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1.
New geologic mapping in the Marsyandi Valley of central Nepal reveals the existence of tectonically significant Quaternary thrust faults at the topographic front of the Higher Himalaya. The zone of recent faulting is coincident with an abrupt change in the gradient of the Marsyandi River and its tributaries, which is thought to mark the transition from a region of rapid uplift in the Higher Himalayan ranges to a region of slower uplift to the south. Uplift of the Higher Himalaya during the Quaternary is not entirely due to passive uplift over a deeply buried ramp in the Himalayan sole thrust, as is commonly believed, but partially reflects active thrusting at the topographic front. The zone of active thrusting is also coincident with a zone of intense monsoon precipitation, suggesting a positive feedback relationship between focused erosion and deformation at the front of the Higher Himalayan ranges.  相似文献   

2.
Multifractal analysis of earthquakes   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Multifractal properties of the epicenter and hypocenter distribution and also of the energy distribution of earthquakes are studied for California, Japan, and Greece. The calculatedD q-q curves (the generalized dimension) indicate that the earthquake process is multifractal or heterogeneous in the fractal dimension. Japanese earthquakes are the most heterogeneous and Californian earthquakes are the least. Since the earthquake process is multifractal, a single value of the so-called fractal dimension is not sufficient to characterize the earthquake process. Studies of multifractal models of earthquakes are recommended. Temporal changes of theD q-q curve are also obtained for Californian and Japanese earthquakes. TheD q-q curve shows two distinctly different types in each region; the gentle type and the steep type. The steeptype corresponds to a strongly heterogeneous multifractal, which appears during seismically active periods when large earthquakes occur.D q for smallq or negativeq is considerably more sensitive to the change in fractal structure of earthquakes thanD q forq2. We recommend use ofD q at smallq to detect the seismicity change in a local area.  相似文献   

3.
This paper presents study of non-linear dynamics of acoustic emission (AE) generated in coal samples subjected to gas sorption-desorption. Carbon-dioxide and methane were used as sorbats. Experimental facilities used in high pressure sorption of CO2 and/or CH4 on coal comprised a pressure vessel and associated pressurisation and monitoring systems. Tests were conducted on medium-rank coal obtained from the Upper Silesia Basin. Several approaches to the treatment of experimental results are proposed in order to detect and characterize deterministic chaos: (1) analysis of fractal/multifractal character of AE energy rate, using fractal generalised dimensions D q (q); (2) analysis of temporal changes of AE energy rate and its fractal correlation dimension D 2; and (3) evaluation of attractor dimension within the reconstructed phase space from experimental time series. It was shown that AE generated during CO2 sorption on medium-rank coal is a more heterogeneous and lower dimensional process in comparison with AE induced by CO2 desorption. Yet, the AE associated with desorption of CO2 exhibits higher heterogeneity than the AE generated during desorption of CH4. There are certain similarities between changes of D2 during desorption of CO2 as well desorption of CH4. However, dynamics of these changes and character of time distributions of D2 differ, depending on a sorbate. We do not know the precise reason for observed differences, but we presume that the carbon-dioxide molecules dissimilarity to methane molecules can account for them.  相似文献   

4.
Recent seismicity in the northeast India and its adjoining region exhibits different earthquake mechanisms – predominantly thrust faulting on the eastern boundary, normal faulting in the upper Himalaya, and strike slip in the remaining areas. A homogenized catalogue in moment magnitude, M W, covering a period from 1906 to 2006 is derived from International Seismological Center (ISC) catalogue, and Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) database. Owing to significant and stable earthquake recordings as seen from 1964 onwards, the seismicity in the region is analyzed for the period with spatial distribution of magnitude of completeness m t, b value, a value, and correlation fractal dimension D C. The estimated value of m t is found to vary between 4.0 and 4.8. The a value is seen to vary from 4.47 to 8.59 while b value ranges from 0.61 to 1.36. Thrust zones are seen to exhibit predominantly lower b value distribution while strike-slip and normal faulting regimes are associated with moderate to higher b value distribution. D C is found to vary from 0.70 to 1.66. Although the correlation between spatial distribution of b value and D C is seen predominantly negative, positive correlations can also be observed in some parts of this territory. A major observation is the strikingly negative correlation with low b value in the eastern boundary thrust region implying a possible case of extending asperity. Incidentally, application of box counting method on fault segments of the study region indicates comparatively higher fractal dimension, D, suggesting an inclination towards a planar geometrical coverage in the 2D spatial extent. Finally, four broad seismic source zones are demarcated based on the estimated spatial seismicity patterns in collaboration with the underlying active fault networks. The present work appraises the seismicity scenario in fulfillment of a basic groundwork for seismic hazard assessment in this earthquake province of the country.  相似文献   

5.
依据“固定质量法”的定义及原理,本文给出了一种判断地震空间分布分形结构及计算D_q的方法。利用该方法对华北地区地震的空间分布特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,在满足一定的统计条件下,不同区域范围内、不同时间段的地震分布均具有分形结构。围绕海城、唐山大震区分别选择4个大小不同的区域,分不同时段计算其D_q—q谱。结果表明,强震前后其形态无显著变化。强震前在较大的区域范围内,D_o值有降低的趋势,震后回升;在震源区周围较小区域内,D_o的变化相反;而有的区域强震前后D_o值没有变化。  相似文献   

6.
Although the study of topographic effects on the Rossby waves in a stratified ocean has a long history, the wave property over a periodic bottom topography whose lateral scale is comparable to the wavelength is still not clear. The present paper treats this problem in a two-layer ocean with one-dimensional periodic bottom topography by a simple numerical method, in which no restriction on the wavelength and/or the horizontal scale of the topography is required. The dispersion diagram is obtained for a wavenumber range of [?π/L b , π/L b ], where L b is the periodic length of the topography. When the topographic?β?is not negligible compared to the planetary β, the Rossby wave solutions around the wavenumbers which satisfy the resonant condition among the waves and topography disappear and separate into an infinite number of discrete modes. For convenience, each mode is numbered in order of frequency. As topographic height is increased, the high frequency barotropic Rossby wave (mode 1) becomes a topographic mode which can exist even on the f plane, and the highfrequency baroclinic mode (mode 2) becomes a surface intensified mode. Behaviors of low frequency modes are somewhat complicated. When the topographic amplitude is small, the low frequency baroclinic modes tend to be bottom trapped and the low frequency barotropic modes tend to be surface intensified. As topographic amplitude further increases, the relation between the mode number and vertical structure changes. This change can be attributed to the increase of the frequency of the topographic mode with the topographic amplitude.  相似文献   

7.
Faulting that results in surface ruptures through bedrock can be particularly difficult to date. For example, stratigraphic control on the age of faulting, based on the age of the bedrock, often leaves unacceptably large uncertainty on the age of the faulting. From a paleoseismological perspective, there is a clear need to determine if a bedrock fault scarp is actually a young feature. For young fault ruptures that create fresh mineral surfaces, analysis of microtopography developed by weathering of the mineral surface may provide a quantifiable method for determining the fault age. The direct quantitative measurement of mineral surface microtopography using Atomic Force Microscopy affords a novel method to study the rupture ages of active faults. The method for using microtopographic evolution of mineral surfaces depends on three conditions. The first condition is that freshly exposed mineral cleavage surfaces, which can be described geometrically as planes, are formed during a rupture event. The formation of these fresh surfaces is analogous to the initiation of a weathering ‘clock’ that defines time t=0. Following cleavage formation dissolution of the planar mineral surface occurs. The rate of dissolution for a mineral species under given climatic conditions, governs the rate of mineral surface alteration. Thus as dissolution proceeds, the roughness of the mineral surface increases. We suggest that the progression of microtopographic roughness over time, which can be estimated by computing quantitative statistics derived from digital mineral surface topography, will systematically vary until a steady state surface topography is reached. The fractal dimension, Df, is one such measure of surface roughness where, Df at time t=0 is 2. The dissolution of the mineral surface increases the fractal dimension as the removal of material proceeds. We posit that somewhere between Df=2 and Df=3, the microtopography reaches a steady state. Therefore, in the pre-steady state stage of surface roughness, the quantitative measure of roughness of the mineral may serve as a measure of time elapsed since faulting. The period of time this initial stage of surface roughening represents is dependent on the mineral and as a consequence, its dissolution rate, in a specific set of environmental conditions. The time elapsed since fault rupture and grain cleavage can also be estimated from the measurement of the volume of material removed through dissolution. If part of the original cleavage surface remains and can be identified then AFM measurements of the surface microtopography can be used to calculate the dissolved volume per unit area.  相似文献   

8.
地震活动性的多重分维特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
本文根据多重分维的定义,研究了华北和西北地区地震的空间和时间分布的多重分维特征。结果表明,地震时空分布的多重分维特征能较好地描述地震时空分布的有序性。一般在地震活动性较强的阶段,多重分维D_q,尤其是高阶的D_q有明显的异常变化,其D_q—q曲线较陡;而D_q—q曲线变化较平缓的阶段,统计区内一般无大震发生。  相似文献   

9.
M. J. KIRKBY 《水文研究》1997,11(9):1087-1097
The minimum set of assumptions underlying TOPMODEL are explored, together with conditions under which they can or cannot be relaxed. It is concluded that it may be necessary to move towards spatially explicit solutions of the governing equations if the underlying q–D relationships are to be modified. The simplicity of TOPMODEL invites its use as a submodel within a range of geomorphological and ecological models that are driven by hydrology. Some example applications are outlined for both soil erosion and solution. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

10.
Fractal　research　of　fault　gouge   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
ＦｒａｃｔａｌｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆｆａｕｌｔｇｏｕｇｅＳＨＵＮ－ＭＥＩＳＨＡＯ（邵顺妹）ａｎｄＪＩＮ－ＣＨＡＮＧＺＯＵ（邹瑾敞）ＥａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＬａｎｚｈｏｕ，ＳｔａｔｅＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａ...  相似文献   

11.
Fractals in geology and geophysics   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21  
The definition of a fractal distribution is that the number of objectsN with a characteristic size greater thanr scales with the relationNr –D. The frequency-size distributions for islands, earthquakes, fragments, ore deposits, and oil fields often satisfy this relation. Fractals were originally introduced by Mandelbrot to relate the length of a coastline to the length of the measuring stick. This application illustrates a fundamental aspect of fractal distributions, scale invariance. The requirement of an object to define a scale in photographs of many geological features is one indication of the wide applicability of scale invariance to geological problems, scale invariance can lead to fractal clustering. Geophysical spectra can also be related to fractals; these are self-affine fractals rather than self-similar fractals. Examples include the earth's topography and geoid.  相似文献   

12.
Factal interrelationships between topography and structure are investigated in two areas of the North American central Appalachian Mountains: one in the intensely deformed Valley and Ridge province and the other in the relatively undeformed foreland area of the Appalachian Plateau province. In the Valley and Ridge province the fractal dimensions of topographic and structural relief vary systematically along the strike of major folds following a second-order polynominal trend. Cross-correlation of the fractal dimensions of topography to structure indicates that there is a significant positive correlation between the two. Fractal analysis of topography in the relatively undeformed foreland area of the Appalachian Plateau revealed no significant variation in the fractal characteristics of topography across the study area, consistent with the lack of near-surface structure. However, fractal analysis of deeper structures beneath the Plateau area undertaken using reflection seismic data revealed step-wise increases in fractal dimension from the deeply buried Precambrian basement to the near-surface. These vertical changes in fractal dimension can be related to the tectonic history of the area. Taken together, these studies indicate that fractal analysis provides a means to quantify and compare the influence of near-surface structure on topographic development and lateral and vertical structural variability. Fractal analysis provides a means to characterize the systematic changes in the complex patterns formed by topography and structure and the interrelationships between them. Similarity in their fractal characteristics implies similarity in the relative amplitude and abundance of different wavelength features in the topographic or structural profile. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
Silicate melts impose systematic fracture patterns on their hosts and their own subsolidus portions as they crystallize and cool to ambient conditions. Weathering of these plutonic bodies accentuates the fractures and produces fragmented topographic surfaces whose geometric measures exceed those of a Euclidean surface. Because geometric measures of these surfaces are potentially indicative of the percolation properties of the fracture network, contours and vertical sections were digitized from 1250000 and 1240000 scale maps, and their statistical fractal dimensions,D, were computed. Regions underlain by granitic plutons with similar fragmentation patterns were found to haveD values ranging from 1.15 to 1.28 within a single pluton. This range of values is caused by noise and several geologic factors. The values contain noise introduced by the map-making and digitizing procedures that amounts toD1.05. However all values lie well above this threshold, and they correlate closely with local differences in weathering. SmallerD values derive from contours where accumulation of screen or glacial erosion has smoothed the surface, whereas largerD values derive from contours along aretes and in unglaciated terrains. In each of these regions, largerD values occur locally where fractures are most frequent and/or continuous. LargeD values were also derived from regions underlain by host rocks that lie in the near-field region of the stress field caused by the pluton. The fractral values derived are apparently related to the magma-hydrothermal event, they can potentially be used to derive properties of the percolation networks that were active during the hydrothermal events.  相似文献   

14.
The fractal dimension of an individual floc is a measure of the complexity of its external shape. Fractal dimensions can also be used to characterize floc populations, in which case the fractal dimension indicates how the shape of the smaller flocs relates to that of the larger flocs. The objective of this study is to compare the fractal dimensions of floc populations with those of individual flocs, and to evaluate how well both indicate contributions of sediment sources and reflect the nature and extent of flocculation in streams. Suspended solids were collected prior to and during snowmelt at upstream and downstream sites in two southern Ontario streams with contrasting riparian zones. An image analysis system was used to determine area, longest axis and perimeter of flocs. The area–perimeter relationship was used to calculate the fractal dimension, D, that characterizes the floc population. For each sample, the fractal dimension, Di , of the 28 to 30 largest individual flocs was determined from the perimeter–step‐length relationship. Prior to snowmelt, the mean value of Di ranged from 1·19 (Cedar Creek, downstream) to 1·22 (Strawberry Creek, upstream and downstream). A comparison of the means using t‐tests indicates that most samples on this day had comparable mean values of Di . During snowmelt, there was no significant change in the mean value of Di at the Cedar Creek sites. In contrast, for Strawberry Creek the mean value of Di at both sites increased significantly, from 1·22 prior to snowmelt to 1·34 during snowmelt. This increase reflects the contribution of sediment‐laden overland flow to the sediment load. At three of the sampling sites, the increase in fractal dimensions was accompanied by a decreases in effective particle size, which can be explained by an increase in bed shear stress. A comparison of fractal dimensions of individual flocs in a sample with the fractal dimensions of the floc populations indicates that both fractal dimensions provide similar information about the temporal changes in sediment source contributions, about the contrasting effectiveness of the riparian buffer zones in the two basins, and about the hydraulic conditions in the streams. Nevertheless, determining the individual fractal dimensions of a set of large flocs in a sample is very time consuming. Using fractal dimensions of floc populations is therefore the preferred method to characterize suspended matter. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
Summary To clarify the ionization equilibrium near the ground, simultaneous measurements of the rate of ion pair production (q), the concentrations of small ions (n) and condensation nuclei (Z), and the diffusion coefficient of condensation nuclei (D) were carried out at several stations in the central area of Japan. The total rate of ion pair production (q) was estimated fromq=q(Rn)+q(Tn)+q()+q(+CR). The value ofq was estimated as 10J to 20J. The mean life () and the effective attachment coefficient () of small ions were also estimated at each station. Correlations amongn, Z, q, andD were also studied. If we take the variation ofD into consideration, the correlation was expressed by the simple formula;q=n Z. The dependence of upon size of nuclei (2r) were also measured, and was found to correlate well withD orr.  相似文献   

16.
Multifractal measures of earthquakes in west Taiwan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The generalized fractal dimension for epicentral distribution of earthquakes in west Taiwan is measured. The entire area is first divided into two zones, i.e., north and south zones, after which the two zones are further separated into three subzones for the former and two for the latter. The logC q (r) versus logr function, whereC q (r) is the generalized correlation integral andr is the distance between two epicenters, shows that a linear relation between logC q and logr exists in the range ofr smaller thanr c . The value ofr c is 25 km for the north zone, 40 km for the south and 12 km for the three north subzones. The valuesr c =25 and 40 km are almost the smallest ones of the width of epicentral distributions of the north and south zones, respectively. The value ofr c =12 km for the three north subzones is approximately the smallest size of the cluster of epicenters. For the plots of two south subzones, the pattern of data points does not bend in the range ofr in consideration, and, thus, there is not such a critical radius. TheD q –q relations forq=0, 1, 2,..., 15 are constructed for the two zones and five subzones. Results show significant multifractality and a spatial variation in multifractality for epicentral distributions of earthquakes in west Taiwan.  相似文献   

17.
The digitized lava-flow margins of well-defined extended eruptions occurring at Vesuvio in 1760, 1794, 1861, 1906, 1929 and 1944 are found to follow fractal behaviours inside a scaling region enclosed between 50 and 400 m. Although the invariance region is well respected, the fractal dimension D varies from one lava flow to another: the more irregular the lava-flow margin, the larger the value of D. The ascertained dependence of D on the duration of premonitory activity, preceding the emission of lavas, might provide some insight into the inner volcanic processes before the eruption and into the dynamical processes operating during flow emplacement.  相似文献   

18.
The morphodynamics of topographic expansion has been recently investigated both experimentally, by Sittoni et al., (2014) Shaw et al., (2018), and numerically Sittoni et al., 2014. Here, we study the basic mechanism that governs the evolution of topographic and expansions and explore the instability of the bottom topography under conditions of steady but spatially expanding flow. We model the expanding flow via a by configuration where water and sediments are supplied from a central hole and flow on a cone shaped surface confined by lateral walls. The governing equations are the shallow-water equations coupled with the Exner equation, written in cylindrical coordinates. We initially approach the problem analytically by considering the conditions required for the basic state, consisting of a pure radial flow and bottom profile, to lose stability to small amplitude perturbations. This analysis suggests that more than one mode may be unstable, encouraging us to extend the analysis to the nonlinear regime. We do this through numerical modeling of the full governing equations, which allows us to predict the establishment of a bar pattern whose features are similar to those experimentally observed. Two prominent features of the finite-amplitude bar pattern are (1) bar apices are distributed at a radial distance from the inflow consistent with work of Shaw et al. (2018); and (2) that the flow aspect ratio of the interbar areas remain high without provoking further instability. Both features imply that in general expansion acts to reduce bar development relative to an equivalent rectilinear flow. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons,  Ltd.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

The influence of mesoscale topography on the baroclinic instability of a two-layer model of the open ocean is considered. For westward velocities in the top layer (U), and for a sinusoidal topography independent of x or longitude (a cross-stream topography), the critical value of U (Uc ) leading to instability is the same as when there is no topography. The wavelength of the unstable perturbation corresponding to U c is shortened. For a given wavevector (k) of the perturbation the system becomes stable (as also in the absence of topography) for large values of |U|. The minimum value of the shear leading to stability is, however, significantly reduced by the topography.

For sufficiently large values of the height of the topographic features, instabilities appear which are localized within a narrow range of the shear. These instabilities are studied for a topography that depends both on x and y.

For a cross-stream topography the growth rates are somewhat smaller than those without topography and they depend only weakly on ky . For the topographies considered here which depend both on x and y, perturbations with different values of ky can again have roughly the same growth rate.

In the case of stable oscillations, variations in the eddy energy with very long periods are made possible by the coexistence of topographic modes with closely lying periods.  相似文献   

20.
The magmatic province of the northern Lhasa Terrane includes an Early Cretaceous (120–130 Ma) plutonic event, and a Late Cretaceous (80–110 Ma) volcanic event. The plutonic association constitutes an older suite of granodiorites, monzogranites and tonalites and a younger peraluminous leucogranite facies. Plutonism occurred about 20 Ma after obduction of the Banggong ophiolite, following closure between the Lhasa and Qiantang Terranes.The earlier suite is of broadly calc-alkaline in composition but differs from arc-related magmas in that only more evolved compositions are represented (SiO2 > 58%) and Rb/Zr ratios are elevated relative to the Gangdese batholith to the south. Trace-element and isotopic constraints are consistent with derivation from a Late Proterozoic amphibole-bearing crustal source requiring temperatures > 950°C during anatexis. The leucogranites require a pelitic source which is tentatively identified as the Nyaingentanglha basement exposed south of the plutonic province. Unlike the High Himalaya leucogranites, trace elements and field relations require a high degree of melting at source (> 50%) suggesting fluid-absent melting at temperatures > 850°C. Such high crustal temperatures indicate convective heat transfer from the mantle.Thermal constraints together with a tectonic setting of post-emplacement uplift followed by a marine transgression in the northern Lhasa Terrane can not be reconciled with a model of tectonically thickened crust but are consistent with post-collision attenuation of the lithosphere.  相似文献   

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