed layer and both the underlying and overlying layers. Precipitation from limited convective clouds, and latent heat within the layer are included in terms of mesoscale variables.A 47.6-km by 47.6-km grid mesh of 1369 points covering the Canadian Prairie Provinces is used to represent the variables. The governing equations are solved numerically with terrain influences, surface roughness, temperature variations, and moisture fluxes allowed to perturb the mixed layer from its initial conditions until resultant mesoscale boundary-layer weather patterns evolve.The mean spring topographic precipitation pattern is successfully reproduced by the simulated late spring upslope flow with limited convective precipitation. Mesoscale planetary boundary-layer weather patterns appear to exert a dominant control over the location and intensity of perturbations in the spring precipitation pattern. The elimination of surface heating significantly reduces the area and intensity of precipitation. A case study based on observed initial conditions showed that the model could reproduce a persistent limited convective precipitation pattern maintained by upslope flow and that a low-level trough exerts a marked influence on the location and the intensity of the precipitation. 相似文献
5.
Large sudden wind-direction shifts and submeso variability under nocturnal conditions are examined using a micrometeorological network of stations in north-western Victoria, Australia. The network was located in an area with mostly homogeneous and flat terrain. We have investigated the main characteristics of the horizontal propagation of events causing the wind-direction shift and not addressed in previous studies. The submeso motions at the study site exhibit behaviour typical of flat terrain, such as the lower relative mesovelocity scale and smaller cross-wind variances than that for complex terrain. The distribution of wind-direction shifts shows that there is a small but persistent preference for counter-clockwise rotation, occurring for 55% of the time. Large wind-direction shifts tend to be associated with a sharp decrease in air temperature (74% of the time), which is associated with rising motion of cold air, followed by an increase in turbulent mixing. The horizontal propagation of events was analyzed using the cross-correlation function method. There is no preferred mean wind direction associated with the events nor is there any relationship between the mean wind and propagation directions. The latter indicates that the events are most likely not local flow perturbations advected by the mean flow but are rather features of generally unknown origin. This needs to be taken into account when developing parametrizations of the stable boundary layer in numerical models. 相似文献
6.
中尺度地形对“98.7”鄂东特大暴雨的动力作用 总被引：19，自引：6，他引：19
用一个高分辨的 η坐标模式对 1998年 7月 2 1日鄂东沿江特大暴雨过程进行数值模拟 ,得到与实况相吻合的结果。通过敏感性试验和分析 ,研究了局地中尺度地形对这次暴雨过程的影响及其机理。结果表明 ,虽然地形对这次特大暴雨过程的基本面貌并未起到决定性的作用 ,但也有一些重要影响。大别山对边界层南风暖湿气流的阻挡使位于其迎风面上游的暴雨带有所加强。幕阜山对边界层水汽流入的拦截则使位于其背风面下游的暴雨带的初期发展减缓。到了暴雨盛期 ,由于暴雨带南侧有中尺度低空急流出现并正好位于幕阜山区 ,因地形而抬高的摩擦层内的Ekman风矢偏转直指暴雨区 ,加强了暴雨区水汽的辐合。由于强对流暴雨系统盛期近地层气流转为辐散 ,对暴雨维持起关键作用的辐合层升高 ,因此地形抬高的摩擦辐合恰好叠加其上使之增强 ,这可能是此次鄂东沿江特大暴雨过程持续时间长的一个重要原因。 相似文献
7.
The differential equations for first-order (linear) response of the planetary boundary layer are formulated for flow over periodic terrain, for variations in both surface roughness and terrain elevation. A simple second-order closure model of the turbulence is used, and Coriolis forces are neglected. Flow over a periodic terrain produces corresponding periodic structure in all meteorological fields above the surface. The periodic structure consists of two components. The first is very nearly evanescent with height. It corresponds to the motion that would be observed were the atmosphere inviscid. The second component, introduced by turbulent viscosity, exhibits a phase variation with height in addition to a decay in amplitude. W.K.B. [Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin] approximations for the two components are developed, and the coupling between the components is discussed. The formulation for calculating solutions by numerical integration is developed, including specification of appropriate boundary conditions. Calculations are presented in a companion paper.Wave Propagation Laboratory.Environmental Science Group. 相似文献
8.
9.
The local advection of momentum, heat and moisture in micrometeorology due to a horizontal inhomogeneity in surface conditions is numerically investigated by a higher-order turbulence closure model which includes equations for the mean quantities, turbulent fluxes, and the viscous dissipation rate. The application of the two-dimensional model in this paper deals with the simulation of the flow from an extensive smooth dry area to a grassy wet terrain. The mean wind speed, temperature, and humidity distributions in the resulting internal boundary layer downstream of the surface discontinuity are determined such that the energy and moisture balances at the Earth's surface are satisfied.Numerical calculations of the mean temperature and humidity profiles are compared with available observed ones. The results include the advective effects on turbulent flux distributions, surface energy balance, evaporation rate, and Bowen ratio. The sensitivity of the predicted mean profiles and turbulent flux distributions to the surface relative humidity, thermal stratification, and the roughness change is discussed.NRC-NAS Resident Research Associate at AFCRL. 相似文献
10.
RegCM3模式对新疆1996年降水和气温的数值模拟分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
赵勇 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2012,6(4):38-43
通过数值模拟方法,研究了降水和气温对模式分辨率、初始和边界条件的敏感性。结果表明：区域模式RegCM3对新疆1996年冬季和夏季的降水和气温具有一定的模拟能力,气温的模拟要优于降水。分辨率、初始和边界条件对区域模式的模拟结果有较大的影响。模式分辨率的提高,可以增强对气温的模拟能力,尤其是气温沿地形变化的特点。分辨率的提高,同样可以改进降水的量级和落区。相同分辨率下,不同初始和边界条件,对降水的模拟结果影响不大。无论分辨率和初始,边界条件如何变化,塔克拉玛干沙漠南麓均有虚假降水出现,说明该模式在刻画复杂地形方面,还存在不足。 相似文献
11.
夏季青藏高原低涡形成和发展的数值模拟 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：21
本文利用一有限区域数值预报模式和综合订正后的1979年6～8月FGGE IIIb级资料，选择该年雨季中三例包含形成和（或）发展阶段的较典型的青藏高原低涡过程，设计了控制性试验和降低高原地形、无地面感热和潜热通量、无凝结潜热、减小温度递减率、增大气柱斜压性、无摩擦影响的十余组试验方案，进行了24 h或48 h数值模拟。最后提出了青藏高原低涡发生发展的概念模式。简单地讲，青藏高原低涡可看作是一种强烈依赖于青藏高原地形，同时又受层结稳定度、地面热通量和凝结潜热控制的局地性低压涡旋。 相似文献
12.
Harlan D. Shannon George S. Young Michael A. Yates Mark R. Fuller William S. Seegar 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,104(2):167-199
An examination of boundary-layer meteorological and avian aerodynamic theories suggests that soaring birds can be used to measure the magnitude of vertical air motions within the boundary layer. These theories are applied to obtain mixed-layer normalized thermal updraft intensity over both flat and complex terrain from the climb rates of soaring American white pelicans and from diagnostic boundary-layer model-produced estimates of the boundary-layer depth zi and the convective velocity scale w*. Comparison of the flatland data with the profiles of normalized updraft velocity obtained from previous studies reveals that the pelican-derived measurements of thermal updraft intensity are in close agreement with those obtained using traditional research aircraft and large eddy simulation (LES) in the height range of 0.2 to 0.8 zi. Given the success of this method, the profiles of thermal vertical velocity over the flatland and the nearby mountains are compared. This comparison shows that these profiles are statistically indistinguishable over this height range, indicating that the profile for thermal updraft intensity varies little over this sample of complex terrain. These observations support the findings of a recent LES study that explored the turbulent structure of the boundary layer using a range of terrain specifications. For terrain similar in scale to that encountered in this study, results of the LES suggest that the terrain caused less than an 11% variation in the standard deviation of vertical velocity. 相似文献
13.
Using the new high-frequency measurement equipment of the research aircraft DO 128, which is described in detail, turbulent vertical fluxes of ozone and nitric oxide have been calculated from data sampled during the ESCOMPTE program in the south of France. Based on airborne turbulence measurements, radiosonde data and surface energy balance measurements, the convective boundary layer (CBL) is examined under two different aspects. The analysis covers boundary-layer convection with respect to (i) the control of CBL depth by surface heating and synoptic scale influences, and (ii) the structure of convective plumes and their vertical transport of ozone and nitric oxides. The orographic structure of the terrain causes significant differences between planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights, which are found to exceed those of terrain height variations on average. A comparison of boundary-layer flux profiles as well as mean quantities over flat and complex terrain and also under different pollution situations and weather conditions shows relationships between vertical gradients and corresponding turbulent fluxes. Generally, NOx transports are directed upward independent of the terrain, since primary emission sources are located near the ground. For ozone, negative fluxes are common in the lower CBL in accordance with the deposition of O3 at the surface.The detailed structure of thermals, which largely carry out vertical transports in the boundary layer, are examined with a conditional sampling technique. Updrafts mostly contain warm, moist and NOx loaded air, while the ozone transport by thermals alternates with the background ozone gradient. Evidence for handover processes of trace gases to the free atmosphere can be found in the case of existing gradients across the boundary-layer top. An analysis of the size of eddies suggests the possibility of some influence of the heterogeneous terrain in mountainous area on the length scales of eddies. 相似文献
14.
地形与Ekman边界层中的气流 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
利用σ坐标讨论地形与边界层气流是有很多方便的地方,因为,在此坐标中,下边界条件较为简单。在本工作中,首先将混合长理论加以推广并将它用于σ坐标,于是导得了用以描述地形上空边界层气流的控制方程,对边界层气流的特征,特别是对于Ekman抽吸作用进行了详细分析。指出有三种因子影响边界层顶部的垂直运动,第一种因子是边界层内涡度分布,这是与边界层中由于摩擦作用所引起的辐合辐散有直接联系;第二种因子是由于边界层顶部的气流爬坡运动所引起的;第三种是由于边界层中跨越等压线的分量爬坡所引起的,它出现于当等压线与地形等高线相平行时,或地转风呈现绕流情况时,这一作用最为明显。 相似文献
15.
山区复杂地形上区域大气质量模式的试验研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
由于复杂地形上的气流多变，所以，进行区域空气质量模拟是比较困难的。根据大气污染总量控制和环境规划的需要，发展了一种可适用于山谷城市的大气质量模式，该模式的主要特点；（１）采用目前尚少的复杂地形上的三维边界层模式作为大气扩散模式所需城三维边界层要素场；（２）用复杂地形上的三维以模式和斯扩散氏架源（包括面源）和主架源所造在的地面ＳＯ２浓度，然后将两者的模拟浓度在相应网各上叠加。验证结果表明，该混合模式 相似文献
16.
M. A. Gouvas N. K. Sakellariou H. D. Kambezidis 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2011,110(3-4):143-149
In this study, regression equations to estimate the monthly and annual values of the mean maximum and mean minimum air temperatures in Greece are derived. For this purpose, data from 87 meteorological stations distributed all over Greece are used. Geographical parameters, i.e., altitude, latitude, longitude, minimum distance from the sea and an index of terrain morphology, are used as independent variables. These equations explain 79?C97% of the variance of the temperature values and have standard error of estimate between 0.59 and 1.20°C. Data from 37 other meteorological stations are used to validate the accuracy of the equations. Topographic or climatic factors, which could not be introduced into the equations, are responsible for most temperature residuals >0.5°C or <?0.5°C. Moreover, some particular emphasis has been given to the values of the regression coefficient for the altitude, since it is the estimator for the mean lapse rate of air temperature. 相似文献
17.
Summary A three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic numerical model with high spatial resolution, in which a simple energy closure scheme
is employed, has been developed to simulate the spray dispersion over complex terrain. The evaporation, condensation, and
dispersion of the spray and moisture are taken into account in model equations. The term of latent heat due to phase transformation
is considered in detail to account for its effects on the temperature field and airflow. As an application of the model, the
spray concentration and air relative humidity are calculated under neutral condition. The results indicate that under the
neutral condition, the spray is transported to about 0.6 km downwind from the source, and its effects on the air humidity
reach a further distance of 0.9 km downwind from the source.
Attention is given to the dependence of the results upon the various factors influencing the simulation, such as the intensity
of the source, the atmospheric stratification, and the dynamic factor of the terrain. Some numerical tests were carried out
to provide extra insight to the effects of these factors. It has been demonstrated that the simulation results such as relative
humidity and temperature are sensitive to these factors, especially to the thermal stratification. Under unstable conditions,
the effects of the spray source increase significantly, and the variation extent of the temperature, relative humidity and
flow field is larger than that under neutral condition. The effects of dynamic and thermal factors on the air flow field are
discussed through the comparison of the modeling results over complex terrain and flat terrain.
Received June 8, 1998 Revised April 17, 1999 相似文献
18.
Intensified haze formation and meteorological feedback by complex terrain in the North China Plain region 
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下载免费PDF全文 《大气和海洋科学快报》2023,16(2):100273
The North China Plain has been suffering from severe haze pollution in the past few decades. In addition to rapid urbanization and intensive anthropogenic emissions, the complex terrain in this region greatly influences the atmospheric circulation, thereby weakening the ventilation of air pollutants. Nevertheless, the vertical responses of surface-emitted pollutants to the gradient of the terrain and its impact on secondary aerosol formation, as well as its interaction with boundary layer meteorology, have not yet been fully understood. Here, in-situ observations and satellite retrievals together with meteorology–chemistry coupled modeling are integrated to shed light on the terrain effects on atmospheric chemistry and its interaction with physical processes. It is found that the blocking effect of the terrain can result in haze accumulation over the plains and updrafts of pollution along the mountains. Long-term averaged PM2.5 concentrations show that nearly 70% of plain stations exceeded 75 µg m−3, compared with only 12% of high-altitude stations. In the highly polluted month of January 2018, the pollution layer was simulated to be elevated to an altitude of over 2 km. A higher oxidizing capacity in the upper boundary layer tends to accelerate secondary aerosol formation. Furthermore, the elevated pollution layer and the intense secondary formation due to the terrain effects jointly enhanced the aerosol–boundary layer interaction, weakening the vertical dispersion and further deteriorating the air pollution. This study highlights that there are intensified interactions between atmospheric chemistry and physics near complex terrain, which may substantially contribute to haze pollution in China.摘要华北平原地区冬季雾霾污染频发, 本研究结合地面观测, 卫星反演和大气动力-化学耦合模拟发现, 该地区复杂地形加剧了细颗粒物污染及其与大气边界层之间的相互作用. 一方面, 复杂地形导致污染在山麓平原积聚, 加强迎风坡上升气流. 在污染事件中, 污染层易被抬升至1–2公里高度, 高空较强的氧化能力利于二次气溶胶生成; 另一方面, 地形导致的污染层抬升和二次生成进一步加强气溶胶-边界层相互作用, 削弱垂直扩散并加剧近地面大气污染. 相似文献
19.
An indirect method of estimating the surface heat flux from observations of vertical velocity variance at the lower mid-levels of the convective atmospheric boundary layer is described. Comparison of surface heat flux estimates with those from boundary-layer heating rates is good, and this method seems to be especially suitable for inhomogeneous terrain for which the surface-layer profile method cannot be used. 相似文献
20.
Eric D. Skyllingstad 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(2):217-243
A large-eddy simulation model with rotated coordinates and an open boundary is used to simulate the characteristics of katabatic flows over simple terrain. Experiments examine the effects of cross winds on the development of the slope-flow boundary layer for a steep (20°) slope and the role of drainage winds in preventing turbulence collapse on a gentle slope (1°). For the steep flow cases, comparisons between model average boundary-layer velocity, temperature deficit, and turbulence kinetic energy budget terms and tower observations show reasonable agreement. Results for different cross slope winds show that as the cross slope winds increase, the slope flow deepens faster and behaves more like a weakly stratified, sheared boundary layer. Analysis of the momentum budget shows that near the surface the flow is maintained by a balance between downslope buoyancy forcing and vertical turbulence flux from surface drag. Above the downslope jet, the turbulence vertical momentum flux reverses sign and acceleration of the flow by buoyancy is controlled by horizontal advection of slower moving ambient air. The turbulence budget is dominated by a balance between shear production and eddy dissipation, however, buoyancy and pressure transport both are significant in reducing the strength of turbulence above the jet. Results from the gentle slope case show that even a slight terrain variation can lead to significant drainage winds. Comparison of the gentle slope case with a flat terrain simulation indicates that drainage winds can effectively prevent the formation of very stable boundary layers, at least near the top of sloping terrain. 相似文献