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1.
用场发射扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪和X射线衍射仪,对淄博市中心城区大气降尘的矿物组成、微形貌和微区成分进行了分析.结果表明,淄博市大气降尘的矿物组成有石英、长石、石膏、方解石、赤铁矿、白云母、伊利石和非晶质等.矿物微形貌特点和矿物组成揭示了降尘组分主要来源于3种途径:与高温过程有关的工业活动排放的产物,自然成因和大气化学反应的产物.球形赤铁矿、板状方解石和絮状石膏是本研究中观察到的3种典型矿物微形貌.  相似文献   

2.
西安市大气降尘中石膏的成因与环境意义   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
端木合顺 《矿物学报》2005,25(2):135-140
运用X射线粉末衍射、红外光谱、扫描电镜、激光粒度仪和硫同位素分析等方法对西安市11个采样点大气降尘中石膏等矿物进行研究,表明石膏矿物是在大气环境中形成。西安市大气降尘中石膏含量范围0~20%,平均6.3%,多为呻级自形微晶。降尘中硫同位素组成与其硫含量负相关;同时,降尘硫含量(平均SO2含量6%)远远高于源区物质(平均0.94%),说明其主要来自大气气相硫。结合降尘微形貌特征与SO2含量的关系分析,降尘中的SO2含量不仅受粒度控制,还与大气降尘的种类和性质有关。降尘对空气中SO2的“捕捉作用”具有不均匀性,可以影响和改变城市大气中S元素的分布、传输路径和沉积方式。加强对大气降尘环境矿物学研究,查清大气降尘矿物成分及其组合的时空变化,对探索含硫污染物的演化轨迹和评价含硫污染物的环境危害性具有重要意义。  相似文献   

3.
北京及其北部地区大气自然降尘矿物组成特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为研究北京地区大气自然降尘的矿物组成特征及其时空变化规律,采用XRD分析了不同季节收集的大气降尘样品。结果表明,大气降尘主要矿物为石英,平均含量为83.19%,长石以斜长石为主;降尘中的碳酸盐类矿物主要是方解石和白云石,它们在降尘中的含量接近其在北方黄土中的含量;降尘中粘土矿物的含量较少,为1.64%~5.88%,其中有较多的高岭石,反映了研究区半湿润、较温暖的环境。聚类分析表明本区降尘按矿物组成特征可分为城市和郊区两组。与大风天气少的月份相比,大风天气频繁的月份降尘中的长石等矿物含量相对较高,而粘土矿物含量相对较低。  相似文献   

4.
大气降尘矿物学特征研究具有重要的环境学意义。文章以华北理工大学校区采集样品为例,应用激光粒度分析仪、扫描电镜、X射线粉末衍射、电感耦合等离子体质谱等对河北省唐山市曹妃甸地区大气降尘矿物学特征进行了初步分析研究。结果表明,曹妃甸地区大气降尘粒径较粗,颗粒物包括块状、柱状、片状、球状及不规则粒状集合体,主要由石英、长石、石膏、云母、绿泥石、角闪石、白云石、方解石和赤铁矿等矿物组成;降尘样品中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb等重金属元素含量均较高。研究分析表明,降尘样品中硅酸盐矿物主要源自地面扬尘,而石膏、方解石等碳酸盐矿物可能为环境中的次生矿物,样品中重金属污染主要来源于燃煤、工矿企业生产排放和少部分汽车尾气排放。  相似文献   

5.
合肥市大气颗粒物组成及其环境指示意义   总被引:23,自引:5,他引:23       下载免费PDF全文
化学组成、微量元素、X-射线粉末衍射、红外吸收光谱、扫描电镜分析等研究,显示合肥市各个取样点大气颗粒物组成基本稳定,矿物组成为:伊利石、石膏、绿泥石、石英、长石、方解石、白云石、无定型非晶质物,具有异常的钙、钴、铜、铅、锌含量,主要为微米粒级颗粒,综合分析结果揭示合肥地区大气颗粒物主要源于水泥工业和交通造成的污染,部分来源于地面扬尘和工业窑炉。大气降尘中较多石膏(大于10%)的存在,说明大气SO2污染比较严重。  相似文献   

6.
铜陵市大气降尘中铜元素的污染特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了探讨和评价矿产资源利用过程对大气污染的可能贡献,评价了典型有色金属矿山城市--铜陵市的大气降尘中铜元素的污染状况及其来源。运用ICP-AES法分析测试了铜陵市不同功能区17个大气降尘样品中铜元素的含量,并采用富集因子法定性地判断了各采样点铜元素的来源。结果表明:铜陵市大气降尘中铜元素的平均质量分数为2 190×10-6,富集因子最高值为391.5;大气降尘中铜元素污染严重,形成了以铜开采和冶炼企业为中心的污染区域;铜矿石的开采和冶炼对大气降尘中的铜元素污染贡献较大,是主要的污染源。  相似文献   

7.
济南市大气降尘地球化学特征及污染端元研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
在济南市城区对大气降尘及不同污染端元样品进行采集,系统分析了大气降尘和污染端元元素含量特征,并对大气降尘空间分布及污染来源进行研究。结果表明:不同污染端元中元素含量差别明显,燃煤尘中As、Cd、F、Pb是汽车尾气尘的3倍以上,是交通尘、冶炼尘、建筑尘等其他端元尘的1.26~2.35倍,对环境影响较大;汽车尾气尘中Cr、Ni、S、Zn含量最高,冶炼尘中Co、Ni、Pb、F含量偏高,而建筑尘中多数元素含量为所有端元尘中最低。与土壤背景值相比,济南市大气降尘中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、F、S富集程度较高,受到不同程度人为污染;相关分析和因子分析结果表明,Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb、As主要来源于企业燃煤,大气降尘中这些元素高含量区与热电厂、冶炼厂、化工厂等燃煤污染源空间分布相一致;F、S可能与汽车尾气排放有关,而As、Cr主源于交通污染,这3种污染源是济南市大气降尘污染的主要来源,对降尘的贡献约占60.42%。研究表明,工业燃煤排放已逐渐代替汽车尾气成为大气降尘中Pb元素的主要来源。  相似文献   

8.
大气降尘可以危害生态环境和人体健康。矿物颗粒不仅是大气降尘的主要组成物质,也是鉴定其污染来源的关键标记,因此查明大气降尘中的矿物组成对改善生态环境具有重要指导意义,也可为防治大气降尘和保护环境提供合理的参考依据。本文选取石家庄东南部作为研究区,利用X射线衍射技术(XRD)和配有能谱的扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)检测大气降尘中的矿物成分、化学组成和微观形貌。结果表明,石家庄东南部大气降尘中颗粒物的形状有片状、柱状、板状、球状等。矿物种类包括硅酸盐、碳酸盐、硫酸盐,以及以往报道较少的氟磷酸盐。以上矿物颗粒既有自然来源,也有人为来源,其中与人类活动相关的来源包括建筑材料、燃煤以及机动车排放等。  相似文献   

9.
呼和浩特市大气降尘中镉赋存形态分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
采用Tessier连续提取法对呼和浩特市不同区域的9个大气降尘样品中镉的赋存形态进行了研究。结果表明,各形态含量在总镉中所占比例由大到小排列顺序依次是:铁锰氧化物结合态>残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>强有机结合态>可交换态。大气降尘中镉的5种形态占总镉的平均质量分数由大到小为:铁锰氧化物结合态31.80%,残渣态24.42%,碳酸盐结合态19.04%,强有机结合态14.61%,可交换态10.13%;铁锰氧化物结合态是主要存在形态;铁锰氧化物结合态镉、有机结合态镉、残留态镉这三种形态镉生物有效性很低,但当环境改变时可能发生镉释放,应予以关注。汽油和煤的燃烧以及工厂排放镉能加大城市大气降尘中的镉含量。  相似文献   

10.
唐山大气降尘的矿物组成与微观形貌特征分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
应用X射线衍射线技术(XRD)和扫描电镜技术(SEM/EDX)对唐山大气降尘中颗粒的矿物组成及微观形貌进行了研究。结果表明,唐山大气降尘的主要矿物组分是方解石、石英和粘土,次为赤铁矿、石膏、白云石及长石类矿物,其它的矿物还有菱铁矿、菱镁矿、石盐、沸石、角闪石、钙芒硝和无水芒硝等;其形貌特征主要有球状、层状、片状、柱状和块状等规则形态及矿物单体和矿物集合体等不规则形态;对XRD的检测结果进行分析后,表明大气降尘颗粒物的主要来源为地面扬尘、建筑扬尘、工业尘及在大气环境中新生成的矿物。  相似文献   

11.
成都市近地表大气尘的矿物学特征及其环境指示意义   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
通过对成都市近地表大气尘X射线衍射、电镜扫描分析等研究显示:其主要由石英、长石、伊利石、绿泥石、方解石、石膏等矿物组成;就其形状看有致密的不规则粒状、片状单矿物、不规则粒状聚合体、浑圆形球状飘珠、聚合体放大观察可见片状的粘土矿物和细小的粒状单矿物,偶见藻类;矿物形貌特征及矿物组成空间分布特征的研究显示:球形状飘珠及伊利石、绿泥石、石膏的空间分布特征与工业布局和表层土壤的pH值密切相关,成都市近地表大气尘主要为地表扬尘和工业烟尘的混合物;与土壤的矿物组成比较可见,近地表大气尘重金属污染除土壤贡献外,还有其他污染贡献;石膏在本次研究中平均含量高达8.2%,推测可能成为成都市往年燃煤量大而无明显酸雨现象的原因之一。  相似文献   

12.
A novel approach of studying dust, black crust and host limestones by using various techniques is presented in this paper. Samples were collected from limestone monuments located in rural, urban and industrial areas in Germany and Hungary. The paper focuses on differences in the mineralogical composition, major and trace element distribution of materials and their total polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentration having different exposure to air pollutants. High concentration of gypsum was found in laminar and dendritic black crusts and even in the dust of both urban and rural areas, despite the low concentration of SO2 in rural atmospheric environments. The black crusts show a typical microfabric with distinct layers of various gypsum–calcite mineral associations, silt-sized mineral fragments and black particle content. In dust, newly formed gypsum crystals were found along with mineral fragments, and siliceous and, less frequently, carbonaceous fly ash particles. High concentration of lead was found both in the samples of urban and rural areas of Germany and Hungary. Lead mostly accumulates in dust and also in the black crust. Highest lead concentrations were found not on the surface of the black crust, but close to the crust/limestone boundary according to LA-ICPMS analyses. It indicates that despite the ban of leaded petrol, lead is still present in the dust and the in the soiled zones of the built environment. Similarly to lead, no significant difference in the total PAH content of dust and crust samples were found in the two countries. Dusts are equally enriched in PAH in both countries, whereas black crusts contain fewer amounts. Most of the aqueous extracts of the samples were saturated with respect to sulphate, which also indicate the presence of gypsum, whilst in some German samples unsaturated conditions were detected. In summary, by using a combination of these analytical techniques, it was possible to distinguish rural and urban samples and to outline the role of dust in bringing pollutants to the stone surface. It is suggested that the analysed dust and stone samples indicate not only present, but also the past, pollution fluxes and as a consequence stones similar to sediments or surface waters can be used as environment indicators.  相似文献   

13.
基于长沙、株洲和湘潭地区大气尘(可吸入颗粒和近地表积尘)和表层土壤的X-射线衍射(XRD)分析数据,采用微量相鉴定方法获得的结果显示,大气尘和表层土壤中包含石英、石膏、方解石、白云石、硫酸镉等自然矿物及SiS_2、NiTi、Cd_3As_2、FeOCl等非自然源晶体。比较了长沙、株洲、湘潭地区大气尘与表层土壤的晶体组成,分析了大气尘矿物及非自然源晶体的空间分布,探讨了其环境指示意义。  相似文献   

14.
韶关市大气降尘矿物成分和形貌特征研究   总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1  
利用X射线衍射(XRD)仪、扫描电镜X射线能谱(SEM/EDX)仪研究大气降尘矿物成分和颗粒物形貌特征。结果表明,韶关市大气降尘主要矿物成分为伊利石、斜长石、绿泥石、石英、方解石、白云石和无定型非晶质物等,大气颗粒物形貌可分为4种类型:粒状、片状单矿物,链状集合体,圆球状飘珠和不规则粒状集合体。伊利石、绿泥石来源于地面扬尘,方解石、白云石来源于建筑扬尘,无定型非晶质物来源于工业烟尘。粒状、片状单矿物是地面扬尘的标志,链状集合体和圆球形飘珠是工业烟尘的标志,不规则粒状集合体是建筑扬尘的标志。大气降尘矿物成分和形貌特征是判别污染物来源的重要标志。  相似文献   

15.
The travertine buildings of Budapest show extensive black crust formation, which is related to high concentration of atmospheric pollution and a continental climate. Laminar black crusts, framboidal black crusts and leached white surfaces are compared. Physical properties (Schmidt hammer rebound, Duroscope rebound), mineralogical composition and elemental composition are measured. Framboidal black crusts contain more than 50% of acicular gypsum. The crust surface displays idiomorphic rosette-like gypsum crystals with particulates, calcite and gypsum crystal aggregates. The sulphur isotopic composition of the black crusts pinpoints the involvement of rain and dust in crust formation. Thick framboidal black crust has the lowest strength while thin laminar black crust and white dissolved surfaces show minor decrease in surface strength compared to unaltered travertine. The crusts adhere to the travertine surface and rarely show mechanical decay forms that are typical features of porous limestone ashlars in Budapest.  相似文献   

16.
新疆艾比湖地区盐尘的沉积通量及其物质组成   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以新疆准噶尔盆地西部的艾比湖地区为研究区,通过野外降尘监测、采样分析等方法,研究了艾比湖地区含盐粉尘的沉积通量和物质组成特征.结果表明:艾比湖干涸湖底是盐尘的输出源,盐尘的化学组成主要是无水芒硝、白钠镁矾、氯化钠等盐碱粉尘及Cr、Pb、Mn、Cu、Ni等潜在毒性元素.艾比湖地区盐尘的沉积通量约为79~381 g·m-2·a-1,盐的沉积通量约为4~61 g·m-2·a-1.盐尘的粒径分布以2~63μm的粉砂粒级为主,大于63μm的砂粒级所占比例很小.特殊的地形条件、大风天气、稀疏的植被覆盖、疏松的大面积尘源是艾比湖湖底风蚀和盐尘输送的有利条件.  相似文献   

17.
《地学前缘(英文版)》2020,11(3):783-792
Geogenic dust is commonly believed to be one of the most important environmental problems in the Middle East.The present study investigated the geochemical characteristics of atmospheric dust particles in Shiraz City(south of Iran).Atmospheric dust samples were collected through a dry collector method by using glass trays at 10 location sites in May 2018.Elemental composition was analysed through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.Meteorological data showed that the dustiest days were usually in spring and summer,particularly in April.X-ray diffraction analysis of atmospheric dust samples indicated that the mineralogical composition of atmospheric dust was calcite+dolomite(24%)palygorskite(18%)quartz(14%)muscovite(13%)albite(11%)kaolinite(7%)gypsum(7%)zircon=anatase(3%).The high occurrence of palygorskite(16%-23%) could serve as a tracer of the source areas of dust storms from the desert of Iraq and Saudi Arabia to the South of Iran.Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the sizes of the collected dust varied from 50 μm to0.8 μm,but 10 μm was the predominant size.The atmospheric dust collected had prismatic trigonal-rhombohedral crystals and semi-rounded irregular shapes.Moreover,diatoms were detected in several samples,suggesting that emissions from dry-bed lakes,such as Hoor Al-Azim Wetland(located in the southwest of Iran),also contributed to the dust load.Backward trajectory simulations were performed at the date of sampling by using the NOAA HYSPLIT model.Results showed that the sources of atmospheric dust in the study area were the eastern area of Iraq,eastern desert of Saudi Arabia,Kuwait and Khuzestan Province.The Ca/Al ratio of the collected samples(1.14) was different from the upper continental crust(UCC) value(UCC=0.37),whereas Mg/A1(0.29),K/Al(0.22) and Ti/Al(0.07) ratios were close to the UCC value(0.04).This condition favours desert calcisols as the main mineral dust sources.Analysis of the crustal enrichment factor(EF_(crustal)) revealed geogenic sources for V,Mo,Pb,Sr,Cu and Zn(2),whereas anthropogenic sources affected As,Cd,Cr and Ni.  相似文献   

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